Intertrochanteric (Reverse Oblique) Fracture Subclassifications AO/OTA 31-A3 Have No Effect on Outcomes or Postoperative Complications.

Background: Reverse oblique intertrochanteric fractures (ROFs) are unstable extracapsular hip fractures that present a mechanical challenge. These fractures are classified as AO/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) 31-A3 according to the Trauma Association classification system and can further be subclassified into 3 subtypes based on their specific characteristics. The study aimed to evaluate and compare the radiographic and clinical outcomes of the 3 subtypes of ROFs. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at a single high-volume, tertiary center, where data were collected from electronic medical records of consecutive patients who underwent surgical fixation of AO/OTA 31-A3 fractures. Patients with less than 1-year follow-up, pathological fractures, and revision surgery were excluded. The subtypes of fractures were classified as 31-A3.1 (simple oblique), 31-A3.2 (simple transverse), and 31-A3.3 (wedge or multi-fragmentary). The operation was done using 4 different fixation methods, and radiological evaluation was performed at routine intervals. Results: The final population consisted of 265 patients (60.8% women) with a mean age of 77.4 years (range, 50-100 years) and the mean follow-up time was 35 months (range, 12-116 months). The incidence of medical complications was similar across the groups. However, there was a trend toward a higher incidence of orthopedic complications and revision rates in the 31-A3.2 group, although this was not statistically significant (p = 0.21 and p = 0.14, respectively). Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study, no significant differences were observed between the groups, indicating that the subclassifications of AO/OTA 31-A3 fractures do not have a significant impact on surgical outcomes or the occurrence of postoperative complications.

Reduced cutout for reverse oblique intertrochanteric hip fractures treated with trochanteric fixation advanced (TFN-A) nail compared to the short gamma-3 nail.

BACKGROUND: Reverse oblique fractures (AO/OTA 31-A3) account for 5-23% of all intertrochanteric fractures and are challenging to manage. The Gamma 3-Proximal Femoral Nail (GPFN) and the Trochanteric Fixation Nail Advanced (TFNA) are two common cephalomedullary systems used to treat this fracture. No study has reported on outcomes with the TFN-A for reverse oblique fractures. This study aimed to compare outcomes and complication rates in patients with reverse oblique fractures, treated with either TFNA or GPFN. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 203 patients with reverse oblique fractures (137 in the GPFN group and 66 in the TFNA group), were treated in our institution between June 2010 and May 2019. Data was collected on postoperative radiological variables including screw or blade location, and tip-apex distance (TAD). Data were also collected for non-orthopaedic complication rates and orthopaedic complications. A sub-group analysis was additionally performed for different nail lengths. RESULTS: We found no significant difference in the overall rate of complications and revisions between the two groups. Patients treated with the 235 mm TFN-A nail sustained lower rates of cutout, compared to 180 mm GPFN (GPFN: 6% TFN-A: 0%, p = 0.043). The frequency of revision surgeries and malunions/non-unions did not differ significantly between the two groups and additionally showed no difference in the subgroup analysis. CONCLUSION: The 235 mm TFN-A was associated with lower rates of cut-out compared to the short GPFN for reverse oblique intertrochanteric fractures. Future well-designed prospective studies are warranted to investigate the role of the TFN-A in improving outcomes for such fractures.

Displaced femoral neck fracture in a pregnant patient diagnosed with transient osteoporosis of the hip.

Transient osteoporosis of pregnancy (TOP) is a self-limiting pathology with unspecified etiology. It is typically found in women in late pregnancy or early postpartum. A femoral neck fracture is an infrequent complication. Herein, we describe a TOP case in a 38-year-old female who suffered a displaced sub-capital femoral neck fracture without obvious trauma at 28 weeks of gestation. The patient underwent operative treatment using closed reduction and internal fixation (CRIF), using cannulated screws, with no intraoperative complications. The postoperative radiograph revealed a collapse and further displacement of the femoral neck. A decision was made to postpone a definitive treatment to a postpartum date. The patient underwent a cesarean section at 38-week of gestation with no complications. At her latest follow-up, 24 months postoperatively, the patient was asymptomatic. Pelvic and hip radiographs demonstrated consolidation of the fracture. Level of evidence: IV.

