[Cardiovascular risk factors among 7-and 14-year old schoolchildren in Cartagena, Colombia, 2009]. / Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en escolares entre 7 y 14 años en Cartagena, Colombia, 2009.

OBJECTIVE: Identifying family history, dyslipidaemia, hyperglycaemia, low physical activity and being overweight or suffering from obesity as cardiovascular risk factors in children aged 7 to 14 years in Cartagena, 2009. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive study of 173 children from Cartagena, Colombia, was designed. Biochemical serum parameters were determined by spectrophotometric methods. Habits were investigated through interviews and altered body weight was established using the body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: The sample consisted of 87 girls and 86 boys, and mean age was 9.9 years (9.6-10.3, 95 % CI). 75.1% (68.7-81.5, 95 % CI) had a family history of being overweight; 2.3 % (0.1-4.5, 95 % CI) were overweight and 1.7 % (0.0-3.6 95 %CI) were obese. More than half of the children had hightotal cholesterol levels (53.2 %; 45.8-60.695 %CI) and LDL (57.2 %; 49.8-64.6 95 % CI). Non-HDL cholesterol was found to be increased by 46.8 % (39.4-54.2 95 % CI). There was a significant difference between genders for triglyceridemia (females: 94.1 mg/dL; 87.0-101.2 mg/dL 95 % CI; males: 81.7 mg/dL; 75.0-88.5 mg/dL 95 % CI; p=0.005) and low physical activity (females: 83.8 %; 73.5-94.5 % 95 % CI; males: 44.2 %; 45.4-66.6 % 95 % CI; p=0,0001). CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular risk factors in these schoolchildren, even in those who were not obese, justify the need for the early detection of these factors as well as their strict controlto reduce their impact on people's future quality of life.

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en escolares entre 7 y 14 años en Cartagena, Colombia, 2009 / Cardiovascular risk factors among 7-and 14-year old schoolchildren in Cartagena, Colombia, 2009

Objetivo Identificar antecedentes familiares, dislipidemias, hiperglucemia, escasa actividad física y sobrepeso u obesidad como factores de riesgo cardiovascular en niños entre 7 y 14 años de Cartagena, 2009. Materiales y Métodos Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 173 niños de Cartagena, Colombia. Se determinaron los parámetros bioquímicos en suero mediante técnicas espectrofotométricas. Los hábitos fueron indagados mediante entrevista y las alteraciones de peso fueron establecidas utilizando el índice de masa corporal. Resultados La muestra quedó conformada por 87 niñas y 86 niños con edad promedio de 9,9 años (IC95 por ciento 9,6-10,3). El 75,1 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 68,7-81.5) presentaron antecedentes familiares; 2,3 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 0,1-4,5) tuvieron sobrepeso y 1,7 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 0,0-3,6) obesidad. Más de la mitad de los niños presentaron niveles elevados de colesterol total (53,2 por ciento; IC95 por ciento 45,8-60,6) y LDL (57,2 por ciento; IC95 por ciento 49,8-64,6). El colesterol no HDL se halló incrementado en el 46,8 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 39,4-54,2). Las niñas presentaron mayor concentración de triglicéridos (94,1 mg/dL; IC95 por ciento 93,0-95,2 mg/dL) que los niños (81,7 mg/dL; IC95 por ciento 80,6-82,8 mg/dL) con diferencia significativa (p=0,005) y también presentaron con mayor frecuencia baja actividad física (niñas: 83,8 por ciento; IC95 por ciento 73,5-94,5 por ciento; varones: 44,2 por ciento; IC95 por ciento 45,4-66,6; p=0,0001). Conclusión Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular presentes en esta población, inclusive en ausencia de obesidad, muestran la necesidad de implementar programas que los identifiquen e intervengan de manera oportuna para disminuir su impacto en la calidad de vida futura.

Objective Identifying family history, dyslipidaemia, hyperglycaemia, low physical activity and being overweight or suffering from obesity as cardiovascular risk factors in children aged 7 to 14 years in Cartagena, 2009. Materials and Methods A descriptive study of 173 children from Cartagena, Colombia, was designed. Biochemical serum parameters were determined by spectrophotometric methods. Habits were investigated through interviews and altered body weight was established using the body mass index (BMI). Results The sample consisted of 87 girls and 86 boys, and mean age was 9.9 years (9.6-10.3, 95 percent CI). 75.1 percent (68.7-81.5, 95 percent CI) had a family history of being overweight; 2.3 percent (0.1-4.5, 95 percent CI) were overweight and 1.7 percent (0.0-3.6 95 percentCI) were obese. More than half of the children had hightotal cholesterol levels (53.2 percent; 45.8-60.695 percentCI) and LDL (57.2 percent; 49.8-64.6 95 percent CI). Non-HDL cholesterol was found to be increased by 46.8 percent (39.4-54.2 95 percent CI). There was a significant difference between genders for triglyceridemia (females: 94.1 mg/dL; 87.0-101.2 mg/dL 95 percent CI; males: 81.7 mg/dL; 75.0-88.5 mg/dL 95 percent CI; p=0.005) and low physical activity (females: 83.8 percent; 73.5-94.5 percent 95 percent CI; males: 44.2 percent; 45.4-66.6 percent 95 percent CI; p=0,0001). Conclusions Cardiovascular risk factors in these schoolchildren, even in those who were not obese, justify the need for the early detection of these factors as well as their strict controlto reduce their impact on people's future quality of life.

