Comparison of adipose derived stromal cells cultured on fibroin scaffolds fabricated by salt-leaching and by freeze-thawing.

Fibroin, the main structural protein of Bombyx mori silk, is known for its mechanical properties, its biocompatibility and degradation characteristics in vivo. Various studies investigate its uses as cell carrier and/or material for surgical implants. Multiple protocols have been established to isolate fibroin from silk fibers and to produce scaffolds and films from fibroin solution. There is only limited literature available on how fibroin scaffolds manufactured by different methods compare to each other in terms of performance as cell carriers. This study compares the behaviour of human adipose derived stromal cells (ADSC) seeded on fibroin scaffolds produced by (i) salt-leaching and (ii) freeze-thawing. One type of freeze-thawing scaffold (poresize â‰ª 315 µm) and three types of salt-leaching scaffolds (poresize ranging from 315 µm to 1000 µm) were used for this comparison. Measuring the DNA concentration on the seeded scaffolds as well as the seeded cells metabolic activity, we were able to determine freeze-thawed scaffolds to be superior for cell-seeding. ADSC seeded on salt-leaching scaffolds displayed a stronger downregulation of serum deprivation response gene than cells seeded on freeze-thaw scaffolds. In sum, our findings show that salt-leaching scaffolds offering different pore sizes differed much less among each other than salt-leaching from freeze-thawing scaffolds in terms of cell accommodation. Our work underlines the importance of physicochemical scaffold properties directly linked to different manufacturing methods and their influence on the cell seeding capacity of silk fibroin based carriers.

[Registry Research Funding of the German Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (DGPRÄC) and Research Funding Report 2021/2022]. / Register Forschungsförderung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Plastische, Rekonstruktive und Ästhetische Chirurgie (DGPRÄC) und Forschungsförderungs-Bericht 2021/2022.

BACKGROUND: Research is an integral part of academic medicine. In plastic surgery, it sets the course for innovations in the specialty. The purpose of this study is to present the research performance of plastic surgeons in Germany for the period 2021/2022 and to compare it with previous periods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The directors of plastic surgical academic institutions reported all requested/approved and rejected research applications to public, non-public and industrial funding organizations. Data was gathered within an established online database. In addition, the DFG´s public database GEPRIS was screened for plastic surgical research grants. Data was also collected regarding research infrastructure and organization at the participating centers. RESULTS: 105 applications were reported to 54 different funding agencies from 20 plastic surgery centers. 37 funding applications were submitted to the major public funding agencies DFG, BMBF, BMWi, BMG, BMVg, G-BA and EU. Of these, 59,5% (22/37) were DFG, 13,5% (5/37) each BMBF and EU, 5,4% (2/37) BMWi, and 2,7% (1/37) each BMG, BMVg, and G-BA applications. The average funding volume of these proposals was 401,515 euros. Approved DFG proposals were most frequently assigned to the review board 205-27 Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery, Reconstructive Surgery (n=10/16, 62,5%). Over time, the research registry shows an increase in the number of proposals in general and those granted. 70,0% (14/20) of participating sites had their own experimental research laboratory, while only 40,0% (8/20) had their own clinical trial center. CONCLUSION: The 2021/2022 Research Funding Report once again highlights the impressive research accomplishments of the plastic surgery community.

The effect of hypergravity, hyperbaric pressure, and hypoxia on osteogenic differentiation of adipose stem cells.

Human adipose stem cells (ASCs) hold great potential for regenerative medicine approaches, including osteogenic regeneration of bone defects, that fail to heal autonomously. Osteogenic differentiation of stem cells is dependent on the stimulation of biophysical factors. In the present study, the effects of hypergravity, hypoxia, and hyperbaric treatment were investigated on adipose stem cell (ASC) metabolic activity, quantified by PrestoBlue conversion, and cell numbers, evaluated by crystal violet staining. Osteogenic differentiation was assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and cresolphthalein staining of calcium deposition. Differentiation was performed for 12 days, which was accompanied by periodical stimulation. Increasing gravity forces up to 50x g did not affect ASC viability, but it enhanced osteogenic markers with a strongest effect between 20 and 30x g. Hyperbaric stimulation at 3 bar decreased ASC cell numbers but increased ALP activity and calcium deposition. Hypoxia at 8 % atmospheric oxygen did not affect ASC proliferation, while cell numbers were reduced at 3 % oxygen. Furthermore, hypoxic conditions produced opposing results on osteogenic markers, as ALP activity increased whereas cresolphthalein staining decreased upon stimulation. These data demonstrated that intermittent short duration of basal physical or chemical impulses interfere with the osteogenic differentiation of ASCs. Our findings could be of specific relevance in ASC based therapies for regenerative medicine and bone tissue engineering approaches.