Would giving priority in surgery timing to the oldest patients result in lower mortality?

PURPOSE: Early hip fracture surgery in elderly patients is recognized as a positive prognostic factor. When applied as an intervention, it does not always reduce overall patient mortality. A plausible explanation for this is that not all patients equally benefit from early surgery. The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of early surgery on mortality in patients ages 80 and older. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort of 3463 patients with hip fractures, operated upon within seven days of admission in a tertiary medical center between 2010 and 2018. Patients were divided into five groups: ages 80-84, 85-89, 90-94, 95-99, and 100 or above. Baseline characteristics were compared between groups. Mortality at one year post-operatively as a function of surgery delay was visualized for each group, using restricted spline curve analysis. RESULTS: Patients with increasing age were operated on earlier, had increased co-morbidities with a higher ASA score and experienced higher mortality. Spline curve analysis in younger patients, ages 80 to 94, demonstrated an inflection point at 48 hours after admission, prior to which mortality was rising rapidly and after which it continued rising slowly. In the two oldest age cohorts, there was no increased mortality with an increasing surgical delay. CONCLUSIONS: In patients ages 80-94 surgery on day one may be preferable to surgery on day two. In patients ages 95 and older, surgery time did not influence mortality. Pursuit of better patient outcomes may include prioritizing early surgery in younger patients.

Efficacy of Oral Nutritional Supplements in Patients Undergoing Surgical Intervention for Hip Fracture.

Introduction: Malnutrition is considered a risk factor among geriatric individuals with hip fracture, affecting functional healing and recovery, increasing healthcare spending, and associated with high mortality. In this study, we sought to evaluate the clinical efficacy of oral nutritional supplements in geriatric patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture. Material and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data of 1625 consecutive patients who underwent fixation or arthroplasty for hip fracture in a tertiary medical center between 2017 and 2020. Patients who had no available albumin or body mass index levels were excluded. The study group is of patients who received an advanced formula in the form of an oral nutritional supplement (ONS), and the control group of patients that received no ONS. Peri- and postoperative complications, readmissions, short-term mortality, and albumin levels were compared between the 2 groups. Results: The final cohort included 1123 patients, 298 in the study group and 825 controls, with a follow-up of at least 1-year. Provision of the advanced enriched formula was not associated with 30-day, 90-day, or 1-year mortality (P = .62, P = .52, and P = .72, respectively) or any perioperative complications, such as 30-day or 90-day readmission (P = .37 and P = .1, respectively), revision surgery of any cause (P = .35), and postoperative infection rates (P = .73). Albumin levels on admission and the minimum albumin levels during hospitalization were similar between the groups, but they were significantly higher in the study group before discharge (33.42 g/L vs. 32.79 g/L, P = .01). Discussion: The use of an ONS was not associated with reduced perioperative complications or mortality, although it did affect nutritional status, as indicated by increased albumin levels, a known marker of nutritional status. Conclusions. While current findings do not support ONS use to minimize major postoperative complication after hip fracture surgery, further long-term study is warranted to evaluate subjective and functional outcomes associated with improved nutritional status.

Addressing posterior tilt displacement during surgery to lower failure risk of sub-capital Garden types 1 and 2 femoral fractures.