Patrones de resistencia antimicrobiana en uropatógenos gramnegativos aislados de pacientes ambulatorios y hospitalizados Cartagena, 2005-2008 / Antimicrobial resistance pattern for gram-negative uropathogens isolated from hospitalised patients and outpatients in Cartagena, 2005-2008

Objetivo Determinar el patrón de resistencia antimicrobiana de bacterias patógenas asociadas a infecciones urinarias en pacientes ambulatorios y hospitalizados. Métodos Se realizó un estudio descriptivo entre febrero de 2005 y noviembre de 2008 en el Laboratorio Clínico de la Universidad de San Buenaventura, Cartagena. La susceptibilidad antimicrobiana fue evaluada con el método de difusión en agar empleado la técnica de Kirby Bauer aplicando procedimientos normalizados. Resultados Del total de muestras de orina analizadas (1 384) durante el período de estudio, 32,9 por ciento (455) fueron urocultivos positivos, la mayoría de éstos (81,4 por ciento) provenían de mujeres. Los agentes bacterianos más frecuentes fueron Escherichia. coli (60,1 por ciento), Klebsiella pneumoniae (6,9 por ciento), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6,6 por ciento), Proteus mirabilis (5,4 por ciento) y Acinetobacter baumannii (1,4 por ciento). Los aislamientos gramnegativos mostraron una alta resistencia a la ampicilina (84,3100 por ciento), amoxacilina/ácido clavulánico (66,5 80,0 por ciento) y ciprofloxacina (40,057,9 por ciento). Conclusión Las bacterias gramnegativas fueron los principales agentes asociados a infecciones urinarias en esta población siendo E. coli el aislamiento más frecuente. La interpretación de los perfiles de susceptibilidad encontrados permite considerar como prudente la administración empírica de cefalosporinas de tercera generación como tratamiento inicial de las infecciones urinarias en esta población.

Objective Determining the microbial aetiology spectrum and antibiotic resistance pattern of uropathogens causing urinary tract infections in hospitalised patients and outpatients. Methods A descriptive study was carried out between February 2005 and November 2008 at the San Buenaventura University's Clinical Laboratory in Cartagena. Antibiotic sensitivity was determined by the Kirby Bauer method. Results Out of the total specimens (1,384) analysed over the four-year study period, 455 of the urine samples (32.9 percent) were culture positive, most (81.4 percent) having come from females. The bacterium isolated most frequently was Escherichia coli (60.1 percent) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (6.9 percent), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.6 percent), Proteus mirabilis (5.4 percent) and Acinetobacter baumannii (1.4 percent). The Gram-negative isolates displayed a high level of resistance to ampicillin (range 84.3100 percent), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (range 66.580 percent) and ciprofloxacin (range 4057.9 percent). Conclusion Gram-negative bacteria were responsible for urinary tract infections in the patients involved in this study. The most commonly isolated bacteria were E. coli. Empirical administration of a third-generation cephalosporin for initial treatment of urinary tract infections in this population appears prudent from the perspective of antimicrobial susceptibility.

[Antimicrobial resistance pattern for gram-negative uropathogens isolated from hospitalised patients and outpatients in Cartagena, 2005-2008]. / Patrones de resistencia antimicrobiana en uropatógenos gramnegativos aislados de pacientes ambulatorios y hospitalizados Cartagena, 2005-2008.

OBJECTIVE: Determining the microbial aetiology spectrum and antibiotic resistance pattern of uropathogens causing urinary tract infections in hospitalised patients and outpatients. METHODS: A descriptive study was carried out between February 2005 and November 2008 at the San Buenaventura University's Clinical Laboratory in Cartagena. Antibiotic sensitivity was determined by the Kirby Bauer method. RESULTS: Out of the total specimens (1,384) analysed over the four-year study period, 455 of the urine samples (32.9 %) were culture positive, most (81.4 %) having come from females. The bacterium isolated most frequently was Escherichia coli (60.1 %) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (6.9 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.6 %), Proteus mirabilis (5.4 %) and Acinetobacter baumannii (1.4 %). The Gram-negative isolates displayed a high level of resistance to ampicillin (range 84.3100 %), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (range 66.580 %) and ciprofloxacin (range 4057.9 %). CONCLUSION: Gram-negative bacteria were responsible for urinary tract infections in the patients involved in this study. The most commonly isolated bacteria were E. coli. Empirical administration of a third-generation cephalosporin for initial treatment of urinary tract infections in this population appears prudent from the perspective of antimicrobial susceptibility.