Ultrastructure of Myofascial Trigger Points of Skeletal Muscles of Rats after Photobiostimulation with Low-Intensity Red Light.

The effectiveness of low-intensity red light on myofascial trigger points in skeletal muscle of mature rats was evaluated by electron microscopy and high-resolution respirometry. The revealed changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure and activity of the respiratory chain enzymes indicate the development of hypoxia in the simulation area. Under the influence of low-intensity red light on myofascial trigger points, a decrease in the number of destructively altered muscle fibers and stimulation of mitochondrial respiration were found. These findings indicate intracellular regeneration and the stimulating effect of low-intensity red light on plastic processes.

[The influence of sexual experience on sexual motivation and copulatory behavior in male rats].

The influence of sexual experience on male behavior induced by a possible sexual or social partner was studied in 12-month-old Wistar rats in direct interaction or under conditions excluding their direct partner contact. Sexually experienced males demonstrated an interest towards a social partner situated behind the partition to a greater extent than sexually naive males, whereas in direct contact sexually naive males showed greater communicative behavior than experienced ones. All the males demonstrated greatest activity in the presence of a receptive female. Sexual experience did not influence the motivational component of male sexual arousal: the intensity of sexual motivation in the presence of a receptive female did not differ in experienced and naive males. However, sexual experience significantly changed the character of consummatory pattern of sexual behavior increasing its expression. The frequency of such copulatory parameters as mounts and intromissions amount was increased while latency time was decreased.

[Age-related aspects of male rats sexual behavior with different senescence rates].

Social and sexual behavior of males Wistar and senescence-accelerated OXYS rats was studied. The experimental model excluding direct interaction between partners showed that the exploratory activity decreased with aging in rats of both strains, but social motivation didn't change. No interstrain differences in intensity of sexual motivation in the presence of an inaccessible receptive female were observed in 4-month rats. The level of sexual motivation of 12-month Wistar rats didn't differ from that of 4-month animals. However, in 12-month OXYS males, sexual motivation was decreased as compared to both 4- and 12-month Wistar rats. The same regularities were found under conditions of direct interaction with a partner. Behavioral changes in 12-month OXYS rats were considered as genetically determinate abnormality at the initial stage of sexual behavior, i.e., sexual motivation. The results suggest the accelerated senescence of the reproductive system of OXYS rats.

[Age-related aspects of male reproductive function in rats with normal and accelerated senescence].

The study was performed on male rats with normal rate of aging (Wistar) and senescence-accelerated OXYS rats. Sexual motivation behaviour, activation of endocrine testicle function under condition of sexual activation, gravimetric rates were studied in male rats of different age. Potential ability to spermatogenesis in testis was studied in 14-month male rats. Males underwent the partition test: a receptive female was introduced into the male's cage, but the male and female were separated by a transparent partition. The number of approaches to the partition and total time spent near partition during the test served as an index of sexual motivation. Activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular complex was estimated by plasma testosterone level. A decrease of sexual motivation in the 14-month OXYS males was observed in comparison both with 3- and 6-month OXYS rats and with 14-month Wistar rats. However, no decrease in hormonal component of sexual arousal in aged OXYS males rats was detected. No interstrain differences in potential ability to spermatogenesis in 14-month rats were observed. However, no interstrain differences in the weights of androgen-dependent reproductive organs (testes and preputial glands) were observed under 18-month age. However, the weight of epididymisis in 24-month OXYS rats was significantly smaller than in Wistar rats.

[Nitrogen metabolism of Streptomyces antibioticus on media with various glucose contents]. / Azotnyi metabolizm Streptomyces antibioticus na sredakh s raznym soderzhaniem gliukozy.

The dynamics of the glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase activity was studied during cultivation of Str. antibioticus on media with different contents of glucose and ammonium sulfate. No correlation between the enzymes activity and the levels of oleandomycin production by the mycelium was observed. It was shown that the levels of oleandomycin biosynthesis repression by glucose did not depend on ammonium sulfate concentration in the medium.