INTRODUCTION: Sub-capital femoral fractures (SCFF) are impacted or non-displaced in Garden types 1 and 2, respectively. Non-surgical treatment is protected weight-bearing combined with physiotherapy and radiographic follow-up in selected patients. Traditionally, in situ pinning is the surgical treatment of choice. The aim of this study was to estimate whether the valgus deformity in Garden types 1 and 2 (AO classification 31B1.1 and 31B1.2) SCFF is a virtual perception of a posterior tilt deformity and if addressing this deformity improves patients' outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 96 patients with Garden Types 1 and 2 SCFF treated in tertiary medical center between 1/2014 and 9/2017 were retrospectively reviewed. They all had preoperative hip joint anteroposterior and lateral radiographic views. 75 patients had additional computed tomography (CT) scans. Femoral head displacement was measured on an anteroposterior and axial radiograph projections and were performed before and after surgery. Preoperative 3D reconstructions were performed for a better fracture characterization, and assessment of the imaging was performed by the first author. RESULTS: The average age of the study cohort was 73 years (range 28-96, 68% females). There were 58 right-sided and 38 left-sided fractures. Ninety patients had Type 1 and six patients had Type 2 fractures. The average preoperative posterior tilt was 15 degrees and the average valgus displacement was 10 degrees on plain radiographs compared to 28 degrees and 11 degrees, respectively, on CT scans. Posterior tilt was found with a virtual perception as valgus-impacted fractures. The postoperative posterior tilt was corrected to an average of 3 degrees and the valgus displacement to 5 degrees. CONCLUSION: CT provides an accurate modality for measuring femoral head displacement and fracture extent. The posterior tilt displacement should be addressed during surgery to lower failure risk and the need for additional procedures. IRB APPROVAL: TLV-0292-15. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Early versus delayed surgery for hip fragility fractures in patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants.

BACKGROUND: Delaying surgical treatment for hip fragility fractures increases mortality, but early intervention in patients treated with direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) may increase the risk of perioperative blood loss due to residual drug activity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the timing of hip fragility fractures surgeries in patients treated with DOAC. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all records of DOAC-treated patients who underwent surgery for hip fragility fractures between 2011 and 2019. They were divided into three groups according to time to surgery since admission to the emergency room (ER), ≤ 24, 24-48, and ≥ 48 h. Blood loss, peri and postoperative complications, readmissions, and short- and long-term mortality were compared between groups. RESULTS: Of the 171 suitable patients (59 males and 112 females), 32 (18.7%) were in the ≤ 24 h group, 93 (54.4%) in the 24-48 h group, and 46 (26.9%) in the ≥ 48 h group. Timing of surgery did not affect blood loss, as indicated by changes in pre- and postoperative hemoglobin levels (p = 0.089) and proportion of perioperatively administered packed cells (p = 0.949). There was a trend towards increased 30-day mortality in the ≥ 48 h group compared to the 24-48 h and ≤ 24 h groups (13.0, 4.3 and 3.1%, respectively. p = 0.099), and a trend towards increased 90 day mortality (6.5, 3.2, and 0%, respectively. p = 0.298). CONCLUSIONS: Early surgery did not increase perioperative blood loss. Delayed surgery ≥ 48 h of patients receiving DOAC who underwent surgery for hip fragility fractures showed a trend towards increased 30 day and 90 day mortality.

Hip Fractures during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Demographics, Treatment Pathway, and Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Surgery for hip fractures within 48 hours of admission is considered standard. During the lockdown period due to the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, our medical staff was reduced. OBJECTIVES: To compare the demographics, treatment pathways, and outcomes of patients with hip fractures during the COVID-19 epidemic and lockdown with the standard at routine times. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of all patients who were treated surgically for hip fracture in a tertiary center during the COVID-19 lockdown period between 01 March and 01 June 2020 and the equivalent period in 2019. Demographic characteristics, time to surgery, surgery type, hospitalization time, discharge destination, postoperative complications, and 30- and 90-day mortality rates were collected for all patients. RESULTS: During the COVID-19 period, 105 patients were operated due to hip fractures compared to 136 in the equivalent period with no statistical difference in demographics. The rate of surgeries within 48 hours of admission was significantly higher in the COVID-19 period (92% vs. 76%, respectively; P = 0.0006). Mean hospitalization time was significantly shorter (10 vs. 12 days, P = 0.037) with diversion of patient discharge destinations from institutional to home rehabilitation (P < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between the COVID-19 period and lower 90-day mortality rates (P = 0.034). No statistically significant differences in postoperative complications or 30-day mortality rates were noted. CONCLUSIONS: During the COVID-19 epidemic, despite the limited staff and the lack of therapeutic sequence, there was no impairment in the quality of treatment and a decrease in 90-day mortality was noted.

