Serum IgE Predicts Difference of Population and Allergens in Allergic Diseases: Data from Weifang City, China.

BACKGROUND: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is the most important promoter of allergic inflammation. However, there are few systematic studies on IgE in age range, genders, disease spectrum, and time regularity. AIM: To screen the common allergens, allergen spectrum, and IgE difference between type 2 inflammatory allergic diseases and other allergic diseases in Weifang, China. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed by estimating patients' clinical data suffering from allergic diseases (urticaria, pollinosis, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and bronchial asthma) between May 2019 and April 2020 using an allergen detection kit of Macro-Union Pharmaceutical. RESULTS: 732 of the 1367 patients showed different antigen positive, and the positive rate was 53.5%. The most common allergens were dust mites, mixed fungi, Artemisia pollen, cat/dog dander, and cockroaches. There were 27.0% (369/1367) of the patients with single positive allergen-specific IgE (sIgE), 26.5% (363/1367) with multiple-positive IgE. The total immunoglobulin E (tIgE) levels varied with gender, age, and type of disease. There was a difference in the distribution of allergens between children and adults. A positive correlation between the serum-specific IgE and the corresponding local inhaled allergen density was observed. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we found that type 2 inflammatory allergic diseases have higher serum IgE and a higher probability of inhaled sIgE positive. According to age, gender, and condition, serological IgE detection of allergens provides new insight into the early diagnosis and prevention of allergic diseases.

SOCS1 Regulates the Immunomodulatory Roles of MSCs on B Cells

Background and Objectives@#The effective use of MSCs for the treatment of some B cell-mediated immune diseases is quite limited. The main reason is that the immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on B cells are unclear, and their underlying mechanisms have not been fully explored. @*Methods@#and Results: By co-culturing B cells with MSCs without (MSC/CTLsh) or with suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) knockdown (MSC/SOCS1sh), we found that MSCs inhibited B cell proliferation, activation and terminal differentiation. Remarkably, the highest inhibition of B cell proliferation was observed in MSC/SOCS1sh co-culture. Besides, MSC/SOCS1sh reversed the inhibitory effect of MSCs in the last stage of B cell differentiation. However, MSC/SOCS1sh had no effect on inhibiting B cell activation by MSCs. We also showed that IgA+ B cell production was significantly higher in MSC/SOCS1sh than in MSC/CTLsh, although no difference was observed when both MSCs co-cultures were compared to isolated B cells. In addition, MSCs increased PGE2 production after TNF-α/IFN-γ stimulation, with the highest increase observed in MSC/SOCS1sh co-culture. @*Conclusions@#Our results highlighted the role of SOCS1 as an important new mediator in the regulation of B cell function by MSCs. Therefore, these data may help to develop new treatments for B cell-mediated immune diseases.

Myeloid-derived growth factor improves blood glucose level in type 2 diabetic mice by promoting glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of myeloid-derived growth factor ( MYDGF) on the secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 ( GLP-1) in type 2 diabetic mice and its mechanism. Methods A type 2 diabetes model was established by injecting streptozotocin into C57BL/6J wild type ( WT) mice and MYDGF knockout ( KO) mice, which were divided into diabetic group ( WT-D, KO-D) and non-diabetic group ( WT-ND, KO-ND) . Six weeks later, the relevant indicators were detected. Next, those mice were divided into wild-type diabetes group (WT-GFP), wild-type diabetes MYDGF intervention group (WT-MYDGF), knockout type diabetes group (KO-GFP), and knockout type MYDGF intervention group ( KO-MYDG ) according to whether or not the AAV-MYDGF intervention was performed. The wild-type non-diabetic mice were used as a blank control group to observe the effects of MYDGF on biochemical indexes, GLP-1 secretion, and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase ( MEK)/extracellular regulated protein kinases ( ERK) signal pathway in mice. Results After 6 weeks of intervention, there was no significant difference in the glucose and lipid metabolism indexes between WT-ND and KO-ND groups ( P>0.05) . Compared with WT-D group, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1C, and blood lipid levels in KO-D group were increased, while gcg, pc3 mRNA, and GLP-1 secretion levels were decreased (all P<0.05). Compared with the WT-GFP group, FPG, HbA1C , and blood lipid levels were decreased in WT-MYDGF group, while gcg and pc3 mRNA, and GLP-1 secretion levels were increased (all P<0.05). KO group revealed a result similar to that in WT group after MYDGF intervention. Western blotting showed that the phosphorylation level of ERK1/2 was lowered in KO diabetic mice compared with WT diabetic mice, which was enhanced in WT and KO mice after MYDGF intervention. Conclusions MYDGF promotes the secretion of GLP-1 by activating MEK/ERK signaling pathway, thereby delaying the development of diabetes.

