Anterior cruciate ligament: A brief narrative review of main risk factors for injury and re-injury.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the main injuries in professional and amateur athletes of different sports. Hundreds of thousands of ACL ruptures occurs annually, and only 55% of the athletes return to competitive level, with a 15 times higher chance of suffering a second injury. 60% of these injuries occur without physical contact and since they occur in the acute process, they can cause joint effusion, muscle weakness and functional incapacity. In the long term, they can contribute to a premature process of osteoarthritis. This narrative review is of particular interest for clinicians, practitioners, coaches and athletes to understand the main factors that contribute to an injury and/or re-injury and thus, to optimize their training to reduce and/or prevent the risk of injury and/or reinjury of ACL. Therefore, we aimed reports a narrative overview of the literature surrounding communication and explore through a theoretical review, the main risk factors for an ACL injury and/or re-injury, as well as bringing practical and correct methods of training applications. The lack of theoretical/practical knowledge on the part of rehabilitation and/or training professionals may impair the treatment of an athlete and/or student. High-quality research that can testing different training methods approaches in randomized controlled trials is needed.

Effects of ninety minutes per week of continuous aerobic exercise on blood pressure in hypertensive obese humans.

The main objective of this study was to examine the effect of continuous aerobic training (CAT) in hypertensive, obese people. Seven patients of average age (45.3±3.9 years), height (1.63±0.1 m), body weight (89.09±22.0 kg), and body mass index (33.44±8.6 kg/m2) were subjected to the training. CAT was performed in thrice-weekly nonconsecutive sessions (90 min per week) with intervals of 48 hr between each session. The training sessions entailed 30 min of walking at an intensity of 70%-80% of the maximum heart rate (MHR) on a treadmill over a period of eight weeks, giving a total of 24 sessions. Through correlation analyses, we found significant improvement in the systolic pressure (R=0.5675, P=0.0253) and diastolic pressure (R=0.7083, P=0.0088) when the last session was compared to the first session of training. We found no differences in the diastolic pressure and systolic pressure before, during and after 15 min of the protocol exercise. The program showed a large effect size (ES) for systolic pressure (ES=0.85) and a small ES for diastolic pressure (ES=0.33). We found no differences in the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) during and after the training of obese hypertensive humans, but we found a positively significant correlation between HR and BP in the last session and a large ES, suggesting that this protocol exercise might have significance effect in the long term.

Effect of game format on the intensity of soccer training / Efeito do formato dos jogos sobre a intensidade do treinamento de futebol / Efecto del formato de los juegos sobre la intensidad del entrenamiento de fútbol

ABSTRACT Introduction: During training in games, it is essential to know how to correctly manipulate the formats of the games (size of field and number of players). Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of three different game formats on the kinematic variables of training in soccer players. Methods: For this purpose, eleven U-20 soccer players participated in three games formats, Gr+3vs3+Gr, Gr+6vs6+Gr and Gr+10vs10+Gr in two conditions (experimental and conceptual). Through videogametry, it was possible to determine the range of speeds covered by the players during the games and to correlate with the ventilatory threshold (VT) evaluation individually to establish four different intensity zones (low intensity, moderate intensity, moderate/high intensity or high intensity). Results: It was verified that in the experimental games, when increasing the size of the field there were significant increases in the intensity of the game. In the conceptual games, there were only significant increases of the field Gr+10vs10+Gr for the games Gr+6vs6+Gr and Gr+3vs3+Gr. Conclusion: It is concluded that the format of the games has a significant effect on the movement of players. Level of Evidence III; Case-control study.