Regulatory Measures Expedited Hip Fracture Surgery Without Lowering Overall Patient Mortality.

OBJECTIVES: Previous observational research has shown that elderly patients with hip fractures who are operated early (within 48 hours from admission) benefit from less short- and long-term mortality compared to those operated later. The objective of this study was to present regulatory measures aimed at promotion of early hip fracture surgery and their effect on the rates of early surgery and on postoperative mortality. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. SETTING: Single inner-city medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Elderly patients with hip fractures operated during three time periods: 2006 to 2009 (n = 1735, no intervention), 2010 to 2013 (n = 2104, first intervention, positive reinforcement), and 2014 to 2016 (n = 1538, second intervention, positive and negative reinforcement). INTERVENTION: Two regulatory measures were introduced consecutively: staff extra wages for afternoon operations (positive reinforcement) in 2010 and making early operation rates publicly available as the Ministry of Health Quality Care Indexes (negative reinforcement) in 2013. MEASUREMENTS: Percentage of early surgeries and mortality at 1 month and 1 year postoperatively. RESULTS: A total of 5377 patients (1595 men, 3782 women; mean age, 83.1 ± 7.2 years) underwent hip surgery between 2006 and 2016. The three study groups did not differ significantly in age on admission, sex, type of hip fracture (intracapsular or extracapsular), American Society of Anesthesiologists' score, mean hemoglobin on admission, and mean socioeconomic status. The percentage of operations performed within 48 hours was 55%, 65%, and 85%, respectively (P < .001). One-month mortality was 3.9%, 5.1%, and 5%, respectively (P > .05), and one-year mortality was 19.2%, 18.7%, and 19.6%, respectively (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Management pressure on the staff to expedite hip surgery and avoid negative publicity in conjunction with additional wages for afternoon surgeries was successful at promoting earlier hip surgery. Despite the substantial increase in the rates of early surgery, however, mortality rates were not affected. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:777-783, 2019.

Financial impact and effect on the outcome of preoperative tests for at-risk older hip fracture patients.

AIM: Older patients with proximal femoral fractures often undergo preoperative tests due to coexisting morbidities. Our aim was to evaluate these tests and their impact on patient outcome and medical expenses. METHODS: This retrospective study includes data on head computed tomography, carotid ultrasound, echocardiography and pulmonary functional tests calculated according to the type of surgery (osteosynthesis or hip arthroplasty) carried out on 2798 patients. Time-to-surgery, test repeated postoperatively, American Society of Anesthesiology Physical Status score, additional procedures, hospitalization time, 30-day mortality and associated medical expenses were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 921 preoperative tests were carried out in 780 (28%) patients, and 375 postoperative tests were carried out in 329 (12%) patients (P < 0.001). A total of 23 procedures were carried out after surgery, none related to the originally carried out tests. Significant group differences were found for American Society of Anesthesiology Physical Status score, days to surgery, hospitalization time (days) and mortality rates. The medical expenses of these tests were 1.3% of the average income per case, and 0.6% of the average study group income. CONCLUSIONS: Non-routine preoperative tests prolong time-to-surgery, increased hospitalization time and contribute to 30-day mortality. No postoperative procedure was related to preoperative test findings. The financial cost for these tests does not burden the medical expenses per procedure. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 937-942.

A double-plating approach to distal femur fracture: A clinical study.