Artificial ossicular chain reconstruction：biocompatibility, properties and laryngecartilage defect repair / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Defected Laryngeal cartilage has many alternatives, including autologous cartilage, al ograft cartilage and metal stents. Although these materials can achieve desired outcomes in laryngeal cartilage defect repair, certain limitations exist. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the biocompatibility and properties of artificial ossicular chain reconstruction materials, and to explore the effect of artificial ossicular chain reconstruction materials on laryngeal cartilage defect repair. METHODS: Porous hydroxyapatite otosteon was prepared by high-temperature calcination of hydroxyapatite, fol owed by cultured in bone morphogenetic protein solution extracted from fresh human bone to construct bone morphogenetic protein-hydroxyapatite artificial ossicular chain reconstruction material. And then, the biocompatibility and characteristics of the material were analyzed. Forty adult male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into porous hydroxyapatite group and artificial ossicular chain reconstruction material group (n=20 per group), and underwent repair with porous hydroxyapatite material and bone morphogenetic protein-hydroxyapatite artificial ossicular chain reconstruction material respectively after modeling of laryngeal cartilage defect. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was a significant difference in compressive strength of artificial ossicular chain reconstruction materials with different porosities. No symmetry sphere formed in hol ows of the outer surface of the material, with polygonal appearance and with a pore size of 100-200 μm. There were no obvious adverse reactions in both two groups after implantation, but in the artificial ossicular chain reconstruction material group, numerous fibrous connective tissues and obvious bone nodules appeared, and the degradation rate of the material was faster. These results suggest that the bone morphogenetic protein-hydroxyapatite artificial ossicular chain reconstruction material exhibits good biocompatibility and properties, which wil obtain satisfactory outcomes for laryngeal cartilage defect repair. So, the material holds a great value of clinical application.

Bioremediation of Hexavalent Chromium Pollution by Sporosarcina saromensis M52 Isolated from Offshore Sediments in Xiamen, China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Cr(VI) removal from industrial effluents and sediments has attracted the attention of environmental researchers. In the present study, we aimed to isolate bacteria for Cr(VI) bioremediation from sediment samples and to optimize parameters of biodegradation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Strains with the ability to tolerate Cr(VI) were obtained by serial dilution and spread plate methods and characterized by morphology, 16S rDNA identification, and phylogenetic analysis. Cr(VI) was determined using the 1,5-diphenylcarbazide method, and the optimum pH and temperature for degradation were studied using a multiple-factor mixed experimental design. Statistical analysis methods were used to analyze the results.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Fifty-five strains were obtained, and one strain (Sporosarcina saromensis M52; patent application number: 201410819443.3) having the ability to tolerate 500 mg Cr(VI)/L was selected to optimize the degradation conditions. M52 was found be able to efficiently remove 50-200 mg Cr(VI)/L in 24 h, achieving the highest removal efficiency at pH 7.0-8.5 and 35 °C. Moreover, M52 could completely degrade 100 mg Cr(VI)/L at pH 8.0 and 35 °C in 24 h. The mechanism involved in the reduction of Cr(VI) was considered to be bioreduction rather than absorption.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The strong degradation ability of S. saromensis M52 and its advantageous functional characteristics support the potential use of this organism for bioremediation of heavy metal pollution.</p>

Protection against Escherichia coli O157:H7 challenge by immunization of mice with purified Tir proteins.