"This changes things": Children, targeting, and the making of precision.

Avoidance of civilian casualties increasingly affects the political calculus of legitimacy in armed conflict. "Collateral damage" is a problem that can be managed through the material production of precision, but it is also the case that precision is a problem managed through the cultural production of collateral damage. Bearing decisively on popular perceptions of ethical conduct in recourse to political violence, childhood is an important site of meaning-making in this process. In pop culture, news dispatches, and social media, children, as quintessential innocents, figure prominently where the dire human consequences of imprecision are depicted. Children thus affect the practical "precision" of even the most advanced weapons, perhaps precluding a strike for their presence, potentially coloring it with their corpses. But who count as children, how, when, where, and why are not at all settled questions. Drawing insights from what the 2015 film, Eye in the Sky, reveals about a key social technology of governance we have already internalized, I explore how childhood is itself a terrain of engagement in the (un)making of precision.

Leaving the perfusion zones? Individualized flap design in 100 free DIEP and ms-TRAM flaps for autologous breast reconstruction using indocyanine green angiography.

BACKGROUND: There is still no consensus regarding the ideal zoning in abdominal-based autologous breast reconstruction using free DIEP or ms-TRAM flaps. In particular, the perfusion pattern of the flap according to the number of perforators used and their location remains controversial. In this study, the perfusion of free DIEP and ms-TRAM flaps is assessed intraoperatively and analyzed with regard to different perfusion patterns. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 100 free flaps for breast reconstruction was performed. Following complete flap harvest, we used indocyanine green angiography for perfusion analysis. By applying two different contour levels, DIEP flaps with lateral or medial perforators and ms-TRAM flaps were assessed for their respective perfusion patterns. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found in the size of the perfusion area between the different flap types when applying the contour level of 20% (p >0.05). For the contour level of 30%, however, statistically significant differences were found between DIEP flaps with medially or laterally located perforators (p = 0.038). Laterally or medially located perforators in DIEP flaps showed no significant differences in their ability to cross the midline (contour level 20%, p = 0.068; contour level 30%, p = 0.058). CONCLUSION: Considering the variability of the perfusion of the abdominal wall and the high sensitivity of indocyanine green angiography for their detection, the abdominal zonings play a minor role. By using intraoperative indocyanine green angiography, a precise and patient-specific free flap surgery for autologous breast reconstruction is possible independent of perforator location.

Generation of two iPSC clones (MHHi021-A and MHHi021-B) from a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with p.Arg723Gly mutation in the MYH7 gene.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common form of genetic heart disease and is characterized by abnormal thickening of the left ventricular wall and interventricular septum. Here we describe the generation of two induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) clones from a HCM patient, heterozygous for the p.Arg723Gly (c.2169C > G) mutation in the MYH7 gene. The generated iPSC clones may provide a useful resource for disease modelling to study the mechanisms underlying HCM pathogenesis in iPSC derived progenies, in particular cardiomyocytes.

[Registry Research Funding of the German Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons (DGPRÄC) and Research Funding Report 2019/2020]. / Register Forschungsförderung der Deutschen Gesellschaft der Plastischen, Rekonstruktiven und Ästhetischen Chirurgen (DGPRÄC) und Forschungsförderungsbericht 2019/2020.