BACKGROUND: Locked plating is one of the latest innovative options for treating supracondylar femur fractures with relatively low failure rates. Single lateral plating was often found to have a relative higher failure rate. No clinical studies of double-plating distal femur fixation have thus far been reported. The aim of this study is to present our clinical experience with this surgical approach. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-two patients (26 females and 6 males, mean age 76 years, range 44-101) were included in the study. Eight of them patients had a periprosthetic stable implant fracture and two patients were treated for a nonunion. RESULTS: All fractures, excluding one that needed bone grafting and one refracture, healed within 12 weeks. One patient needed bone grafting for delayed union and one patient needed fixation exchange due to femur re-fracture at the site of the most proximal screw. Two patients developed superficial wound infection and one patient required medial plate removal after union due to deep infection. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these promising results, we propose that the double-plating technique should be considered in the surgeon's armamentarium for the treatment of supracondylar femur fractures, particularly in patients with poor bone quality, comminuted fractures and very low periprosthetic fractures.

Corona mortis anastomosis: a three-dimensional computerized tomographic angiographic study.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the corona mortis (CM) anatomy by means of three-dimensional computerized tomography angiographic (CTA). METHODS: Patient demographic, anastomosis incidence, artery diameter, artery distance from the symphysis pubis, and pelvic size (distance between both acetabular upper labrum) parameters were assessed. The 100 patients included 66 males and 34 females (average age of 67.8 years). RESULTS: There were 66 (33%) arterial anastomoses in the 200 evaluated arteries, 30 in the right side and 36 in the left side, 36 unilaterally and 15 bilaterally. No anastomoses were detected in 49 patients. The average diameter was 2.4 mm for the right-sided arteries and 2.24 in the left-sided ones. The distance was 55.2 mm from the right symphysis and 57.2 from the left symphysis (greater for females, 62.2 versus 55.85 mm [p = 0.037] only on the left side). The artery disappears in smaller-sized pelvises. There was a non-occluded arterial pattern in 47 (71%) and a partially occluded one in 19 (29%, all with peripheral vascular disease). CONCLUSION: One-third of the evaluated CTAs revealed competent CMs. CMs were more lateral in females than in males and were absent in small-sized pelvises. It is highly recommended that the radiologist and the surgeon should be familiar with CM existence for decision-making with regard to emergency radiology imaging and intervention as well as when operating in proximity of that anatomic site.

Preoperative Planning of Orthopedic Procedures using Digitalized Software Systems.

The progression from standard celluloid films to digitalized technology led to the development of new software programs to fulfill the needs of preoperative planning. We describe here preoperative digitalized programs and the variety of conditions for which those programs can be used to facilitate preparation for surgery. A PubMed search using the keywords "digitalized software programs," "preoperative planning" and "total joint arthroplasty" was performed for all studies regarding preoperative planning of orthopedic procedures that were published from 1989 to 2014 in English. Digitalized software programs are enabled to import and export all picture archiving communication system (PACS) files (i.e., X-rays, computerized tomograms, magnetic resonance images) from either the local working station or from any remote PACS. Two-dimension (2D) and 3D CT scans were found to be reliable tools with a high preoperative predicting accuracy for implants. The short learning curve, user-friendly features, accurate prediction of implant size, decreased implant stocks and low-cost maintenance makes digitalized software programs an attractive tool in preoperative planning of total joint replacement, fracture fixation, limb deformity repair and pediatric skeletal disorders.

Control of the micromovements of a composite-material nail design: A finite element analysis.

