Enhancement of the biogas and biofertilizer production from Opuntia heliabravoana Scheinvar.

Waste Opuntia is an abundant source of biomass to produce biogas and biofertilizer in a small and commercial scale. This crop has a high biomass yield, wide adaptation to diverse climatic zones, rapid growth, and low input requirements. This study aimed to evaluate the combined effect of adjusting C/N ratio and an alkaline pretreatment (AP) of waste Opuntia heliabravoana Scheinvar in the production of biogas and biofertilizer in anaerobic reactors. AP bioreactors produced more biogas than the control (C, without the combined effect of AP); besides, in this process, it was not necessary to use additional water due to the high content of water that is present in the tissue of this crop. On the other hand, both biofertilizers (C and AP) had enssential microbial groups that help to enhance plant nutrition as S-reducers, S-oxidizers, amylolytic, cellulolytic bacteria, anaerobic S-mineralizers, cellulolytic fungi, and P-solubilizers. Also, the AP treatment to help to increase 1.5:1 total nitrogen (TN) concentration decreased the pathogenic microorganisms in the biofertilizer compared to the C treatment. For this reason, Opuntia spp. is a good substrate for production of biogas and biofertilizer with essential nutrients for many crops in area with water scarcity.

Effectiveness of rabbit manure biofertilizer in barley crop yield.

The quality of biofertilizers is usually assessed only in terms of the amount of nutrients that they supply to the crops and their lack of viable pathogens and phytotoxicity. The goal of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a liquid biofertilizer obtained from rabbit manure in terms of presence of pathogens, phytotoxicity, and its effect on the grain yield and other agronomic traits of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Environmental effects of the biofertilizer were also evaluated by following its influence on selected soil parameters. We applied the biofertilizer at five combinations of doses and timings each and in two application modes (foliar or direct soil application) within a randomized complete block design with three replicates and using a chemical fertilizer as control. The agronomic traits evaluated were plant height, root length, dry weight, and number of leaves and stems at three growth stages: tillering, jointing, and flowering. The effectiveness of the biofertilizer was significantly modified by the mode of application, the growth stage of the crop, and the dose of biofertilizer applied. The results showed that the foliar application of the biofertilizer at the tillering stage produced the highest increase in grain yield (59.7 %, p < 0.10). The use of the biofertilizer caused significant changes in soil, particularly concerning pH, EC, Ca, Zn, Mg, and Mn. It is our view that the production and use of biofertilizers are a reliable alternative to deal with a solid waste problem while food security is increased.

Quality of urban runoff in wet and dry seasons: a case study in a semi-arid zone.

Urban runoff (UR) is a promising new resource that may alleviate growing tensions in numerous arid and semi-arid regions of the world. However, it is precisely in these zones that the available UR quality characteristics are scarcer. This work aims to evaluate a wide set of parameters to establish a detailed approach to both the quality of UR in a midsized city in Central Mexico and the feasibility of using UR to recharge aquifers. UR from an institutional land use site was sampled during wet and dry seasons and assessed for suspended solids, organic matter, nutrients, microorganisms, metals, and persistent organic chemicals (i.e., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAH). The results were analyzed using multivariate statistical methods to identify relationships among the variables, the sampling sites and the seasons. The soil erosion and the leaching of materials due to the water flow through vegetated areas were identified as the most influencing factor on the quality of the site runoff in both dry and wet seasons. Additionally, data were more heterogeneous during the dry season, and higher pollutant concentrations were found both during the dry season and in more pervious zones. We consider UR a promising water source for recharging aquifers in arid and semi-arid zones if a program is implemented that can integrate an adequate runoff treatment system, soil protection, and other non-structural measures.

Cadmium Removal from Aqueous Systems Using Opuntia albicarpa L. Scheinvar as Biosorbent.