BACKGROUND: Since 2015/16 the DGPRÄC collects, evaluates and publishes the research activities of academic sections, departments and clinics for plastic surgery at university hospitals in Germany, in order to raise the awareness of plastic surgical research performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The directors of plastic surgical academic institutions were contacted via the DGPRÄC and asked to report any requested/approved and rejected research applications to public, non-public and industrial funding organizations. Data was collected in our previously established online database: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSe6F5xmTyw-k7VKJx_2jkPA4LBXsA0sgBGMrC3rx_4bHj6uzQ/viewform?usp=sf_link. In addition, applications were identified via the DFG's public database GEPRIS. RESULTS: A total of 41 funding applications to the public funding institutes DFG, BMBF, BMWi, BMG and EU were identified. 75.6 % (31/41) of the applications had already been approved at the time of data collection, of which 77.4 % (24/31) were DFG, 9.7 % (3/31) were BMWi, 6.5 % (2/31) were EU and 3.2 % (1/31) were BMBF or BMG applications. The average funding amounted to 358 301 Euro. In 50.0 % (12/24) of the cases, the approved DFG proposals were assigned to the subject review board 205-27 Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery, Reconstructive Surgery. CONCLUSION: The continuous publication of plastic surgical research funding reports submitted by the convention of university plastic surgeons of the DGPRÄC portraits the excellent, collaborative research activity in the field of plastic surgery.

[The "safe" flap - Preoperative perforator-mapping and intraoperative perfusion assessment to reduce flap-associated morbidity - Consensus statement of the German Speaking Working Group for Microsurgery of the Peripheral Nerves and Vessels]. / Der sichere Lappen ­ Präoperatives Gefäß-Mapping und intraoperative Perfusionsmessung zur Reduktion der lappenbedingten Morbidität.

Reconstructive microsurgery using free and pedicled flaps has become a reliable method with a high success rate. Preoperative perforator mapping and intraoperative assessment of perfusion might further reduce flap-associated morbidity.There are various techniques for perforator mapping and perfusion measurement, but no guidelines regarding their use. Therefore, an expert panel at the 40th Annual Meeting of the German-Speaking Working Group for Microsurgery of the Peripheral Nerves and Vessels (DAM) discussed and critically reviewed the current literature. The consensus statement represents the expert opinion based on the available literature and provides recommendations regarding the use of preoperative perforator mapping and intraoperative perfusion measurement.

[Registry Research Funding of the German Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons (DGPRÄC) and Research Funding Report 2017/2018]. / Register Forschungsförderung der Deutschen Gesellschaft der Plastischen, Rekonstruktiven und Ästhetischen Chirurgen (DGPRÄC) und Forschungsförderungs-Bericht 2017/2018.

INTRODUCTION: This report serves to publicize the research of academic institutions for Plastic Surgery within our society DGPRÄC in 2017/2018 and sequels the funding report of 2015/2016. Applications to public, non-public, or industrial funding organizations were evaluated. At the same time, this paper analyses the number of approved DFG applications in Plastic, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery in the GEPRIS system. Contrary to these specialties, Plastic Surgery is not classified as an independent speciality in the subject structure of the DFG review board which results in a lack of transparency concerning Plastic Surgery research work. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our previously established online database (https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1OaSnHyKTysawiI1ie7kfUxDf7nJP_RiTUJTsnb7Mq_E/edit) for reporting requested/ approved and rejected research applications to public, non-public and industrial funding organizations was continued and evaluated together with applications found in the DFG's public database GEPRIS. RESULTS: Compared to the previous year's report, the number of approved applications from public research organizations (DFG, BMBF, BMWi, EU) was increased from 23 to 27. We identified 19 approved DFG applications from Plastic Surgery, as compared to 9 and 8 applications by Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, respectively. SUMMARY: Taken together, this data emphasizes that our research is at least equal to that of other newly established surgical specialties within the framework of the DFG. Accordingly, we hope to provide further arguments for an adaptation of the DFG review boards subject structure to include Plastic Surgery as an independent specialty as it is for Vascular Surgery and Thoracic Surgery.

Force distribution of a cylindrical grip differs between dominant and nondominant hand in healthy subjects.

