Magnitude of bottle-feeding practice and associated factors among mothers of 0-24 months' children in Asella town, Oromia region, Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Since bottle feeding has an impact on the effectiveness of breastfeeding and appropriate supplemental feeding, the World health organization recommends being avoided for infant and early child feeding. Thus, this study aimed to assess the level of the bottle-feeding practice and its associated factors among mothers of 0-24 month's children in Asella town, Oromia region, Ethiopia. METHODS: Community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from March 8-April 8, 2022, among a sample of 692 mothers of children aged 0-24 months. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the study subjects. Data were collected using a pretested and structured questionnaire by face-to-face interview technique questionnaire. The outcome variable bottle-feeding practice (BFP) was assessed using WHO and UNICEF UK healthy baby initiative BF assessment tools. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify the association between explanatory and outcome variables. Adjusted Odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval was used to measure the strength of the association and a p-value < 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. RESULTS: A total of 692 mothers with mean age and standard deviation (SD) of 31.86 (± 4.87) participated in the study. The prevalence of bottle-feeding practice was 246(35.5% with 95% CI: (31.8, 39.5). Mothers who were government-employed (AOR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.64), mothers who delivered at home (AOR: 3.74, 95% CI: 2.58-5.42), mothers who did not attend postnatal care (AOR: 3.76, 95% CI: 2.60,5.44) and mother who had negative attitude (AOR: 1.94, 95%CI: 1.34,2.8) were significantly associated with bottle feeding practices. CONCLUSION: The BFP were higher in the study area when compared with national reports of practices. The occupational status of the mothers, place of delivery, attending postnatal care, and attitude of the mothers were factors that increased bottle-feeding practice in the study area. Strengthening dietary behavioral modification for mothers who have children 0-24 months of the child to practice appropriate feeding is recommended.

Mapping the evolving strain field during continental breakup from crustal anisotropy in the Afar Depression.

Rifting of the continents leading to plate rupture occurs by a combination of mechanical deformation and magma intrusion, yet the spatial and temporal scales over which these alternate mechanisms localize extensional strain remain controversial. Here we quantify anisotropy of the upper crust across the volcanically active Afar Triple Junction using shear-wave splitting from local earthquakes to evaluate the distribution and orientation of strain in a region of continental breakup. The pattern of S-wave splitting in Afar is best explained by anisotropy from deformation-related structures, with the dramatic change in splitting parameters into the rift axis from the increased density of dyke-induced faulting combined with a contribution from oriented melt pockets near volcanic centres. The lack of rift-perpendicular anisotropy in the lithosphere, and corroborating geoscientific evidence of extension dominated by dyking, provide strong evidence that magma intrusion achieves the majority of plate opening in this zone of incipient plate rupture.

Obesity surgery: evidence-based guidelines of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES).

BACKGROUND: The increasing prevalence of morbid obesity together with the development of laparoscopic approaches has led to a steep rise in the number of bariatric operations. These guidelines intend to define the comparative effectiveness and surrounding circumstances of the various types of obesity surgery. METHODS: A consensus panel representing the fields of general/endoscopic surgery, nutrition and epidemiology convened to agree on specific questions in obesity surgery. Databases were systematically searched for clinical trial results in order to produce evidence-based recommendations. Following two days of discussion by the experts and a plenary discussion, the final statements were issued. RECOMMENDATIONS: After the patient's multidisciplinary evaluation, obesity surgery should be considered in adults with a documented BMI greater than or equal to 35 and related comorbidity, or a BMI of at least 40. In addition to standard laboratory testing, chest radiography, electrocardiography, spirometry, and abdominal ultrasonography, the preoperative evaluation of obesity surgery patients also includes upper gastrointestinal endoscopy or radiologic evaluation with a barium meal. Psychiatric consultation and polysomnography can safely be restricted to patients with clinical symptoms on preoperative screening. Adjustable gastric banding (GB), vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) are all effective in the treatment of morbid obesity, but differ in degree of weight loss and range of complications. The choice of procedure therefore should be tailored to the individual situation. There is evidence that a laparoscopic approach is advantageous for LAGB, VBG, and GB (and probably also for BPD). Antibiotic and antithromboembolic prophylaxis should be used routinely. Patients should be seen 3 to 8 times during the first postoperative year, 1 to 4 times during the second year and once or twice a year thereafter. Outcome assessment after surgery should include weight loss and maintainance, nutritional status, comorbidities and quality-of-life.

Eye disease in multibacillary leprosy patients at the time of their leprosy diagnosis: findings from the Longitudinal Study of Ocular Leprosy (LOSOL) in India, the Philippines and Ethiopia.