The aim of this research was to investigate the use of a natural adsorbent like nopal (Opuntia albicarpa L. Scheinvar) for removing cadmium from aqueous solutions with low concentrations of this metal. Two treatments were applied to the cladodes: a dehydration to get dehydrated nopal (DHN) and heating up to 90°C to obtain a thermally treated nopal (TN). After examining the effect of various pH values (2-7), the capacity of each biosorbent was examined in batch sorption tests at different dosages (0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 3000 mg L(-1)). The results indicated that adsorption of cadmium to biomass of DHN and TN was highly dependent on pH and biosorbent dosage. The best removal of cadmium (53.3%, corresponding to q e of 0.155 mg g(-1)) was obtained at pH 4.0 by using the TN sorbent. Infrared and Raman spectra confirmed that cadmium removal occurred via adsorption to -OH functional groups.

Resistance and inactivation kinetics of bacterial strains isolated from the non-chlorinated and chlorinated effluents of a WWTP.

The microbiological quality of water from a wastewater treatment plant that uses sodium hypochlorite as a disinfectant was assessed. Mesophilic aerobic bacteria were not removed efficiently. This fact allowed for the isolation of several bacterial strains from the effluents. Molecular identification indicated that the strains were related to Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli (three strains), Enterobacter cloacae, Kluyvera cryocrescens (three strains), Kluyvera intermedia, Citrobacter freundii (two strains), Bacillus sp. and Enterobacter sp. The first five strains, which were isolated from the non-chlorinated effluent, were used to test resistance to chlorine disinfection using three sets of variables: disinfectant concentration (8, 20 and 30 mg·L(-1)), contact time (0, 15 and 30 min) and water temperature (20, 25 and 30 °C). The results demonstrated that the strains have independent responses to experimental conditions and that the most efficient treatment was an 8 mg·L(-1) dose of disinfectant at a temperature of 20 °C for 30 min. The other eight strains, which were isolated from the chlorinated effluent, were used to analyze inactivation kinetics using the disinfectant at a dose of 15 mg·L(-1) with various retention times (0, 10, 20, 30, 60 and 90 min). The results indicated that during the inactivation process, there was no relationship between removal percentage and retention time and that the strains have no common response to the treatments.

Standardization of activated sludge for biodegradation tests.

Activated sludges are an inoculum source commonly used in biodegradation studies, as wastewater treatment facilities constitute an entry point to the environment for many chemicals. In this paper, the main issues relating to the use of activated sludge in biodegradability tests are presented. Special attention is also devoted to discussing the factors affecting both the activity of the microbial communities and the test results. After a short survey of the state of the art of microbiology of activated sludge, the paper focuses on the methods used to reduce the variations in the diversity, quality and quantity of these communities. Finally, use of surrogates as reference materials in biodegradability tests is discussed.

Manganese accumulation in plants of the mining zone of Hidalgo, Mexico.

Soil, sediments, water and plant samples from the mining zone of Molango were collected and analyzed and Mn-tolerant and Mn-accumulator plants were identified. Soil and sediments presented moderately alkaline and reducing conditions, a normal electrical conductivity, a sandy texture and medium-to-high cation exchange capacities. These properties favored the presence of Mn(2+), which is the form most easily assimilated by plants, and the total Mn concentration (11,637-106,104 mg kg(-1) dried weight, DW) was at phytotoxic level. Water was also an important Mn source. Equisetum hyemale and Telypteris kunthii survived in the presence of such Mn concentrations using an exclusion strategy, while Cnidoscolus multilobus, Platanus mexicana, Solanum diversifolium, Asclepius curassavica L. and Pluchea sympitifolia employed an accumulation strategy. These plants could be useful to re-vegetate and stabilize Mn tailings in order to decrease the erosion effects.

A method for measuring the anoxic biodegradability under denitrifying conditions.

A test for assessing the anoxic biodegradability of organic compounds under denitrifying conditions is proposed. The method is based on the recovery and quantification of the CO2 produced, which is evidence of complete biodegradation of the test compound (added as the sole carbon source). The tests were carried out in a mineral medium, with nitrate as electron acceptor. Whole lake sediments, sediment extracts and a commercial inoculum were assayed as a possible inoculum source by means of glucose biodegradability tests. It was found that the sediment extracts constitute a suitable and environmentally-relevant inoculum source, since they add non-significant amounts of carbon to the tests. Two xenobiotic compounds, namely, aniline and phenol, were tested in the aforementioned conditions as well as in a standard aerobic biodegradability test. Both aniline and phenol attained a biodegradation level higher than 60% in a short time period (<28 days) and thus can be considered as readily biodegradable in denitrifying environments. Nevertheless, the kinetics obtained in the anoxic test were slower than in aerobic conditions, and even suggested the accumulation of intermediate metabolites in the case of phenol. The results of this study indicate that the fate of xenobiotic compounds under anoxic conditions differs from that observed in an oxic environment, and therefore it should be considered by standard biodegradability testing procedures.

