Connecting the disconnected: Leveraging an in-home team member for video visits for older adults.

BACKGROUND: Older adults are interested and able to complete video visits, but often require coaching and practice to succeed. Data show a widening digital divide between older and younger adults using video visits. We conducted a qualitative feasibility study to investigate these gaps via ethnographic methods, including a team member in older participants' homes. METHODS: This ethnographic feasibility study included a virtual medication reconciliation visit with a clinical pharmacist for Veterans aged 65 and older taking 5 or more medications. An in-home study team member joined the participant and recorded observations in structured fieldnotes derived from the Updated Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and Age-Friendly Health Systems. Fieldnotes included behind-the-scenes facilitators, barriers, and solutions to challenges before and during the visits. We conducted a thematic analysis of these observations and matched themes to implementation solutions from the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change. RESULTS: Twenty participants completed a video visit. Participants were 74 years old (range 68-80) taking 12 daily medications (range 7-24). Challenges occurred in half of the visits and took the in-home team member and/or pharmacist an average of 10 minutes to troubleshoot. Challenges included notable new findings, such as that half of the participants required technology assistance for challenges that would not have been able to be solved by the pharmacist virtually. Furthermore, although many participants had a device or had used video visits before, some did not have a single device with video, audio, Internet, and access to their email username and password. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians may apply these evidence-based implementation solutions to their approach to video visits with older adults, including having a team member join the visit before the clinician, involving tech-savvy family members, ensuring the device works with the visit platform ahead of time, and creating a troubleshooting guide from our common challenges.

Obtaining the Best Possible Medication History at Hospital Admission: Description of a Pharmacy Technician-Driven Program to Identify Medication Discrepancies.

PURPOSE: Describe the process of obtaining the best possible medication history (BPMH) by Certified Pharmacy Technicians (CPhTs) on hospital admission to identify medication discrepancies. METHODS: Cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted between December 2016 and June 2017 at a quaternary center in New York, including all patients 18 years and older admitted to the medicine service through the Emergency Department (ED) and seen by a CPhT. CPhTs obtained the BPMH using a systematic approach involving a standardized interview, checking medications with secondary sources and updating the electronic health record (EHR). Medication discrepancies were identified and categorized by type and risk. Summary statistics were provided as average and standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables, and as frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. Multivariable regression was used to test for associations between patient factors and presence of a medication discrepancy. RESULTS: Of the 3,087 patient visits, the average age was 69 (SD 17.8), 54% were female (n = 1652) and 65% white (n = 2017); comorbidity score breakdown was: 0 (25%, n = 757), 1-2 (33%, n = 1023), 3-4 (23%, n = 699), > 4 (20%, n = 608). The average number of home and discharge medications were 10 (SD 6.1) and 10 (SD 5.4), respectively. The average time spent obtaining the BPMH was 30.6 minutes (SD 12.9). 69% of patients (n = 2130) had at least 1 discrepancy with an average of 4.2 (SD 4.6), of which 43% (n = 920) included high-risk medications. Having a medication discrepancy was associated with a higher number of home medications (p < 0.0001) comorbidities (p < 0.0001), and source of information (p < 0.04). CONCLUSION: Obtaining the BPMH by CPhTs on hospital admission frequently identifies medication discrepancies. Further studies are needed to evaluate the association between obtaining the BPMH and clinical outcomes.

When Women Rise, We All Rise: American Geriatrics Society Position Statement on Achieving Gender Equity in Geriatrics.

Supporting gender equity for women working in geriatrics is important to the growth of geriatrics across disciplines and is critical in achieving our vision for a future in which we are all able to contribute to our communities and maintain our health, safety, and independence as we age. Discrimination can have a negative impact on public health, particularly with regard to those who care for the health of older Americans and other vulnerable older people. Women working in the field of geriatrics have experienced implicit and explicit discriminatory practices that mirror available data on the entire workforce. In this position article, we outline strategic objectives and accompanying practical recommendations for how geriatrics, as a field, can work together to achieve a future in which the rights of women are guaranteed and women in geriatrics have the opportunity to achieve their full potential. This article represents the official positions of the American Geriatrics Society. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2447-2454, 2019.

