Cardiotoxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors: An updated review.

The immune checkpoint molecules are involved in the regulation of T cells in order to prevent them from attacking to sell tissues and play a role in the immune response homeostasis. Application of the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has provided a promising therapeutic approach in pathologies where the immune system is suppressed. The extended utilization of ICIs in several cancers has caused immune-related side effects in the cardiovascular system like cardiomyopathy and myocarditis. Cardiac toxicity, one of the main side effects of the ICIs-based therapeutic approach, has less been concerned; however, during the last years, many cases of fatal heart failure and myocarditis have been reported in patients treated with ICIs. In this review article, we attempted to discuss the cardiac adverse effects of inhibiting different immune checkpoint molecules.

The emerging role of lncRNAs in multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with various clinical manifestations. The characteristic of MS is that myelin is attacked by the body's immune system and increases the electrical capacity of axons, and is the primary pathophysiological mechanism of the transmission block. Studies have shown that epigenetic factors participate in the development of MS. LncRNAs are highly abundant and heterogeneous linear RNA transcripts with lengths exceeding 200 nucleotides and no protein-coding potential. Currently, pieces of evidence have demonstrated that lncRNAs have fundamental actions in multiple cellular pathways, including immune system regulation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer cell growth and metastasis, cellular homeostasis, and embryo development. It has been demonstrated that epigenetic mechanisms have an abundant role in the pathogenesis of MS in which the role of lncRNAs as epigenetic regulatory molecules in molecular processes has been proven. In this paper, we have focused on the correlation between MS and lncRNAs, the role of lncRNA in the pathogenesis of the disease, and the diagnostic and prognostic potential of lncRNA in MS.