Recommendations to improve recruitment and retention of underrepresented in medicine trainees in neonatal-perinatal medicine.

Physicians who identify as Black, Latinx, American Indian, Pacific Islander, and certain Asian subgroups represent racial and ethnic populations that are underrepresented in medicine (URM). While the proportion of URM pediatric trainees has remained unchanged, that of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine (NPM) fellows has decreased. Informed by the medical literature and our lived experiences, we compiled and developed a list of recommendations to support NPM fellowship programs in the recruitment, retention, and promotion of URM trainees. We describe ten recommendations that address 1) creating a culture of inclusivity and psychological safety, 2) the critical appraisal of recruitment practices and climate, and 3) an inclusive and holistic fellowship application process. The first two themes lay the foundation, while the final theme spotlights our recommendations for URM recruitment. Each recommendation is a step towards improvement in recruitment and inclusion at a program.

Neurodevelopmental and Growth Outcomes of Extremely Preterm Infants with Short Bowel Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if preterm infants with surgical necrotizing enterocolitis (sNEC) or spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP) with short bowel syndrome (SBS) have worse neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes than those with sNEC/SIP without SBS, and those with no necrotizing enterocolitis, SIP, or SBS. STUDY DESIGN: We undertook a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from infants born between 22 and 26 weeks of gestation in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network centers from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2016. Survivors were assessed at 18-26 months corrected age by standardized neurologic examination and Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition. The primary outcome was moderate-severe neurodevelopmental impairment. Growth was assessed using World Health Organization z-score standards. Adjusted relative risks were estimated using modified Poisson regression models. RESULTS: Mortality was 32%, 45%, and 21% in the 3 groups, respectively. Eighty-nine percent of survivors were seen at 18-26 months corrected age. Moderate-severe neurodevelopmental impairment was present in 77% of children with SBS compared with 62% with sNEC/SIP without SBS (adjusted relative risk, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.02-1.45; P = .03) and 44% with no necrotizing enterocolitis, SIP, or SBS (adjusted relative risk, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.37-1.88; P < .001). Children with SBS had lowcognitive, language, and motor scores than children with sNEC/SIP without SBS. At follow-up, length and head circumference z-scores remained more than 1 SD below the mean for children with SBS. CONCLUSIONS: Preterm infants with sNEC/SIP and SBS had increased risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18-26 months corrected age and impaired growth compared with peers with sNEC/SIP without SBS or without any of these conditions.