[Inhibition of oleandomycin synthesis by glucoses added during fermentation]. / Podavlenie biosinteza oleandomitsina gliukozoi pri ee dobavlenii v protsesse fermentatsii.

Oleandomycin biosynthesis by Streptomyces antibioticus is repressed by glucose added to the growth medium in the process of fermentation. Phosphotransferase involved in the synthesis of acetyl CoA and propionyl CoA (the precursors of the antibiotic macrolactone ring) is neither inhibited nor repressed, and the substrate specificity of the enzyme does not change. The content of cAMP in the mycelium of S. antibioticus does not change significantly when either glucose or sucrose is added to the medium 24 h after the inoculation whereas the content of exogenous cAMP rises abruptly 24 h after glucose addition. At the same time, the medium becomes much more acidic and the content of protein in the mycelium rises noticeably. Consequently, cAMP may be involved in the regulation of the culture growth.

[Effect of oleandomycin on the growth of the producer Streptomyces antibioticus itself and on its antibiotic synthesis]. / Vliianie oleandomitsina na rost sobstvennogo produtsenta Streptomyces antibioticus i antibiotikoobrazovanie.

It was shown that addition of oleandomycin to the fermentation broth during development of Str. antibioticus inhibited the mycelium growth within the first 2 days and lowered the level of its further biosynthesis. The inhibitory effect depended on concentration of the added antibiotic and medium composition. An excess of glucose increased the inhibitory effect of oleandomycin. The antibiotic influenced both synthesis of the oleandomycin macrolide ring and methylation of the molecule.

[Cyclic adenosine-3',5-monophosphate in Streptomyces antibioticus and its possible role in regulating oleandomycin biosynthesis and the growth of the culture]. / Tsiklicheskaia adenozin-3',5-monofosfornaia kislota u Strptomyces antibioticus i ee vozmozhnaia rol' v reguliatsii biosinteza oleandomitsina i rosta kul'tury.

When glucose is substituted for sucrose in the fermentation medium for Streptomyces antibioticus, the pH of the cultural broth becomes more acidic, the rate of protein synthesis in the mycelium rises, and the rate of oleandomycin synthesis decreases abruptly. The dynamics of cAMP (cyclic monophosphate) accumulation was studied in the process of biosynthesis by the culture in different media. Most of the synthesized cAMP (80-90%) was shown to be excreted into the medium. Glucose stimulates cAMP synthesis and excretion from the mycelium by a factor of 1.5-3. No distinct correlation was found between cAMP content in S. antibioticus cells and the level of oleandomycin biosynthesis. A correlation between changes in the concentration of exocellular cAMP and protein synthesis in the mycelium suggests that the excreted cAMP may be involved in regulating the growth of the culture producing the antibiotic.

[Inhibition of oleandomycin biosynthesis by glucose]. / Podavlenie biosinteza oleandomitsina gliukozoi.

The results of the study on the effect of glucose and various carbohydrates on biosynthesis of oleandomycin by Streptomyces antibioticus are presented. It was found that glucose added at the beginning or by the 48th hour of the fermentation process on the complex medium inhibited oleandomycin biosynthesis. To investigate the mechanism of the glucose effect, a fermentation medium was developed. It provided variation of the carbohydrate composition, determination of the protein content in the culture and evaluation of the mycelium productivity. With the use of this medium it was shown that monosaccharides such as galactose, fructose and glucose significantly activated the mycelium growth as compared to lactose and sucrose. At the same time glucose completely inhibited oleandomycin biosynthesis when added either as an only carbohydrate component or in combination with galactose or fructose, while the presence of the other two monosaccharides did not prevent antibiotic production, though the mycelium productivity was lowered as compared to that with the use of the disaccharide. Therefore, the inhibitory effect of glucose on biosynthesis of oleandomycin was not connected with activation of the culture growth by it. Acidification of the medium on cultivation of the streptomycete in the presence of glucose only partially explained its inhibitory effect, since inhibition was maintained on the medium with addition of CaCO3 which stabilizes pH. Addition of 2-deoxy-D-glucose, a nonmetabolized glucose analog, to the fermentation medium retarded antibiotic production. It is possible that the inhibitory effect of glucose on biosynthesis of oleandomycin is not associated with its metabolism.