How to Use the American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria-A Guide for Patients, Clinicians, Health Systems, and Payors.

The Beers Criteria are a valuable tool for clinical care and quality improvement but may be misinterpreted and implemented in ways that cause unintended harms. This article describes the intended role of the 2015 American Geriatrics Society (AGS) Beers Criteria and provides guidance on how patients, clinicians, health systems, and payors should use them. A key theme underlying these recommendations is to use common sense and clinical judgment in applying the 2015 AGS Beers Criteria and to remain mindful of nuances in the criteria. The criteria serve as a "warning light" to identify medications that have an unfavorable balance of benefits and harms in many older adults, particularly when compared with pharmacological and nonpharmacological alternatives. However, there are situations in which use of medications included in the criteria can be appropriate. As such, the 2015 AGS Beers Criteria work best not only when they identify potentially inappropriate medications, but also when they educate clinicians and patients about the reasons those medications are included and the situations in which their use may be more or less problematic. The criteria are designed to support, rather than supplant, good clinical judgment.

Medication reconciliation in continuum of care transitions: a moving target.

OBJECTIVE: To study medication discrepancies in clinical transitions across a large health care system. DESIGN: Randomized chart review of electronic medical records and paper chart medication reconciliation lists across 3 transitions of care. SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS: Subacute patient medication records were reviewed through 3 transition care points at a large health care system, including hospital admission to discharge (time I), hospital discharge to skilled nursing facility (SNF; time II) and SNF admission to discharge home or long term care (LTC; time III). MEASUREMENTS: Medication discrepancies were identified and categorized by the principal investigator and a pharmacist. Discrepancies were defined as any unexplained documented change in the patients' medication lists between sites and unintentional discrepancies were defined as any omission, duplication, or failure to change back to original regimen when indicated. RESULTS: We reviewed 1696 medications in the 132 transition records of 44 patients, identifying 1002 discrepancies. Average age was 71.4 years and 68% were female. Median hospital stay was 5.5 days and 14.5 SNF days. Total medications at hospital admission, hospital discharge, SNF admission, and SNF discharge were 284, 472, 555, and 392, respectively. Total medication discrepancies were 357 (time I), 315 (time II), and 330 (time III). All patients experienced discrepancies and 86% had at least 1 unintentional discrepancy. The average number of medications per patient increased at time I from 6.5 to 10.7 (P < .001), increased at time II from 10.7 to 12.6 (P <.0174), and decreased at time III from 12.6 to 8.9 (P < .001). Patients, on average, had 8.1, 7.2, and 7.6 medication discrepancies at times I, II, and III, respectively. Surgical patients had more discrepancies than medical at times I and III (8.94 vs 5.3, P < .019; 8.0 vs 5.8, P < .028). In the unintentional group, cardiovascular drugs represented the highest number of discrepancies (26%). CONCLUSION: This study is the first to follow medication changes throughout 3 transition care points in a large health care system and to demonstrate the widespread prevalence of medication discrepancies at all points. Our findings are consistent with previously published results, which all focused on single site transitions. Outcomes of the current reconciliation process need to be revisited to insure safe delivery of care to the complex geriatric patient as they transition through health care systems.

Antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention of the complications of atherothrombotic disease.

OBJECTIVE: To review and summarize key studies of secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events. DATA SOURCES: English language clinical trials and guidelines. STUDY SELECTION: Key clinical trials and guidelines were selected by the authors based on their perceived importance and relevance to consultant pharmacists. DATA EXTRACTION: The authors reviewed and summarized clinical trials and guidelines published in the English literature. DATA SYNTHESIS: Each clinical trial and guideline was summarized by the authors. CONCLUSION: Key clinical trials and guidelines regarding the secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events have great significance to consultant pharmacy.