INTRODUCTION: Grip strength and load distribution of the hand are important parameters for evaluating hand function. The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare grip force and load distribution of dominant and nondominant hands in right-handed healthy subjects. METHODS: Gripping measurements were performed on 40 healthy right-handed subjects using a cylindrical gripping device. Two different cylinders with circumferences of 150 mm (small cylinder) and 200 mm (large cylinder), respectively, were used for the measurements. Subjects were assigned to either the small or the large cylinder with respect to their hand size. Maximum and mean force applied during three intervals of gripping as well as the percent contribution of each digit, thenar, and hypothenar in relation to the total load applied were acquired. Values of dominant and nondominant hands were compared. RESULTS: Percent contribution of mean grip strength differed for the thumb (p = 0.007), ring finger (p < 0.001), little finger (p = 0.047), and palm (p < 0.001). Comparing the dominant and nondominant side, the dominant hand showed a lower contribution of the thumb, ring finger, and little finger, but a higher contribution of the palm. When analyzing maximum grip, percent contribution of the small fingers was equal between dominant and nondominant side (p = 0.1). Differences between dominant and nondominant thumb, ring finger, and palm persisted (p = 0.007, p = 0.001, p = 0.005, respectively). No differences could be shown for the index finger, middle finger, thenar, and hypothenar when analyzing both mean and maximum force. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Percent contribution of the thumb and the fingers to total grip strength differed between dominant and nondominant hands with a change in distribution when assessing maximum grip force. In right-handed subjects, thumb and ring finger have important roles during gripping.

Mesenchymal stem cells and myoblast differentiation under HGF and IGF-1 stimulation for 3D skeletal muscle tissue engineering.

BACKGROUND: Volumetric muscle loss caused by trauma or after tumour surgery exceeds the natural regeneration capacity of skeletal muscle. Hence, the future goal of tissue engineering (TE) is the replacement and repair of lost muscle tissue by newly generating skeletal muscle combining different cell sources, such as myoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), within a three-dimensional matrix. Latest research showed that seeding skeletal muscle cells on aligned constructs enhance the formation of myotubes as well as cell alignment and may provide a further step towards the clinical application of engineered skeletal muscle. In this study the myogenic differentiation potential of MSCs upon co-cultivation with myoblasts and under stimulation with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was evaluated. We further analysed the behaviour of MSC-myoblast co-cultures in different 3D matrices. RESULTS: Primary rat myoblasts and rat MSCs were mono- and co-cultivated for 2, 7 or 14 days. The effect of different concentrations of HGF and IGF-1 alone, as well as in combination, on myogenic differentiation was analysed using microscopy, multicolour flow cytometry and real-time PCR. Furthermore, the influence of different three-dimensional culture models, such as fibrin, fibrin-collagen-I gels and parallel aligned electrospun poly-ε-caprolacton collagen-I nanofibers, on myogenic differentiation was analysed. MSCs could be successfully differentiated into the myogenic lineage both in mono- and in co-cultures independent of HGF and IGF-1 stimulation by expressing desmin, myocyte enhancer factor 2, myosin heavy chain 2 and alpha-sarcomeric actinin. An increased expression of different myogenic key markers could be observed under HGF and IGF-1 stimulation. Even though, stimulation with HGF/IGF-1 does not seem essential for sufficient myogenic differentiation. Three-dimensional cultivation in fibrin-collagen-I gels induced higher levels of myogenic differentiation compared with two-dimensional experiments. Cultivation on poly-ε-caprolacton-collagen-I nanofibers induced parallel alignment of cells and positive expression of desmin. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we were able to myogenically differentiate MSC upon mono- and co-cultivation with myoblasts. The addition of HGF/IGF-1 might not be essential for achieving successful myogenic differentiation. Furthermore, with the development of a biocompatible nanofiber scaffold we established the basis for further experiments aiming at the generation of functional muscle tissue.

[Surgical treatment of burns : Special aspects of pediatric burns]. / Chirurgische Behandlung von Verbrennungen : Besonderheiten bei Kindern.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of pediatric burn patients is very important because of the sheer frequency of burn wounds and the possible long-term ramifications. Extensive burns need special care and are treated in specialized burn centers. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this work is to present current standards in burn therapy and important innovations in the treatment of burns in children so that the common and small area burn wounds and scalds in pediatric patients in day-to-day dermatological practice can be adequately treated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analysis of current literature, discussion of reviews, incorporation of current guidelines. RESULTS: Burns in pediatric patients are common. Improvement of survival can be achieved by treatment in burn centers. The assessment of burn depth and area is an important factor for proper treatment. We give an overview for outpatient treatment of partial thickness burns. New methods may result in better long-term outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Adequate treatment of burn injuries considering current literature and guidelines improves patient outcome. Rational implementation of new methods is recommended.