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 infections cause serious public health problems worldwide. The translocation intimin receptor (Tir) is responsible for adhesion and attaching and effacing lesions. In the current study, we used a mitomycin-treated mouse model to evaluate the efficacy of subcutaneous vs intranasal administration of the recombinant Tir as vaccine. Following immunization, mice were infected with E. coli O157:H7 and faces were monitored for shedding. Mice immunized intrasally with purified Tir proteins produced higher IgG and IgA titers in serum and feces, resulting in significant reductions in fecal shedding of EHEC O157 and higher a survival rate (92.9%), compared with subcutaneous or control immunizations. These results demonstrate the potential for the use of Tir proteins in mucosal vaccine formulations to prevent colonization and shedding of E. coli O157:H7. Therefore, purified Tir protects mice against EHEC challenge after intranasal immunization and is worth further clinical development as a vaccine candidate.

The paleoAP3-type gene CpAP3, an ancestral B-class gene from the basal angiosperm Chimonanthus praecox, can affect stamen and petal development in higher eudicots.

Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox), a basal angiosperm endemic to China, has high ornamental value for developing beautiful flowers with strong fragrance. The molecular mechanism regulating flower development in wintersweet remains largely elusive. In this project, we seek to determine the molecular features and expression patterns of the C. praecox paleoAP3-type gene CpAP3 and examine its potential role in regulating floral development via ectopic expression in Arabidopsis thaliana and Petunia hybrida. The expression of CpAP3 is tissue-specific, with the highest level in the tepals, moderate level in carpels, and weak levels in stamen and vegetative stem tissues. Its dynamic expression during flowering is associated with flower-bud formation. Ectopic expression of CpAP3 partially rescued stamen development in ap3 mutant Arabidopsis. Although no phenotypic effect has been observed in wild-type Arabidopsis, CpAP3 overexpression in petunia brought rich morphological changes and homeotic conversions to flowers, mainly involving disruption of petal and stamen development. Expressed in a broader range than those canonical B-function regulators, the ancestral B-class gene CpAP3 can affect petal and stamen development in higher eudicots. This gene also holds some bioengineering potential in creating novel floral germplasms.

Screening test for anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of traditional Chinese herbal medicines.

AIM: To evaluate the anti-Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) activity of 50 traditional Chinese herbal medicines in order to provide the primary evidence for their use in clinical practice. METHODS: A susceptibility test of water extract from 50 selected traditional Chinese herbal medicines for in vitro H. pylori Sydney strain 1 was performed with broth dilution method. Anti-H. pylori activity of the selected Chinese herbal medicines was evaluated according to their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). RESULTS: The water extract from Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Scutellariae and Radix isatidis could significantly inhibit the H. pylori activity with their MIC less than 7.8 mg/mL, suggesting that traditional Chinese herbal medicines have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects and can thus be used in treatment of H. pylori infection. CONCLUSION: Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Scutellariae and Radix isatidis are the potential sources for the synthesis of new drugs against H. pylori.

[Construction of a recombinant Lactobacillus acidophilus expressing high levels of Helicobacter pylori adhesin Hp0410].

OBJECTIVE: To construct a recombinant Lactobacillus acidophilus that expresses high levels of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) adhesin Hp0410. METHODS: The gene fragment encoding Hp0410 was amplified by PCR from the DNA of H. pylori NCTC11639 strain and cloned into the shuttle plasmid pMG36e to construct pMG36e-Hp0410, which was transformed into Lactobacillus acidophilus by electroporation. The target protein was confirmed with SDS-PAGE and silver nitrate staining and analyzed by Western blotting. The stability of the recombinant plasmid was assessed by drawing the growth curve of the recombinant Lactobacillus acidophilus. RESULTS: A 750-bp fragment was inserted into the pMG36e plasmid and transformed into Lactobacillus lactis. The transformed bacterium expressed the target protein with a relative molecular mass of about 34 kD. Western blotting confirmed that the expressed proteins could be recognized by the serum of patients with Hp infection. The recombinant plasmid pMG36e-Hp0410 exhibited good stability in the presence or absence of erythromycin. CONCLUSIONS: The recombinant Lactobacillus acidophilus with high constitutive expression of Hp0410 has been constructed successfully.