BACKGROUND: Intramedullary nail fixation is the most accepted modality for stabilizing long bone midshaft fractures. The commercially used nails are fabricated from Stainless Steel or Titanium. Composite-materials (CM) mainly carbon-fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) have been gaining more interest and popularity due to their properties, such as modulus of elasticity close to that of bone, increased fatigue strength, and radio-opacity to irradiation that permits a better visualization of the healing process. The use of CFRP instead of metals allows better control of different directional movements along a fracture site. The purpose of this analysis was to design a CM intramedullary nail to enable micromovements as depicted on a finite element analysis method. METHODS: We designed a three-dimentional femoral nail model. Three CFRP with different laminates arrangements, were included in the analysis. The finite element analysis involved applying vertical and horizontal loads on each of the designed and tested nails. RESULTS: The nails permitted a transverse micromovement of 0.75mm for the 45° lay-up and 1.5mm for the 90° lay-up for the CM, 1.38mm for the Titanium and 0.74mm for the Stainless Steel nails. The recorded axial movements were 0.53mm for the 45° lay-up, 0.87mm for the 90° lay-up, 0.46mm for the unsymmetrical lay-up CM, 0.046 for the Titanium and 0.02 for the Stainless Steel nails. Overall, the simulations showed that nail transverse micromovements can be reduced by using 45° carbon fiber orientations. Similar results were observed with each metal nails. INTERPRETATION: We found that nail micromovements can be controlled by changing the directional stiffness using different lay-up orientations. These results can be useful for predicting nail micromovements under specified loading conditions which are crucial for stimulating callus formation in the early stages of healing.

Clinical and functional outcome after acetabular labral repair in patients aged older than 50 years.

PURPOSE: To assess the clinical and functional outcome of labral repair in patients aged older than 50 years. METHODS: We performed a prospective analysis of 20 patients aged older than 50 years who had undergone arthroscopic repair of a torn acetabular labrum (6 men and 14 women; mean age, 58 years). The indication for surgery was groin pain due to various causes with or without associated mechanical symptoms that did not respond to nonoperative treatment for more than 6 months. Intraoperatively, all patients were diagnosed with labral pathology. The mean duration of symptoms was 3.1 years (range, 0.5 to 15 years). The mean follow-up period was 22 months (range, 12 to 35 months). The outcome was prospectively measured with the modified Harris Hip Score (MHHS) and Hip Outcome Score (HOS). RESULTS: The indication for surgery was femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) with cam deformity and a labral tear in 4 patients, FAI with pincer deformity and a labral tear in 1 patient, FAI with both deformities in 1 patient, a gluteus medius tear in 2 patients, and an isolated labral tear in 12 patients. Acetabular chondral lesions were present in 11 patients (55%). The mean preoperative and postoperative MHHS was 62.5 and 87.2, respectively (P < .001); the mean preoperative and postoperative HOS was 42.7 and 86.3, respectively (P < .001); and the mean preoperative and postoperative level of function during usual activities of daily living according to the HOS was 46.0% and 73.7%, respectively (P < .001). No significant difference was identified in MHHS and HOS between gender groups. CONCLUSIONS: Arthroscopic management of FAI and labral repair in patients aged older than 50 years without significant arthritis (Tönnis grade 1 or better) are associated with significant improvement in outcome. Because of the potential importance of the labrum for long-term hip joint integrity, we advocate repair of the labrum in patients aged older than 50 years when possible. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic case series.

Opiates do not violate the viability and proliferative activity of human articular chondrocytes.

Articular cartilage injuries present a challenge for the clinician. Autologous chondrocyte implantation embedded in scaffolds are used to treat cartilage defects with favorable outcomes. Autologous serum is often used as a medium for chondrocyte cell culture during the proliferation phase of the process of such products. A previous report showed that opiate analgesics (fentanyl, alfentanil and diamorphine) in the sera have a significant inhibitory effect on chondrocyte proliferation. In order to determine if opiates in serum inhibit chondrocyte proliferation, twenty two patients who underwent knee arthroscopy and were anesthetized with either fentanyl or remifentanil were studied. Blood was drawn before and during opiate administration and up to 2 h after its discontinuation. The sera were used as medium for in vitro proliferation of both cryopreserved and freshly isolated chondrocytes, and the number and viability of cells were measured. There was no difference in the yield or cell viability between the serum samples of patients anesthetized with fentanyl when either fresh or cryopreserved human articular chondrocytes (hACs) were used. Some non-significant reduction in the yield of cells was observed in the serum samples of patients anesthetized with remifentanil when fresh hAC were used. We conclude that Fentanyl in human autologous serum does not inhibit in vitro hAC proliferation. Remifentanil may show minimal inhibitory effect on in vitro fresh hAC proliferation.