RESUMO Introdução: Durante os treinamentos em jogos, é fundamental saber manipular corretamente os formatos dos jogos (dimensão do campo e número de jogadores). Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência de três diferentes formatos de jogo sobre as variáveis cinemáticas do treino em jogadores de futebol. Métodos: Para tanto, onze jogadores de futebol da categoria sub 20 participaram de três formatos de jogos Gr+3vs3+Gr, Gr+6vs6+Gr e Gr+10vs10+Gr em duas condições (experimental e conceitual). Por meio da videogametria, foi possível conhecer as faixas de velocidades que os atletas percorreram durante os jogos e ao correlacionar com a avaliação de limiar ventilatório (LV), estabelecer individualmente quatro diferentes zonas de intensidade (baixa intensidade, intensidade moderada, moderada/alta ou alta intensidade). Resultados: Constatou-se que nos jogos experimentais, ao aumentar a dimensão do campo ocorreram aumentos significativos da intensidade do jogo. Nos jogos conceituais, houve apenas aumentos significativos do campo Gr+10vs10+Gr para os jogos Gr+6vs6+Gr e Gr+3vs3+Gr. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o formato dos jogos tem efeito significativo sobre a movimentação dos jogadores. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo de caso-controle.

RESUMEN Introducción: Durante los entrenamientos en juegos, es fundamental saber manejar correctamente los formatos de los juegos (tamaño del campo y el número de jugadores). Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la influencia de tres diferentes formatos de juego sobre las variables cinemáticas del entrenamiento en jugadores de fútbol. Métodos: Para ello, once jugadores de fútbol de la categoría sub 20 participaron en tres formatos de juegos Gr+3vs3+Gr, Gr+6vs6+Gr y Gr+10vs10 + Gr en dos condiciones (experimental y conceptual). A través de videogametria, fue posible conocer las bandas de velocidad que los atletas recorrieron durante los partidos y al correlacionarlas con la evaluación del umbral de ventilatorio (UV), establecer de forma individual cuatro diferentes zonas de intensidad (baja intensidad, intensidad moderada, moderada/alta o alta intensidad). Se encontró que en los juegos experimentales, al aumentar la dimensión del campo ocurrieron aumentos sustanciales de la intensidad del juego. En los juegos conceptuales, solo hubo aumentos significativos del campo Gr+10vs10+Gr en relación a los juegos Gr+6vs6+Gr y Gr+3vs3+Gr. Conclusión: Se concluye que el formato de los juegos tiene un efecto significativo sobre el movimiento de los jugadores. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudio de caso-control.

ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation may improve recovery and muscle adaptations after resistance training: a systematic review.

ß-Hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate free acid (HMB-FA) has been suggested to accelerate the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle after high-intensity exercise and attenuate markers of skeletal muscle damage. Herein a systematic review on the use of HMB-FA supplementation as an ergogenic aid to improve measures of muscle recovery, performance, and hypertrophy after resistance training was conducted. This review was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. We included randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trials investigating the effects of HMB-FA supplementation in conjunction with resistance exercise in humans. The search was conducted using Medline and Google Scholar databases for the terms beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, HMB free acid, exercise, resistance exercise, strength training, and HMB supplementation. Only research articles published from 1996 to 2016 in English language were considered for the analysis. Nine studies met the criteria for inclusion in the analyses. Most studies included resistance-trained men, and the primary intervention strategy involved administration of 3g of HMB-FA per day. In conjunction with resistance training, HMB-FA supplementation may attenuate markers of muscle damage, augment acute immune and endocrine responses, and enhance training-induced muscle mass and strength. HMB-FA supplementation may also improve markers of aerobic fitness when combined with high-intensity interval training. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to determine the overall efficacy of HMB-FA supplementation as an ergogenic aid.

The effect of the maintaining the ball possession on the intensity of games

The use of small-sided games (SSG) for soccer training has increased considerably in recent years. Tactical principles can influence the intensity and the movement of soccer players during training. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of maintaining possession of the ball on the intensity and the time of motion characteristics of players during training in games. Eleven athletes of the U-20 category of a professional club in São Paulo, Brazil, participated in this study. To check the influence of the tactical principle, we used a game control and an experimental game in three different field dimensions and number of players. The results show that possession of the maintenance rule influences the intensity of the games (p <0.05). However, it is concluded that the rule is fundamental for training through games.