Bioacumulación y daños genotóxicos en cultivos de cebada cervecera (Hordeum distichon L) y habas (Vicia faba) por presencia de arsénico en aguas y suelos de Zimapan, Higaldo, México

La contamincación por arsénico en agua, suelos y cultivos en Zimapan en el estado de Hidalgo, México, tiene mayoritariamente un origen geomorfológico, debido a la presencia de materiales arsenicales, por lo que los cultivos que se cosechan presentan apreciables concentraciones de arsénico, como en el caso de los cultivos de cebada y haba. Los suelos estudiados presentaron texturas diferentes, asi como conductividad y contenidos de nitrógeno y resultaron similares en pH, potencial redox y contenidos de materia orgánica

Bioacumulación y daños genotóxicos en cultivos de cebada cervecera (Hordeum distichon L) y habas (Vicia faba) por presencia de arsénico en aguas y suelos de Zimapan, Higaldo, México

La contamincación por arsénico en agua, suelos y cultivos en Zimapan en el estado de Hidalgo, México, tiene mayoritariamente un origen geomorfológico, debido a la presencia de materiales arsenicales, por lo que los cultivos que se cosechan presentan apreciables concentraciones de arsénico, como en el caso de los cultivos de cebada y haba. Los suelos estudiados presentaron texturas diferentes, asi como conductividad y contenidos de nitrógeno y resultaron similares en pH, potencial redox y contenidos de materia orgánica

A multivariate analysis of the accumulation and fractionation of major and trace elements in agricultural soils in Hidalgo State, Mexico irrigated with raw wastewater.

We evaluated the accumulation and distribution of major and trace elements in agricultural soils of District 03 (DR03) in the State of Hidalgo, Mexico, irrigated with raw wastewaters for an average of 20 years. Samples of topsoils (0-30 cm depth) were extracted using a modified Tessier method. Total concentrations of the species tested were in the ranges of 675-1176 mg K kg(-1), 277.9-1001 mg Na kg(-1), 6,708-81,854 mg Ca kg(-1), 23,800-106,974 mg Mg kg(-1), 9.2-123.8 mg B kg(-1), 0.6-1.9 mg Cd kg(-1), 11.6-27.4 mg Cr kg(-1), 3.9-47.0 mg Pb kg(-1). Concentrations of As and Hg were very low. Concentrations of total Cd, Cr and Pb were generally below the maximum permissible levels set by the regulations of the European Union except for cadmium, which was in the middle of the maximum European range allowed for two soils. Regarding lead, one soil (S5) could reach the maximum permissible level of the EU in 6 more years of continued irrigation. On the other hand, contents of Pb in the most mobile fractions ("e" in this work) were significant (range: 3-28%). This distribution translated into concentrations of soluble plus exchangeable lead of approximately 2 mg Pb kg(-1) in three of six soils, significantly higher than the Swiss tolerance limit of 1.0 mg Pb kg(-1) for mobile fractions of lead in soils. Multivariate analysis of the data (Pearson correlation and principal component analysis) quantitatively confirmed that: (i) there is a strong covariance between boron contents and several variables representing the salinity of soils (electrolytic conductivity, a variety of alkaline and alkaline-earth total and fraction concentrations). It appears that there is a problem with high boron content in soils, although the salinity is high only for one of the soils (S3); (ii) a significant correlation among irrigation time, lead content (total, fraction easily exchangeable and bound to organic matter and sulfides) and organic carbon in soils was found; (iii) another association among irrigation time, total contents of cadmium, chromium and boron, and organic carbon was observed.

