Effective Treatment of Patients Experiencing Primary, Acute HIV Infection Decreases Exhausted/Activated CD4+ T Cells and CD8+ T Memory Stem Cells.

Several studies have identified main changes in T- and B-lymphocyte subsets during chronic HIV infection, but few data exist on how these subsets behave during the initial phase of HIV infection. We enrolled 22 HIV-infected patients during the acute stage of infection before the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Patients had blood samples drawn previous to ART initiation (T0), and at 2 (T1) and 12 (T2) months after ART initiation. We quantified cellular HIV-DNA content in sorted naïve and effector memory CD4 T cells and identified the main subsets of T- and B-lymphocytes using an 18-parameter flow cytometry panel. We identified correlations between the patients' clinical and immunological data using PCA. Effective HIV treatment reduces integrated HIV DNA in effector memory T cells after 12 months (T2) of ART. The main changes in CD4+ T cells occurred at T2, with a reduction of activated memory, cytolytic and activated/exhausted stem cell memory T (TSCM) cells. Changes were present among CD8+ T cells since T1, with a reduction of several activated subsets, including activated/exhausted TSCM. At T2 a reduction of plasmablasts and exhausted B cells was also observed. A negative correlation was found between the total CD4+ T-cell count and IgM-negative plasmablasts. In patients initiating ART immediately following acute/early HIV infection, the fine analysis of T- and B-cell subsets has allowed us to identify and follow main modifications due to effective treatment, and to identify significant changes in CD4+ and CD8+ T memory stem cells.

High prevalence of late diagnosis of HIV in Mexico during the HAART era

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of late HIV diagnosis (CD4<200 cell/mm³) in an HIV clinic in Mexico City between 2001-2008, to assess changes in this prevalence across the study period, and to determine the risk factors associated to late testing (LT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis including all patients recently diagnosed as HIV. We estimated the proportion of LT patients and compared demographic characteristics between those and all other. We determine the risk factors associated to LT using logistic regression methods. RESULTS: Sixty one percent of LT patients present when are diagnosed for the first time. The prevalence did not decrease between 2001 and 2008 (p=0.37). Older age (OR: 2.4; 95%CI 1.2-4.7), unemployment (OR: 1.75; 95%CI 1.12-2.75) and less than nine years of education (OR: 2.44; 95%CI 1.37-4.33) were independently associated to LT, in a multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: LT has high prevalence in Mexico, this impact on antiretroviral effectiveness and perhaps on HIV transmission. Policies for HIV-prevention in Mexico need to be modified to reduce LT prevalence including more aggressive strategies of testing.

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de diagnóstico tardío (DT) (CD4<200 cel/mm³) de VIH en una clínica en la Ciudad de México entre 2001 y 2008, evaluar cambios en la prevalencia en este periodo y determinar factores de riesgo asociados con el DT. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Mediante un estudio de cohorte transversal de pacientes de VIH se estimó la proporción de pacientes con DT y se compararon sus características demográficas con pacientes sin DT. Se evaluaron los factores de riesgo asociados a DT usando regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Se encontró una prevalencia de DT de 61%, sin cambios entre 2001-2008 (p=0.37). Mayor edad (RM: 2.4; 95%IC 1.2- 4.7), desempleo (RM: 1.75; 95%IC 1.12-2.75) y menos de nueve años de educación (RM: 2.44; 95%IC 1.37-4.33) fueron independientemente asociados a DT. CONCLUSIONES: El DT tiene alta prevalencia en México. Esto impacta en la efectividad de tratamiento antirretroviral y posiblemente en la transmisión del VIH. Deben dirigirse políticas de prevención a reducir el DT mediante estrategias agresivas de diagnóstico.

High prevalence of late diagnosis of HIV in Mexico during the HAART era.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of late HIV diagnosis (CD4<200 cell/mm³) in an HIV clinic in Mexico City between 2001-2008, to assess changes in this prevalence across the study period, and to determine the risk factors associated to late testing (LT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis including all patients recently diagnosed as HIV. We estimated the proportion of LT patients and compared demographic characteristics between those and all other. We determine the risk factors associated to LT using logistic regression methods. RESULTS: Sixty one percent of LT patients present when are diagnosed for the first time. The prevalence did not decrease between 2001 and 2008 (p=0.37). Older age (OR: 2.4; 95%CI 1.2-4.7), unemployment (OR: 1.75; 95%CI 1.12-2.75) and less than nine years of education (OR: 2.44; 95%CI 1.37-4.33) were independently associated to LT, in a multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: LT has high prevalence in Mexico, this impact on antiretroviral effectiveness and perhaps on HIV transmission. Policies for HIV-prevention in Mexico need to be modified to reduce LT prevalence including more aggressive strategies of testing.