[Change of current-voltage characteristics of amphotericin B ion channels accompanying its incorporation into the membrane]. / Izmenenie bol't-ampernoi kharakteristiki ionnykh kanalov amfoteritsina B pri ego vstraivanii v membranu.

Non-linearity of amphotericin B current-voltage characteristics is determined by means of the third harmonic generated in the membrane. A change of the sign of non-linearity is revealed during incorporation of antibiotic molecules into a membrane, i. e. the incorporation is not a simple increase of the number of similar ionic channels in the membrane.

[Circular dichroism study of amphotericin B interaction with the sterols of Candida albicans strains sensitive and resistant to polyene antibiotics]. / Izuchenie vzaimodeistviia amfoteritsina B so sterinami chuvstvitel'nogo i rezistentnogo k polienovym antibitokam shtammov Candida albicans metodom krugovogo dikhroizma.

The method of circular dichroism (CD) was used to study interaction of amphotericin B with liposomes of egg lecithin containing sterols isolated from sensitive and resistant strains of Candida albicans. Analysis of the CD spectra showed that the antibiotic spectral parameters in the dispersion of liposomes modified with sterols underlie definite changes. In case of sterol isolated from the sensitive culture they were evident from an increase in the relative intensity of the negative extremes at 415, 390 and 370 nm. The contours of the CD spectrum in the region of 350 nm significantly changed proportionally to the antibiotic concentration and during incubation. The CD spectra of amphotericin B in the dispersions of the lecithin liposomes containing sterols isolated from the resistant strain of C. albicans were characterized by an increase in the relative intensity of the negative extremes at 415, 390 and 370 nm. These changes also took place during incubation. Still, the frequency character of the spectrum did not practically change. Only the intensity in the spectral region tested somewhat changed proportionally within an hour. The results indicate that the character of antibiotic interaction with liposomes containing sterols of the sensitive and resistant cultures significantly differs. This means that the changes in the membrane sterol composition (ergosterol and delta 7.22-ergostadien-3 beta-ol were the main sterols of the sensitive and resistant cultures respectively) have a marked effect on the character of the antibiotic interaction with them.

[Effect of detergents on the chloramphenicol inactivation process by resistent bacteria]. / Vliianie detergentov na protsess inaktivatsii khloramfenikola rezistentnymi bakteriiami.

The effect of detergents, i. e. cationic, anionic, nonionic and polyelectrolytes of the cationic type on the efficacy of chloramphenicol against resistant strains of E. coli and Staph. aureus was studied. It was found that the detergent effect on inactivation of chloramphenicol by the bacterial resistant strains was inconsistent. The cationic detergents and in particular chlorhexidine had the most pronounced inhibitory effect. In subbacteriostatic concentrations they significantly suppressed inactivation of chloramphenicol in the cells of E. coli and Staph. aureus. The anionic detergents and polyelectrolytes of the cationic type in the above concentrations were effective only with respect to Staph. aureus. It is noted that the detergents increased the activity of chloramphenicol against E. coli and Staph. aureus.

[Sterol affinity of Candida albicans cells resistant to polyene antibiotics]. / O srodstve sterinov rezistentnykh kletok Candida albicans k polienovym antibiotikam.

The affinity levels of sterols in the sensitive and resistant cultures of C. albicans for polyenic antibiotics were studied comparatively. The affinity level was determined by liberation of potassium under the effect of the antibiotic participating in interaction with the sterol. The protective effect of the sterol suspended in solution and included into the composition of the liposomes from egg lecithin was studied. It was found that the sterols of the resistant cultures of C. albicans had the same (or even somewhat higher) affinity to amphotericin B as those from the sensitive cultures. The data indicate that resistance of the strains studied is not based on the loss of the sterol capacity for binding polyenic antibiotics.

