[Anthropophysiologic basis of the formation of arterial hypertension in primates]. / Antropofiziologicheskaia osnova formirovaniia arterial'noi gipertonii u primatov.

Comparative physiological analysis suggested evolutional direction of typical organization of the blood orthostatic regulation and its dependence upon the posture status in pronograde animals (rats, rabbits, cats, dogs) as well as in primates (humans, monkeys). Data on the evidence of functional adaptation of cardiovascular system under the conditions of experimental bipedal posture in monkeys are presented and the meaning of blood regulation according to the gravity factor in the development of arterial hypertension is discussed.

[Biological patterns of the development of lower monkeys during postnatal ontogenesis]. / Biologicheskie zakonomernosti rosta v postnatal'nom ontogeneze u nizshikh obez'ian.

In 840 male rhesus-monkeys relationships between age, height, weight and growth rate were examined. In terms of growth rate the following five age periods were identified in the predefinitive stage of postnatal ontogenesis: childhood--from birth to 9 months of age, adolescence--from 9 months to 3 years, accelerated growth or pubescence--from 3 to 4.5 years, growth completion--from 4.5 to 7-8 years, and physiological maturity (definitive stage)--over 8 years of age. The above age periods derived from growth curves are consistent with the development of the dental system, reproductive organs and other biological signs of postnatal ontogenesis. The relationships between calendar age, height and weight with respect to each age period are described by linear regression equations. The basic patterns of physical development, periods of postnatal ontogenesis and somatometric characterization described above help to objectively monitor the physical fitness of rhesus-monkeys, to adequately select animals identical in terms of their biological age, and to reliably plan long-term studies on this primate species.

[Morphological manifestations of primate adaptation to orthograde statics and upright posture]. / Morfologicheskie proiavleniia adaptatsii obez'ian k ortogradnoi statlike i priamokhozhdeniiu.

Using lower primates (rhesus-monkeys) who were experimentally transformed to bipeds, we examined morphological signs of their musculo-skeletal adaptation to the upright walking pattern. It was found that the bipeds developed typical characteristics of the upright posture: complete erectness of the torso and legs and noticeable enhancement of lumbar lordosis. The maximum deviation of the lumbar arch in the bipeds (10.0 +/- 0.8 mm) was significantly greater than in the controls (1.5 +/- 0.5 mm). This was accompanied by distinct hypertrophy of leg muscles, primarily extensors, and increased mineral density of the tibia (by 38%), fibula (by 14%) and metatarsus (by 23%). This was also followed by slight hypotrophy of biceps and triceps muscles and the large muscle of the thorax. Forearm muscles and bone mineral content were unchanged. The data obtained give evidence that the genetic program of orthograde statics and erect posture which is typical of the entire primate order can find phenotypical realization in lower primates.

[Typological characteristics of conditioned reflex learning in monkeys]. / Tipologicheskie osobennosti uslovnoreflektornogo obucheniia u obez'ian.

Three types of conditioned learning dynamics were singled out in males of the rhesus monkeys by the speed of formation of a positive motor instrumental reflex and differentiation. Type I is characterized by the fastest mastering of separate subprograms and of the whole test program of conditioned behaviour, by optimal functional characteristics in the process of learning and by a high adaptivity in new conditions. The most prolonged formation of the conditioned reflexes occurs in monkeys of the III-d type; 50% of them do not master the whole learning program; monkeys with such type of learning dynamics have no adaptation of previously acquired conditioned stereotype to new environmental conditions. Monkeys of the II-nd type of learning dynamics possess intermediate characteristics. A notion is substantiated of interconnection of higher nervous activity properties with typological characteristics of conditioned learning dynamics in monkeys.

[Relationship between the constitutional traits and functional characteristics of the cardiovascular system in clino- and orthostatism in healthy persons and in arterial hypertension patients]. / Zavisimost' mezhdu konstitutsional'nymi osobennostiiami i funktsional'nymi kharakteristikami serdechno-sosudistoi sistemy v klino- i ortostatike u zdorovykh lits i bol'nykh s arterial'noi gipertoniei.

This paper describes the results of a correlation analysis of the relationship between the basic parameters of central hemodynamics (arterial pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, peripheral vascular resistance) and primary somatometric characteristics carried out in 90 healthy subjects and 62 patients with arterial hypertension in the clinostatic and orthostatic position. In the orthostatic position the correlation between somatometric characteristics and hemodynamic parameters increased significantly in comparison to the clinostatic position. It is assumed that orthostatic characteristics of circulation are an adequate phenotypical manifestation of the human genotype as a biped living being.