Pruebas normalizadas para la evaluación de la biodegradabilidad de sustancias químicas. una revisión

La biodegradabilidad es una propiedad de las sustancias químicas que determina su persistencia ambiental. Diversos organismos han estandarizado métodos para la evaluación de esta propiedad, entre los que destacan, por su amplio uso a nivel internacional, las pruebas de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE). En este trabajo se presenta una descripción general de estas pruebas, y se discuten sus principales ventajas e inconvenientes. Para tal efecto, se utiliza la estructura propuesta por dicha organización, que distingue tres niveles sucesivos de ensayo: las pruebas de biodegradabilidad inmediata, de biodegradabilidad intrínseca y de simulación. La complejidad de las condiciones experimentales empleadas aumenta en el mismo orden, por lo que dicho esquema permite evaluar a bajo costo el potencial de biodegradación de cualquier molécula orgánica. En este artículo se sugieren algunas mejoras a los métodos, tales como la aplicación de modelos cinéticos para la expresión de los resultados y el uso de la sustancia de prueba como fuente de N, P o S. Se revisan en particular las pruebas de simulación, que permiten conocer el comportamiento de las sustancias en medios naturales o industriales específicos, y se destaca la importancia de normalizar nuevos métodos de simulación y de optimizar los existentes para hacerlos más accesibles a los posibles usuarios. Entre los medios naturales susceptibles de ser normalizados destacan los anóxicos en presencia de distintos aceptores externos de electrones (i.e., nitratos, sulfatos o hierro). Finalmente, se presentan aplicaciones recientes de estas pruebas, así como algunas áreas de investigación futura.

As knowledge of the biodegradability of organic compounds is essential to determine their environmental fate, several standardized biodegradability tests have been proposed by regulatory agencies. This paper presents an overview of the most commonly used standardized methods for biodegradability assessment of chemicals, those of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). A general description is given of these tests and of their most important advantages and disadvantages. The tests presentation follows the OECD strategy, which classifies the assays in three successive levels: ready, inherent and simulation tests. Since experimental complexity increases in the same order, this strategy permits the biodegradability assessment of any organic compound in a cost-effective way. Some improvements to the tests are suggested, such as the application of kinetic models for the expression of test results and the use of the test compound as a source of N, P or S. The simulation tests, which allow the study of the behavior of chemicals in specific natural or industrial environments, are reviewed. The need of both new simulation methods and the optimization of available ones in order to extend their use is emphasized. A relevant simulation test to be standardized is the anoxic medium with external electron acceptors (i.e., nitrates, sulfates or iron). Finally, some recent applications of these tests as well as some proposals for future research in the field are presented.

A biodegradabilidade é uma propriedade das substâncias químicas que determina sua persistência ambiental. Diversos organismos tem estandardizado métodos para a avaliação desta propriedade, entre os que destacam, por seu amplo uso a nível internacional, as provas da Organização para a Cooperação e o Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE). Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma descrição geral destas provas, e discutem-se suas principais vantagens e inconvenientes. Para tal efeito, utiliza-se a estrutura proposta por dita organização, que distingue três níveis sucessivos de ensaios: as provas de biodegradabilidade imediata, de biodegradabilidade intrínseca e de simulação. A complexidade das condições experimentais empregadas aumenta na mesma ordem, pelo que dito esquema permite avaliar a baixo custo o potencial de biodegradação de qualquer molécula orgânica. Neste artigo se sugerem algumas melhoras aos métodos, tais como a aplicação de modelos cinéticos para a expressão dos resultados e o uso da substância de prova como fonte de N, P ou S. Revisam-se em particular as provas de simulação, que permitem conhecer o comportamento das substâncias em meios naturais ou industriais específicos, e se destaca a importância de normalizar novos métodos de simulação e de melhorar os existentes para fazê-los mais acessíveis aos possíveis usuários. Entre os meios naturais susceptíveis de ser normalizados destacam os anóxicos na presença de distintos aceptores externos de elétrons (i.e., nitratos, sulfatos ou ferro). Finalmente, se apresentam aplicações recentes destas provas, assim como algumas áreas de investigação futura.