Scalp reconstruction: A 10-year retrospective study.

Scalp reconstruction is a challenging task for the reconstructive surgeon. In consideration of the anatomical and cosmetic characteristics, the defect depth and size, an armamentarium of reconstructive procedures ranging from skin grafts over local flaps to free tissue transfer has been described. In this 10-year retrospective study, 85 operative procedures for scalp reconstruction were performed at our department. The underlying entity, defect size/depth, reconstructive procedure, complications, and mean hospital stay were analyzed. In most cases, scalp reconstruction was necessary after oncologic resection (67%) or radiation therapy (16%). A total of 85 operative procedures were performed for scalp reconstruction including local flaps (n = 50), free tissue transfer (n = 18), and skin grafts (n = 17). Regarding the complication rate, we could detect an overall major complication rate of 16.5% with one free flap loss. Briefly, local flaps are an adequate and safe procedure for limited scalp defects. In the case of extensive scalp defects affecting the calvarium, prior multiple surgical interventions and/or radiation, we prefer free tissue transfer.

Simple visit behavior unifies complex Zika outbreaks.

New outbreaks of Zika in the U.S. are imminent. Human nature dictates that many individuals will continue to revisit affected 'Ground Zero' patches, whether out of choice, work or family reasons - yet this feature is missing from traditional epidemiological analyses. Here we show that this missing visit-revisit mechanism is by itself capable of explaining quantitatively the 2016 human Zika outbreaks in all three Ground Zero patches. Our findings reveal counterintuitive ways in which this human flow can be managed to tailor any future outbreak's duration, severity and time-to-peak. Effective public health planning can leverage these results to impact the evolution of future outbreaks via soft control of the overall human flow, as well as to suggest best-practice visitation behavior for local residents.

[Sternal osteomyelitis - Surgical treatment concepts]. / Sternumosteomyelitis - chirurgische Behandlungskonzepte.

Sternal osteomyelitis is a potentially fatal condition following cardiac surgery. Sternal osteomyelitis should be diagnosed as early as possible followed by an interdisciplinary radical debridement. Subsequently plastic reconstructive surgery is necessary for defect reconstruction. This can be achieved by a number of established pedicled and free flap plastic surgery procedures. The choice of flap procedures is based on defect geometry and the individual patient situation, including potential flap donor sites. Smaller defects can generally be reconstructed by pedicled flap transfer. For extensive sternal defects, free flap transplantation is now a well-established therapeutic option. In some patients lacking sufficient recipient vessels, the creation of an arteriovenous (AV) loop as recipient vessel is necessary. In summary, successful therapy of sternal osteomyelitis is based on early interdisciplinary treatment by the various surgical subspecialties.

Extracorporeal Free Flap Perfusion in Case of Prolonged Ischemia Time.

In free flap surgery, a clinically established concept still has to be found for the reduction of ischemia-related cell damage in the case of prolonged ischemia. Although promising results using extracorporeal free flap perfusion in the laboratory have been published in the past, until now this concept has not yet paved its way into clinical routine. This might be due to the complexity of perfusion systems and a lack of standardized tools. Here, we want to present the results of the first extracorporeal free flap perfusion in a clinical setting using a simple approach without the application of a complex perfusion machinery.

West Nile virus in Tunisia, 2014: First isolation from mosquitoes.