Existing prevalence surveys do not provide adequate information to estimate the magnitude of ocular pathology or vision loss in leprosy patients. We sought to determine the prevalence of ocular findings and related risk factors in leprosy patients at the time of their disease diagnosis. We also sought to determine if there were geographic differences and whether these were due to different demographic characteristics of the populations. The study was undertaken at Schieffelin Leprosy Research & Training Centre (Karigiri, India), Leonard Wood Memorial Leprosy Institute (Cebu, Philippines), and (for 3 years only) ALERT (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia). Newly diagnosed multibacillary (MB) leprosy patients as well as MB cases relapsed after dapsone monotherapy were eligible for enrollment. In each study site, the target population was 300. Standardized examinations were conducted between 1991 and 1998. Patient enrollment included 301 patients in Karigiri, 289 patients in Cebu, and 101 patients in Addis Ababa. The age-adjusted prevalence of blindness (< 6/60 in the better eye) and visual impairment (6/24-6/60) was 2.8% and 5.2%, respectively. Lagophthalmos and leprosy related uveal changes were detected in 3.3% (95% CI 2.0-4.7%) and 4.1% (95% CI 2.4-5.7) of patients, respectively. Overall, 11% (95% CI 8.5-13.2%) of newly enrolled MB patients had potentially blinding leprosy related ocular pathology. Lagophthalmos was associated with increasing age, a short duration between onset and diagnosis, and a previous reaction involving the face. Uveal conditions were associated with increasing age. Overall, eye disease was more common in Indian and Ethiopian patients compared to Filipino patients; however, differences were not significant when controlling for age and clinical (non-ocular) factors. Patients with potentially blinding leprosy related pathology were over three times more likely to have other (hand and foot) disabilities than patients without pathology. Differences in the prevalence of blindness and potentially blinding leprosy related ocular pathology between the sites could be accounted for by the differences in age and other clinical factors of the patients at the different sites. Findings suggest that, even in the face of active leprosy control efforts, around 11% of patients will have potentially blinding pathology at the time of their diagnosis and 2.8% will be blind. If those patients with lagophthalmos or blindness are considered appropriate for referral for more detailed assessment, approximately 4% of newly diagnosed leprosy patients will require active follow-up for eye care; including those with reaction involving the face will result in 9.4% of patients requiring active follow-up. These people are likely to be older, with a reaction involving the face, and/or with other disabilities than those not requiring active follow-up.

Long-term results of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding for the treatment of morbid obesity.

BACKGROUND: Since the first laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) operation on September 1, 1993, there have been important publications related to this procedure. The majority of the articles reported surgical technique and short-term results. Long-term results of LAGB are lacking. The authors report long-term data (at least 4 years) from 3 major bariatric centers in Belgium that perform LAGB routinely. METHODS: The 3 centers applied the same patient selection criteria, the same standard surgical technique, the same laparoscopic band (Lap-Band) and the same follow-up program. 763 patients have been enrolled. Sex ratio was 22% male/78% female. Mean age was 34 years, and mean preoperative BMI was 42 kg/m2. RESULTS: The follow-up rate was 90%, and the minimum follow-up time was 4 years. The average BMI after 4 years was 30 kg/m2. Early complications were: gastric perforation 4 (0.5%); large bowel perforation 1 (0.1%); bleeding 1 (0.1%); and conversion to open 10 (1.3%). Late complications were: erosion 7 (0.9%); total food intolerance 59 (8%); access port problems 20 (2.5%); re-operations 80 (11.1%); death 1 (0.1%). CONCLUSION: Long-term results of LAGB have been rarely reported, although publications on the procedure are copious. Our long-term data found that BMI evolution is good, the complication and re-operation rates are acceptable and the overall long-term results of the Lap-Band system are good.

History of Lap-Band: from dream to reality.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopy in severely obese patients is a surgical challenge due to the deep operative field, massive visceral fat, hypertrophic and steatotic liver and inadequate instrumentation. However, performing bariatric surgery by laparoscopy permits a minimally invasive procedure in patients who are usually considered high risk because of their morbid obesity. The challenge was to overcome technical difficulties of laparoscopy in the morbidly obese. METHOD: We needed to develop a new surgical protocol for the gastric approach in severely obese patients. The existing silicone band could not be used for laparoscopy, and a new prototype of the silicone band for laparoscopic use was designed. Because of ethical reasons, we began this work on the animal model. In an animal lab program using pigs, we refined the surgical technique of the laparoscopic approach. A new design of the adjustable silicone band for laparoscopic use was developed. RESULTS: After a 1-year animal lab program and approval by the ethics committee, we performed our first human laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding on September 1st, 1993. CONCLUSION: The development of the Lap-Band from concept to animal lab, ending in clinical application, has been an advance in bariatric surgery.

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding.