Construction of a recombinant Lactobacillus acidophilus expressing high levels of Helicobacter pylori adhesin Hp0410 / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To construct a recombinant Lactobacillus acidophilus that expresses high levels of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) adhesin Hp0410.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The gene fragment encoding Hp0410 was amplified by PCR from the DNA of H. pylori NCTC11639 strain and cloned into the shuttle plasmid pMG36e to construct pMG36e-Hp0410, which was transformed into Lactobacillus acidophilus by electroporation. The target protein was confirmed with SDS-PAGE and silver nitrate staining and analyzed by Western blotting. The stability of the recombinant plasmid was assessed by drawing the growth curve of the recombinant Lactobacillus acidophilus.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A 750-bp fragment was inserted into the pMG36e plasmid and transformed into Lactobacillus lactis. The transformed bacterium expressed the target protein with a relative molecular mass of about 34 kD. Western blotting confirmed that the expressed proteins could be recognized by the serum of patients with Hp infection. The recombinant plasmid pMG36e-Hp0410 exhibited good stability in the presence or absence of erythromycin.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The recombinant Lactobacillus acidophilus with high constitutive expression of Hp0410 has been constructed successfully.</p>

Outcomes and correlation after functional endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the correlationship between the assessment of subjective and objective in patients with chronic(CRS) rhinosinusitis before and after FESS.@*METHOD@#Seventy patients with CRS were objectively assessment of VAS and subjectively assessment including the Lund-Kennedy endoscopic scale and Lund-Mackay scale. All patients were followed up 1 year and repeated both the objective and subjective assessment. The correlationship among the different assessments were investigated and the scales of before and after FESS were compared.@*RESULT@#There were positive correlation between the scale of VAS and Lund-Mackay(r = 0.866, P < 0.01), positive correlation between the scale of Lund-Kennedy and Lund-Mackay(r = 0.803, P < 0.01), and positive correlation between the scale of VAS and Lund-Kennedy (r = 0.912, P < 0.01) before the FESS. There were positive correlation between scale of VAS and Lund-Kennedy after 6 and 12 months of FESS with the r-value of 0.798 and 0.882 respectively. The scales of VAS including nasal obstruction, nasal discharge and head pain have positive correlation with the total scale of Lund-Kennedy with r-value of 0.691, 0.760 and 0.751 respectively. And the scales of VAS including hyposmia and general malaise have positive correlation with the total scale of Lund-Kennedy with r-value of 0.327, and 0.438 respectively. The scale of Lund-Mackay before has positive correlation with both the scale of Lund-Kennedy and VAS.@*CONCLUSION@#In patients with CRS, there were correlations among the scales of CT assessment, nasal endoscopic evaluation and VAS before FESS, and there were also correlations between the scales of CT assessment and nasal endoscopic evaluation after 6 and 12 months of FESS. It indicated that to evaluate the patients with CRS properly, the comprehensive assessment including subjective and CT and endoscopic scale should been applied in clinic.

Molecular diversity and differential expression of starch-synthesis genes in developing kernels of three maize inbreds.

The maize genome remains abundant in molecular diversity, and the rich genetic diversity of maize starch-synthesis genes is crucial for controlling various grain traits. To explore the unique mechanism controlling the advantageous waxy trait and characterize the molecular feature of genes relevant to starch composition in two elite waxy inbreds, expression profiling combined with gene organization analysis was performed in them as compared to one normal inbred. Genotype-specific expression patterns were observed for most genes studied. The waxy inbreds were shown to contain mutations in multiple starch-synthesis genes, namely gbssI (wx), gbssIIb and isa2 (potentially isa3 too).The mis-splicing events directly accounted for wx loss of function. Contrarily, disruption of 5' and 3' transcript sequence may contribute to the absence of GbssIIb and Isa2 transcripts in waxy inbreds, respectively. Besides, the splicing of Sugary1 transcript was developmentally regulated in the normal inbred, and DNA polymorphisms were detected within SSIIIb-1 gene in waxy inbreds.