[Electric conductivity of the skin in humans and monkeys]. / Elektrokozhnaia provodimost' u cheloveka i obez'ian.

The topographic and functional correlation of acupuncture skin zones on the limbs of humans (99 healthy subjects) and monkeys (64 adult hamadryas baboons and rhesus-monkeys) was compared by measuring the electric conductivity of the skin (ECS). The profile of the ECS was found to be an informative and sensitive integrated indicator of the functional state of the body and of the autonomic nervous system. The parameter ECS showed seasonal variations and relief differences with respect to the two phases of the menstrual cycle in women. The parameter ECS displayed distinct differences between men and women as well as species differences between men, hamadryas baboons and rhesus-monkeys. The high differential informativeness of the ECS is indicated by the functional differences of the primate body under various constraint conditions. The anatomical and topographic correlation of acupuncture skin zones and similarity of ECS characteristics in man and monkeys suggest that the formation of functional characteristics of the ECS in various types of primates has a common philogenetic basis. It is concluded that monkeys can be used as an adequate experimental model for further evaluation of the ECS as a method to measure and diagnose functional and pathological changes in the body.

[Typologic characteristics of central hemodynamics in the monkey in reclining and upright positions]. / Tipologicheskaia kharakteristika tsentral'noi gemodinamiki u obez'ian v klino- i ortostatike.

By tetrapolar rheography central hemodynamics was investigated in 74 rhesus monkeys in the reclining and orthostatic position. The basic hemodynamic parameters were examined in relation to the entire sample, to the groups with a higher or lower blood pressure (BPmean), and to four states of central circulation in orthostatic animals. The typological circulatory differences in the orthostatic state were shown to be determined by qualitatively different hemodynamic mechanisms responsible for BPmean. The hemodynamic characteristics in the reclining and orthostatic position were found to be reciprocally related. It is recommended to take into consideration the typological differences of hemodynamics that can modify cardiovascular responses to various effects.

[Typological characteristics of hemodynamic states in the orthostatism of healthy persons]. / Tipologicheskaia kharakteristika gemodinamicheskikh sostoianii v ortostatike u zdorovykh lits.

Central circulation and respiratory function of 90 healthy men, aged 24-45, were investigated during active and passive tilt tests. It was found that circulation can be influenced by the orthostatic factor which is expressed as the stage of early effects, intermediate stage, and the stage of stabilized hemodynamics. With respect to cardiac output the three basic hemodynamic states can be distinguished: hypokinetic, intermediate, and hyperkinetic. It is shown that circulation parameters in clino- and orthostatics are reciprocally related. It is demonstrated that the cardiorespiratory parameters used can be selectively employed in the classification of the circulating state in orthostatics. It is claimed that the hemodynamic conditions reflect the sequential phase states in circulation regulation. The concept of clino- and orthostatic normative characteristics of hemodynamics is presented.

[Comparative characteristics of central hemodynamics and blood redistribution in active and passive orthostatic tests]. / Sravnitel'naia kharakteristika tsentral'noi gemodinamiki i pereraspredelitel'nykh reaktsii krovoobrashcheniia v aktivnoi i passivnoi ortostatike.

Typological characteristics of central and peripheral (legs and viscera) circulation were identified in 90 clinically healthy people exposed to active and passive orthostatic tests. The following three hemodynamic states were distinguished: hypokinetic, hyperkinetic, and intermediate types of circulation. As compared to the passive tests, in the active states cardiac output decreased, leg blood flow increased, and viscera blood flow decreased. At the stage of stabilized hemodynamics inotropic cardiac stimulation was predominant during active orthostatic tests and chronotropic cardiac stimulation was predominant during passive orthostatic tests. In the former tests changes in cardiac output and blood redistribution between leg and viscera circulations were more distinct. Mechanisms of hemodynamic changes are discussed.

[Morphological study of the myocardium of monkeys after anti-orthostatic hypokinesia]. / Morfologicheskoe issledovanie miokarda obez'ian pri antiortostaticheskoi gipokinezii.

By histological, morphometric and gravimetric methods the hearts of 7 monkeys exposed to head-down tilt at -6 degrees were examined (2 monkeys were exposed to head-down tilt for 7 days and 5 monkeys were exposed to hypokinesia for 7 days and then to head-down tilt for 12 days; 4 additional monkeys were used as controls). During head-down tilt the heart weight increased due to blood pooling in the Thebesian vessels which was in turn associated with blood redistribution and accumulation in the vessels and parenchymal organs of the upper body. During 7- and 12-day head-down tilt myocardiocytes of the papillary muscles of the ventricles were not enlarged, and the number of functioning capillaries in the papillary muscles diminished.