We introduced open adjustable silicone gastric banding (ASGB) for treatment of morbid obesity in our institution in 1991. It was done in a prospective study comparing ASGB with vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) with regard to weight loss. After 200 cases of open ASGB and 210 VBG procedures and the encouraging weight loss results, we started laparoscopic placement of the adjustable silicone band. The initial work was done in an animal laboratory program where a new surgical protocol has been established. Details of the laparoscopic dissection around the stomach in a deep operative field and fatty atmosphere have been developed, and a laparoscopically implantable version of the adjustable silicone band (LAGB) has been devised. The first human laparoscopic ASGB procedure was performed in our institution on September 1, 1993. Altogether 350 patients had undergone adjustable silicone gastric banding (LASGB) procedures by May 1997 (277 women, 73 men). All the patients were morbidly obese, with an average preoperative weight of 118 kg (92-200 kg). The mean BMI was 43 kg/m2 (36-65 kg/m2). The conversion rate to laparotomy has been low (1.4%). Early complications have been rare, and pouch dilatation and stomach slippage have been the only significant late complications. The rate of these complications has been considerably improved by reducing the pouch volume and using more gastrogastric sutures. Evaluation of postoperative weight loss of LASGB patients compared with our VBG and ASGB (open) patients showed a similar curve.

[Celioscopic approach in surgical treatment of morbid obesity. Technique and results]. / L'approche coelioscopique dans le traitement de la chirurgie de l'obésité morbide. Technique et résultats.

Three hundred and twenty Laparoscopic Adjustable Silicone Gastric Banding (LASGB) procedures have been performed in our institution from September, 1993 to January, 1997 for the treatment of morbid obesity. Before the first human operation a new prototype of the silicone band for laparoscopic use has been devised and a new surgical protocol developed in a preliminary animal lab programme. All the patients were morbidly obese (92-200 kg). The conversion rate to laparotomy has been very low (1.25%). Early complications have been rare. Pouch dilatation and/or stomach slippage has been the only significant late complication. The rate of this complication has been considerably improved by reducing the pouch volume and by putting more gastro-gastric sutures. The post-operative weight loss of LASGB has been comparable with our series of VBG and ASGB.

Laparoscopic Placement of Adjustable Silicone Gastric Band in the Treatment of Morbid Obesity: How to Do It.

BACKGROUND: laparoscopic placement of the adjustable silicone gastric band (ASGB) was begun in our institution in 1992. METHODS: this work started on the animal model first. In the animal laboratory, details of laparoscopic dissection around the pig's stomach were defined. A new prototype of the adjustable silicone band for laparoscopic use was devised. The first human laparoscopic ASGB procedure was performed in our institution on September 1, 1993; 37 patients have undergone this operation by May, 1994. There were 33 women and four men. The average pre-operative weight was 114 kg (92160 kg). The mean BMI was 42 kg m(2) (37-50 kg m(2)). RESULTS: no major operative difficulty has been encountered. Immediate post-operative outcome was uneventful except for one patient. CONCLUSION: the technique of laparoscopic ASGB is described. Preliminary weight loss is comparable to open ASGB and vertical gastroplasty, provided that the surgeon has mastered laparoscopy and open bariatric surgery.

Laparoscopic adjustable silicone gastric banding in the treatment of morbid obesity. A preliminary report.

A first approach to laparoscopic placement of the adjustable silicone gastric band (ASGB) was begun in our institution in 1992. This work started on an animal model first. In the animal lab, details of laparoscopic dissection around the stomach have been defined. A new prototype of the adjustable silicone band for laparoscopic use has been devised. Four voluntary patients underwent this operation on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd of September 1993. All the patients were female and the average weight was 116 kg (102-120 kg). The mean body mass index was 43 kg/m2 (36-49 kg/m2). No major operative difficulty was encountered. Immediate postoperative outcome was uneventful.

Gastroplasty as a surgical treatment of obesity. Experience of over 400 operations.

Morbid obesity is an illness in itself and causes associated pathologies. Medical and diet treatments being most often ineffective, the surgical alternative has been considered. This study considers a series of 415 patients operated on, at the Bariatric Surgical Centre at the Hospital of Huy, Belgium, from 1983 to 1992. The used techniques are the "Vertical Banded Gastroplasty" described by Mason and more recently the "Adjustable Silicone Gastric Banding" proposed by Kuzmak. With only a small complications' rate, we register 85% of successes in terms of excess weight loss as well as a clear improvement of obesity associated pathologies.

Vertical Banded Gastroplasty vs Adjustable Silicone Gastric Banding in the Treatment of Morbid Obesity: a Preliminary Report.

A prospective comparative study, comparing vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) with adjustable silicone gastric banding (ASGB) has been undertaken. The purpose of the study was to see if ASGB could produce weight loss as good as VBG. Patient population was similar and patients' choice was based on informed consent. Male/ female ratio and excess body weight were comparable in both groups. Early as well as late complications were minor and rare In both groups. The evaluation of the results was based on excess weight loss and BMI curves. Weight loss as well as BMI curves were quite similar in the two groups. A 50% excess weight loss has been obtained at 6 months, In both groups.

Mycotic aneurysm of the upper abdominal aorta ruptured into the stomach.

We report a case of primary aortogastric fistula with erosion of a mycotic aneurysm of the upper abdominal aorta into the stomach. The patient was successfully operated on with an in situ aortoaortic tube graft, incorporating the splanchnic vessels, and direct suture of the gastric erosion.