Prevalence of midfoot arthritis and lesser toe deformities.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of Midfoot Arthritis (MA) and Lesser toe deformity (LTD) using Weight-Bearing Computed Tomography (WBCT). METHODS: 606 cases (247 male, 359 female) among 1316 consecutive cases with WBCT data from September 2014 to April 2022 were retrospectively reviewed at a single referral institution. The Cochran-Armitage test was performed to evaluate the trend of prevalence with respect to age group and obesity classification. RESULTS: 139 male (56.3%) and 210 female cases (58.5%) showed MA. 157 male (63.6%) and 222 female cases (61.6%) showed LTD. 115 male (19.0%) and 157 female cases (25.9%) showed both MA and LTD. The prevalence of MA and LTD increased with age in both genders. The incidence of MA in males showed an increasing tendency until obesity class II and then was slightly decreased in obesity class III. This is contrary to females whose prevalence increased with increasing obesity groups. LTD had a similar pattern in both genders to obesity classification. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of MA and LTD increased with age and increasing obesity groups for both genders. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, Retrospective Comparative Study.

Selective gene expression maintains human tRNA anticodon pools during differentiation.

Transfer RNAs are essential for translating genetic information into proteins. The human genome contains hundreds of predicted tRNA genes, many in multiple copies. How their expression is regulated to control tRNA repertoires is unknown. Here we combined quantitative tRNA profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation with sequencing to measure tRNA expression following the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into neuronal and cardiac cells. We find that tRNA transcript levels vary substantially, whereas tRNA anticodon pools, which govern decoding rates, are more stable among cell types. Mechanistically, RNA polymerase III transcribes a wide range of tRNA genes in human induced pluripotent stem cells but on differentiation becomes constrained to a subset we define as housekeeping tRNAs. This shift is mediated by decreased mTORC1 signalling, which activates the RNA polymerase III repressor MAF1. Our data explain how tRNA anticodon pools are buffered to maintain decoding speed across cell types and reveal that mTORC1 drives selective tRNA expression during differentiation.

Artificial intelligence and ChatGPT in Orthopaedics and sports medicine.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is looked upon nowadays as the potential major catalyst for the fourth industrial revolution. In the last decade, AI use in Orthopaedics increased approximately tenfold. Artificial intelligence helps with tracking activities, evaluating diagnostic images, predicting injury risk, and several other uses. Chat Generated Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT), which is an AI-chatbot, represents an extremely controversial topic in the academic community. The aim of this review article is to simplify the concept of AI and study the extent of AI use in Orthopaedics and sports medicine literature. Additionally, the article will also evaluate the role of ChatGPT in scientific research and publications.Level of evidence: Level V, letter to review.

Coverage maps demonstrate 3D Chopart joint subluxation in weightbearing CT of progressive collapsing foot deformity.

A key element of the peritalar subluxation (PTS) seen in progressive collapsing foot deformity (PCFD) occurs through the transverse tarsal joint complex. However, the normal and pathological relations of these joints are not well understood. The objective of this study to compare Chopart articular coverages between PCFD patients and controls using weight-bearing computed tomography (WBCT). In this retrospective case control study, 20 patients with PCFD and 20 matched controls were evaluated. Distance and coverage mapping techniques were used to evaluate the talonavicular and calcaneocuboid interfaces. Principal axes were used to divide the talar head into 6 regions (medial/central/lateral and plantar/dorsal) and the calcaneocuboid interface into 4 regions. Repeated selections were performed to evaluate reliability of joint interface identification. Surface selections had high reliability with an ICC > 0.99. Talar head coverage decreases in plantarmedial and dorsalmedial (- 79%, p = 0.003 and - 77%, p = 0.00004) regions were seen with corresponding increases in plantarlateral and dorsolateral regions (30%, p = 0.0003 and 21%, p = 0.002) in PCFD. Calcaneocuboid coverage decreased in plantar and medial regions (- 12%, p = 0.006 and - 9%, p = 0.037) and increased in the lateral region (13%, p = 0.002). Significant subluxation occurs across the medial regions of the talar head and the plantar medial regions of the calcaneocuboid joint. Coverage and distance mapping provide a baseline for understanding Chopart joint changes in PCFD under full weightbearing conditions.

Experimental and computational workflow for the analysis of tRNA pools from eukaryotic cells by mim-tRNAseq.

Quantifying tRNAs is crucial for understanding how they regulate mRNA translation but is hampered by their extensive sequence similarity and premature termination of reverse transcription at multiple modified nucleotides. Here, we describe the use of modification-induced misincorporation tRNA sequencing (mim-tRNAseq), which overcomes these limitations with optimized library construction and a comprehensive toolkit for data analysis and visualization. We outline algorithm improvements that enhance the efficiency and accuracy of read alignment and provide details on data analysis outputs using example datasets. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Behrens et al. (2021).

High-resolution quantitative profiling of tRNA abundance and modification status in eukaryotes by mim-tRNAseq.

Measurements of cellular tRNA abundance are hampered by pervasive blocks to cDNA synthesis at modified nucleosides and the extensive similarity among tRNA genes. We overcome these limitations with modification-induced misincorporation tRNA sequencing (mim-tRNAseq), which combines a workflow for full-length cDNA library construction from endogenously modified tRNA with a comprehensive and user-friendly computational analysis toolkit. Our method accurately captures tRNA abundance and modification status in yeast, fly, and human cells and is applicable to any organism with a known genome. We applied mim-tRNAseq to discover a dramatic heterogeneity of tRNA isodecoder pools among diverse human cell lines and a surprising interdependence of modifications at distinct sites within the same tRNA transcript.