[Hip arthroscopy: differential diagnosis of pain around the hip joint].

Hip arthroscopy is one of the most highly evolving surgical techniques in recent years. It plays a major role in the diagnosis and treatment of a broad spectrum of hip pathologies. The evaluation of the painful hip requires meticulous history taking, elaborated physical examination, and basic and advanced imaging modalities. The differential diagnosis includes a continuously growing number of diagnoses. Once considered an "operation looking for indications", the current indications for hip arthroscopy are based on a better understanding of pathologies around the hip joint. The results of recently published intermediate and long term clinical outcome studies are encouraging. Ongoing, comprehensive understanding of the correlation between pathologies and clinical presentation will improve the surgical technique, which in turn may become a joint preserving operation.

The incidence of heterotopic ossification in hip arthroscopy.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of heterotopic ossification (HO) after hip arthroscopy. METHODS: Between July 2010 and July 2011, 83 patients underwent hip arthroscopy for various etiologies. We prospectively reviewed 50 consecutive hip arthroscopy procedures (31 male and 19 female patients; mean age, 36.7 years) with a mean follow-up of 29.56 weeks (range, 9 to 62 weeks) to assess the incidence of HO and its effect on function and clinical outcome. Preoperative and postoperative evaluation included general assessment by visual analog scoring, modified Harris Hip Score, Hip Outcome Score, and preoperative and postoperative radiographs. Heterotopic bone formation was assessed on radiographs at a minimum of 9 weeks from surgery with the Brooker classification. RESULTS: Of the patients, 22 (44%) had radiographic evidence of postoperative HO (15 male patients): 13 (26%) had Brooker stage 1, 5 (10%) had Brooker stage 2, and 4 (8%) had Brooker stage 3. HO appeared as early as 9 weeks after surgery. No significant difference was found in demographic data, surgery-related data, or clinical and functional scores between patients with HO and patients without HO. No factor was found to significantly affect the incidence of HO after logistic regression. No distinct clinical manifestation was associated with the presence of HO. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the incidence of HO after hip arthroscopy may be underestimated. We could not find a contributing factor to the formation of HO. Although in most cases the presence of HO will have minimal or no clinical and functional significance, it should be sought at a minimum of 9 weeks postoperatively. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic case series.

Space sarcomas: extra compartmental soft tissue tumors of the lower extremities a systematic approach to sarcomas of the femoral triangle, sartorial canal, and popliteal space.

BACKGROUND: Extra-compartmental soft tissue sarcomas may grow in virtual spaces in close proximity to major neurovascular structures and thus, require a complex resection. We analyzed the general principles by which these resections are planned. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 53 patients with sarcomas located in the femoral triangle (15), sartorial canal (16), and the popliteal fossa (22). These lesions were grouped into three categories based on involvement of spatial structure; neurovascular involvement = 13, musculofascial involvement = 19 and no involvement = 11. RESULTS: Limb sparing surgery was feasible in lesions that had either no structural or musculofascial involvement. Amputation, however, was required in 3 of 13 patients with neurovascular involvement because of gross involvement of the surrounding tissues. Overall, limb sparing was feasible in 94% (50 of 53 patients). The 2- and 5-year local recurrence rates were 10% and 14%, respectively. Five-year survival was 88%. CONCLUSIONS: Limb sparing resection of space sarcomas is feasible in the majority of extra-compartmental sarcomas by utilizing a systematic approach which emphasizes specific planes of resection.