[Composition and certain properties of Candida albicans cells with a low level of resistance to polyene antibiotics]. / Sostav i nekotorye svoistva kletok Candida albicans s nizkim urovnem rezistentnosti k polienovym antibiotikam.

The lipid and protein composition of Candida albicans, strain R3, with a low resistance to polyene antibiotics does not differ much from that of the parent, susceptible culture. Nevertheless, the rate of potassium release from the cells and the incorporation rate of 14C-amino acids in the cells of C. albicans, strain R3, under the action of amphotericin B are lower as compared to the susceptible culture; therefore, the resistance of C. albicans, strain R3, must be due to a decrease in the degress of its disordered selective permeability. Sterols isolated from the cells in both strains were found to be capable of binding to polyenes at a high rate in solution. However, sterols from the strain R3 with a low resistance to polyenes, when incorporated into a synthetic lipid membrane, increase its permeability slower than sterols from the susceptible strain, which suggests that sterols from the low-resistant strain R3 are possibility involved in the phenotypic manifestation of resistance.

[Effect of biologically active substances on Escherichia coli chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity]. / Vliianie biologicheski aktivnykh veshchestv na aktivnost' khloramfenikol-atsetiltransferazy kishechnoi palochki.

The chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity is mainly localized in the membrane fraction of E. coli 103. Protamine hydrochloride, chlorhexidine, a cationic detergent, and to a less extent nitrofurans lowered the level of the antibiotic inactivation by this strain. Protamine hydrochloride decreased the enzyme activity in both the cell culture of E. coli 103 and the suspension of the membranes isolated from the cells, while chlorhexidine suppressed only induced biosynthesis of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase.

[Yeast resistance to polyene antibiotics. I. Production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants resistant to nystatin and their genetic analysis]. / Rezistentnost' drozhzhei k polienovym antibiotikam. Soobshchenie I. Poluchenie mutantov Saccharomyces cerevisiae, rezistentnykh k nistatinu, i ikh geneticheskii analiz.

239 nistatin-resistant mutants were selected after UV-irradiation of yeasts. Phenotypical analysis has revealed two main groups of the mutants: 1) resistant to nistatin and resistant or sensitive (in different combinations) to haptaens; 2) resistant to nistatin and having an increased resistance to haptens. It is found that the sensitivity dominates over the resistance and hyper-resistance. Genetic analysis of the mutant collection has shown that the resistance to nistatin is determined by 5 nuclear genes (hysr). Hyper-resistance is controlled by mutations in other genes, which are not connected with stable phenotype. Genes of hyper-resistance can be considered as minus-modificators of pleiothrophic cross-resistance, characteristic of hysr genes. Plus-modificator genes of polyenic resistance are described. The gene hysr1 is linked with its chromosome.

[Role of sterol structure in complex formation with polyene antibiotics]. / Rol' struktury sterina v kompleksoobrazovanii s polienovymi antibiotikami.

The capacity of sterols of different structure being components of artificial bilayer lipid membranes for formation of complexes with polyenic antibiotics, such as amphotericin B, nistatin and levorin was studied. It was shown that sterols delat 5,7-dienic systemin ring B, ergosterol and cholesta-5,7,22-trien 3 beta-ol had the highest affinity to all the 3 antibiotics, while sterols with one double bond in ring B, i. e. cholesterol and brassicasterol had less affinity and sterol without any double bonds in the molecule i.e. 5alpha cholestan 3beta-ol had the least affinity. It was supposed that delta 5,7-sterols had the highest affinity to polyens because of the fact that atoms C-5, C-6; C-7 and C-8 in ring B were practically situated in one plane in contrast to sterols with completely saturated ring B situated in the "conformation chair". Because of this interaction between delta 5,7-sterol ring B and the same flat polyenic site of the antibiotic molecule is sterically most firm since maximum contact is possible between two planes. It was noted that affinity of sterol to the polyenic antibiotics was higher if there were a double bond at 22-23 and methyl group at C-24 in the sterol side chain.