[Effects of Newcastle disease virus on the expression of survivin and cell cycle in human tongue squamous carcinoma TSCCa cells].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection on the expression of survivin and cell cycle in human tongue squamous carcinoma TSCCa cells. METHODS: The proliferation of TSCCa cells infected with NDV in vitro was evaluated by means of MTT assay, and survivin expression in the infected cells was detected using RT-PCR and Western blotting. Flow cytometry was performed to assess the changes in the cell apoptosis, cell cycle and cell proliferation index (PI) of the cells. RESULTS: NDV infection resulted in decreased survivin expression and increased apoptosis of TSCCa cells, with reduced cell percentage in G2/M and S phases and lowered PI of the cells, showing significant differences from those of the negative control cells (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: NDV infection can inhibit survivin expression, affect the cell cycle of TSCCa cells and induce their apoptosis.

[Chinese waxy elites SW70 and SW22 are revealed to be new multimutants of starch-synthesis enzyme coding genes].

Waxy maize (wx) is a type of spontaneous starch mutant as compared to wild type foodstuff maize (Wx). The mechanisms underlying waxy maize kernel development are intricate and diversified. Here we characterized the expression of 21 genes belonging to four families, i.e., ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), starch synthase (SS), starch branching enzyme (SBE) and starch debranching enzyme (DBE) in the developing kernels of waxy maize inbred SW22, SW70 and relative wild type inbred 5003 at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after pollination. Dynamic expression pattern of a number of genes in developing kernels of SW22 were different from that in 5003 and SW70. Besides, obvious presence of wx transcripts in SW22 and SW70 were observed, though at the level lower than that in wild type 5003. Unexpectedly, the transcripts of Gbssllb and isoamylase-type DBE coding gene Iso2 were completely absent in SW22 and SW70. The above observation prompted the hypothesis that partial or complete loss-of-function of Wx, and/or there exist lose-of-function of uncharacterized gene (s) important for amylose synthesis in SW22 such as GbssIIb and Iso2, which may account for the absence of amylose accumulation in SW22.

Effects of Newcastle disease virus on the expression of survivin and cell cycle in human tongue squamous carcinoma TSCCa cells / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection on the expression of survivin and cell cycle in human tongue squamous carcinoma TSCCa cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The proliferation of TSCCa cells infected with NDV in vitro was evaluated by means of MTT assay, and survivin expression in the infected cells was detected using RT-PCR and Western blotting. Flow cytometry was performed to assess the changes in the cell apoptosis, cell cycle and cell proliferation index (PI) of the cells.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>NDV infection resulted in decreased survivin expression and increased apoptosis of TSCCa cells, with reduced cell percentage in G2/M and S phases and lowered PI of the cells, showing significant differences from those of the negative control cells (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>NDV infection can inhibit survivin expression, affect the cell cycle of TSCCa cells and induce their apoptosis.</p>

[Clone, expression and immunoreaction of napA gene of Helicobacter pylori].

AIM: To construct a prokaryotic expression system of Helicobacter pylori(Hp) (neutrophil-activating protein) napA gene, analyze nucleic acid sequence and study its immunity and inflammation. METHODS: napA fragment was amplified from Hp NCTC11639 chromosomal DNA by PCR. Its T-A was cloned, sequenced and compared with other Hp strains on the GenBank. Then the gene was cloned into pGEX-4T-1 fusion expression vector, expressed in E.coli and purified by GST-affinity chromatography. The purified product was used to screen 29 stains of mouse anti Hp monoclonal antibodies(mAb) and its immunity and inflammation analyzed with sera of Hp-infected patients by Western blot. RESULTS: napA fragment was composed of 435 base pairs (GenBank No.DQ341279) and the nucleotide homology with other Hp strains on the GenBank was 94%-98%. The molecular weight of the recombinant napA-pGEX-4T-1 expressed in E.coli was 44 kDa. 3 of 29 anti-Hp mAbs were against NAP. Western blot analysis proved that the recombinant NAP was specifically recognized by the sera of Hp-infected patients. CONCLUSION: The recombinant NAP has original immunoreaction. It is of great value to clinical sero-diagnosis and vaccine study of Hp.

Selection of SARS-coronavirus-specific B cell epitopes by phage peptide library screening and evaluation of the immunological effect of epitope-based peptides on mice.