Análise da potência aeróbia de futebolistas por meio de teste de campo e teste laboratorial / Analysis of aerobic power of soccer players through field test and laboratory test / Análisis de la capacidad aeróbica de futbolistas por medio de test de campo y test en laboratório

Introdução: Há métodos diretos e indiretos que são utilizados pelos clubes de futebol para avaliar, acompanhar e determinar o VO2max dos jogadores, sendo este muito importante para o rendimento e a recuperação dos atletas durante uma partida. Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de correlação entre as medidas de VO2max por meio da análise direta de gases e do teste de campo Yo-Yo Intermitente Recovery Level 1 (Yo-YoIR1). Métodos: Participaram do estudo 24 jogadores de futebol da categoria SUB-20 de um clube do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, com estatura 1,72±0,08 m e massa corporal 61,17±9,18 kg, com no mínimo cinco anos de prática na modalidade. Os atletas realizaram o teste de análise direta dos gases em esteira ergométrica e após 48 horas foi realizado o Yo-Yo IR1. Resultados: Os resultados apontaram uma correlação significante entre os testes (r=0,524; p<0,01), porém o Yo-Yo IR1 subestimou as medidas de análise direta dos gases em laboratório (44,98ml/kg/min e 48,14ml/kg/min, respectivamente). Conclusão: Os resultados apontaram uma correlação moderada entre as medidas de VO2max, dessa forma pode-se utilizar ambos os testes para análise da potência aeróbia dos jogadores de futebol, desde que seja repetido o mesmo protocolo nas avaliações subsequentes. .

Introduction: There are direct and indirect methods that are used by soccer clubs to assess, monitor and determine the VO2max of soccer players, which is very important for the performance and recovery of athletes during a match. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the level of the correlation between measures of VO2max by direct gas analysis and by the field test Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1). Methods: The study included 24 Brazilian male soccer players from under 20 category, of a club in the State of São Paulo, Brazil with stature of 1.72 ± 0.08 meter and body mass of 61.17 ± 9.18 kg, with at least five years of practice in the sport. The athletes performed the direct analysis of gases test on a treadmill 48 hours later the Yo-Yo IR1 was performed. Results: The results revealed a significant correlation between tests (r=0.524; p<0.01), but Yo-Yo IR1 underestimated measures of direct analysis of gases in the laboratory (44.98ml/kg/min and 48.14ml/kg/min, respectively). Conclusion: The results showed a moderate correlation between measures of VO2max, that way both tests can be used to analyze the aerobic power of soccer players, since the same protocol is repeated in subsequent evaluations. .

Introducción: Los métodos directos e indirectos son utilizados por los clubes de fútbol para evaluar, monitorear y determinar el VO2max de los jugadores, lo que es muy importante para el rendimiento y la recuperación de los atletas durante un partido. Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de correlación entre las medidas de VO2max de análisis directo de gases y la prueba de campo Yo-Yo Intermitente Recovery Nivel 1 (Yo-YoIR1). Métodos: El estudio incluyó a 24 futbolistas categoría SUB-20 de un club en el Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, con estatura de 1,72 ± 0,08 metro y masa corporal de 61,17 ± 9,18 Kg, con al menos cinco años de práctica en la modalidad. Los atletas realizaron el análisis directo de los gases en una caminadora y después de 48 horas se realizó el Yo-Yo IR1. Resultados: Los resultados revelaron una correlación significativa entre los ensayos (r = 0,524, p < 0,01), pero el Yo-Yo IR1 ha subestimado las mediciones de laboratorio del análisis directo de gases (44,98 ml/Kg/min. y 48,14 ml/Kg/min., respectivamente). Conclusión: Los resultados indicaron una correlación moderada entre las medidas de VO2max, de esta manera se pueden utilizar ambas las pruebas para analizar la capacidad aeróbica de los jugadores de fútbol, siempre que se repita el mismo protocolo en las evaluaciones posteriores. .