Several outbreaks of human West Nile virus (WNV) infections were reported in Tunisia during the last two decades. Serological studies on humans as well as on equine showed intensive circulation of WNV in Tunisia. However, no virus screening of mosquitoes for WNV has been performed in Tunisia. In the present study, we collected mosquito samples from Central Tunisia to be examined for the presence of flaviviruses. A total of 102 Culex pipiens mosquitoes were collected in September 2014 from Central Tunisia. Mosquitoes were pooled according to the collection site, date and sex with a maximum of 5 specimens per pool and tested for the presence of flaviviruses by conventional reverse transcription heminested PCR and by a specific West Nile virus real time reverse transcription PCR. Of a total of 21 pools tested, 7 were positive for WNV and no other flavivirus could be evidenced in mosquito pools. In addition, WNV was isolated on Vero cells. Phylogenetic analysis showed that recent Tunisian WNV strains belong to lineage 1 WNV and are closely related to the Tunisian strain 1997 (PAH 001). This is the first detection and isolation of WNV from mosquitoes in Tunisia. Some areas of Tunisia are at high risk for human WNV infections. WNV is likely to cause future sporadic and foreseeable outbreaks. Therefore, it is of major epidemiological importance to set up an entomological surveillance as an early alert system. Timely detection of WNV should prompt vector control to prevent future outbreaks. In addition, education of people to protect themselves from mosquito bites is of major epidemiological importance as preventive measure against WNV infection.

Phleboviruses associated with sand flies in arid bio-geographical areas of Central Tunisia.

An entomological investigation was carried out in 2014 at two sites located in Central Tunisia, one irrigated and another non-irrigated situated in arid bio-geographical areas. Sand flies of the subgenus Larroussius namely Phlebotomus perfiliewi, Phlebotomus perniciosus, and Phlebotomus longicuspis are the most abundant sand fly species in the irrigated site. However, in the non-irrigated site, Phlebotomus papatasi of the Phlebotomus genus is the most abundant species. A total of 3191 sand flies were collected and pooled with up to 30 specimens per pool based on sex, trapping location and collection date, were tested for the presence of phleboviruses by nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in the polymerase gene and sequenced. Of a total of 117 pools, 4 were positive, yielding a minimum infection rate of sand flies with phleboviruses of 0.12%. Phylogenetic analysis performed using partial nucleotide and amino acid sequence in the polymerase gene showed that these phleboviruses belonged to four different clusters corresponding to Toscana virus (TOSV), Saddaguia virus (SADV), Sandfly Fever Sicilian Virus (SFSV) and Utique virus (UTIV). This study provides more evidence that the abundance of P. perfiliewi is associated with the development of irrigation in arid bio-geographical areas of Central Tunisia which may have led to the emergence of phleboviruses. We report the first detection of TOSV from sand flies collected from Central Tunisia.

A model for the coupling of the Greater Bairam and local environmental factors in promoting Rift-Valley Fever epizootics in Egypt.

OBJECTIVES: Rift-Valley Fever (RVF) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne disease in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Drivers for this disease vary by region and are not well understood for North African countries such as Egypt. A deeper understanding of RVF risk factors would inform disease management policies. STUDY DESIGN: The present study employs mathematical and computational modeling techniques to ascertain the extent to which the severity of RVF epizootics in Egypt differs depending on the interaction between imported ruminant and environmentally-constrained mosquito populations. METHODS: An ordinary differential system of equations, a numerical model, and an individual-based model (IBM) were constructed to represent RVF disease dynamics between localized mosquitoes and ruminants being imported into Egypt for the Greater Bairam. Four cases, corresponding to the Greater Bairam's occurrence during distinct quarters of the solar year, were set up in both models to assess whether the different season-associated mosquito populations present during the Greater Bairam resulted in RVF epizootics of variable magnitudes. RESULTS: The numerical model and the IBM produced nearly identical results: ruminant and mosquito population plots for both models were similar in shape and magnitude for all four cases. In both models, all four cases differed in the severity of their corresponding simulated RVF epizootics. The four cases, ranked by the severity of the simulated RVF epizootics in descending order, correspond with the occurrence of the Greater Bairam on the following months: July, October, April, and January. The numerical model was assessed for sensitivity with respect to parameter values and exhibited a high degree of robustness. CONCLUSIONS: Limiting the importation of infected ruminants beginning one month prior to the Greater Bairam festival (on years in which the festival falls between the months of July and October: 2014-2022) might be a feasible way of mitigating future RVF epizootics in Egypt.