Antibodies to SARS-Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-specific B cell epitopes might recognize the pathogen and interrupt its adherence to and penetration of host cells. Hence, these epitopes could be useful for diagnosis and as vaccine constituents. Using the phage-displayed peptide library screening method and purified Fab fragments of immunoglobulin G (IgG Fab) from normal human sera and convalescent sera from SARS-CoV-infected patients as targets, 11 B cell epitopes of SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein (S protein) and membrane protein (M protein) were screened. After a bioinformatics tool was used to analyze these epitopes, four epitope-based S protein dodecapeptides corresponding to the predominant epitopes were chosen for synthesis. Their antigenic specificities and immunogenicities were studied in vitro and in vivo. Flow cytometry and ELISPOT analysis of lymphocytes as well as a serologic analysis of antibody showed that these peptides could trigger a rapid, highly effective, and relatively safe immune response in BALB/c mice. These findings might aid development of SARS diagnostics and vaccines. Moreover, the role of S and M proteins as important surface antigens is confirmed.

[Variability analysis of S2 gene of SARS-CoV].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the sequence of S2 gene of SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) GD322 and analyze the phyletic evolution of S2 gene. METHOD: S2 gene fragment was amplified from SARS-CoV GD322 genome with RT-PCR and ligated to pGEM-T vector for sequence analysis after transformation of the plasmid into E. coli DH5a. The variability of S2 genes and S2 proteins from 12 strains isolated in the early, intermediate and advanced stages of the SARS outbreak were analyzed and the phylogenetic tree was constructed with Lasergene, Clustal X, DNAman and Treeview. T cell antigen epitopes of S2 protein were predicted on the basis of Internet database. RESULT: With the epidemic spread of SARS-CoV, the S2 genes of the virus tended to become stable. Homology of S2 genes of SARS-CoV isolated in advanced stage of the outbreak reached 99.9%. Prediction of T cell antigen epitope showed that mutation at the 57th amino acid effected T cell antigen epitope. CONCLUSION: S2 gene of GD322 SARS-CoV is relatively stable during the epidemic spread of the virus, and mutation at the 57th amino acids of S2 protein may affect the T cell antigen epitope.

Variability analysis of S2 gene of SARS-CoV / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the sequence of S2 gene of SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) GD322 and analyze the phyletic evolution of S2 gene.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>S2 gene fragment was amplified from SARS-CoV GD322 genome with RT-PCR and ligated to pGEM-T vector for sequence analysis after transformation of the plasmid into E. coli DH5a. The variability of S2 genes and S2 proteins from 12 strains isolated in the early, intermediate and advanced stages of the SARS outbreak were analyzed and the phylogenetic tree was constructed with Lasergene, Clustal X, DNAman and Treeview. T cell antigen epitopes of S2 protein were predicted on the basis of Internet database.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>With the epidemic spread of SARS-CoV, the S2 genes of the virus tended to become stable. Homology of S2 genes of SARS-CoV isolated in advanced stage of the outbreak reached 99.9%. Prediction of T cell antigen epitope showed that mutation at the 57th amino acid effected T cell antigen epitope.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>S2 gene of GD322 SARS-CoV is relatively stable during the epidemic spread of the virus, and mutation at the 57th amino acids of S2 protein may affect the T cell antigen epitope.</p>

The Expression and Significance of Transforming Growth Factor ?1 in the Middle Ear Mucosa of Guinea Pigs with Otitis Media With Efussion / 听力学及言语疾病杂志

Objective To explore the expression of transforming growth factor ?1(TGF-?1)in the mucosa of guinea pigs with otitis media with effusion(OME)and the role of TGF-?1 in the development of OME.Methods 70 guinea pigs were randomly devided into 7 groups,each with 10 animals.OME was produced by injecting deactivated streptococcus pneumoniae into the typmpanic cavity of guinea pigs.The expression of TGF-?1 was examined by means of immunohistochemistry 6 h,1 d,3 d,7 d,14 d and 30 d after injection.Results TGF-?1 expression could be detected in the middle ear mucosa at 7 d after injection and reached maximum at 30 d.Conclusion TGF-?1 is expressed in the middle ear mucosa of the guinea pigs with OME induced by deactivated streptococcus pneumoniae,and this indicates that TGF-?1 may play a role in the chronic protraction of OME.