[Latin American consensus on hypertension in patients with diabetes type 2 and metabolic syndrome]. / Consenso latino-americano de hipertensão em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 e síndrome metabólica.

The present document has been prepared by a group of experts, members of cardiology, endocrinology, internal medicine, nephrology and diabetes societies of Latin American countries, to serve as a guide to physicians taking care of patients with diabetes, hypertension and comorbidities or complications of both conditions. Although the concept of metabolic syndrome is currently disputed, the higher prevalence in Latin America of that cluster of metabolic alterations has suggested that metabolic syndrome is a useful nosography entity in the context of Latin American medicine. Therefore, in the present document, particular attention is paid to this syndrome in order to alert physicians on a particular high-risk population, usually underestimated and undertreated. These recommendations result from presentations and debates by discussion panels during a 2-day conference held in Bucaramanga, in October 2012, and all the participants have approved the final conclusions. The authors acknowledge that the publication and diffusion of guidelines do not suffice to achieve the recommended changes in diagnostic or therapeutic strategies, and plan suitable interventions overcoming knowledge, attitude and behavioural barriers, preventing both physicians and patients from effectively adhering to guideline recommendations.

Consenso latino-americano de hipertensão em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 e síndrome metabólica / Latin American consensus on hypertension in patients with diabetes type 2 and metabolic syndrome

O presente documento foi preparado por um grupo de especialistas, membros das Sociedades de Cardiologia, Endocrinologia, Medicina Interna, Nefrologia e Diabetes dos países da América Latina, para que sirva de diretriz para médicos que cuidam de pacientes com diabetes, hipertensão e fatores de risco concomitantes ou complicações de ambas as condições. Embora o conceito de síndrome metabólica seja atualmente muito discutido, a alta prevalência na América Latina do conjunto de alterações metabólicas que a compõem sugere que a síndrome metabólica é uma entidade nosográfica útil no contexto da medicina latino-americana. Devido a isso, no presente documento presta-se especial atenção a essa síndrome com a finalidade de alertar aos médicos sobre uma população particularmente de alto risco, que, por ser subestimada, não é tratada de forma adequada para os fatores de risco que constituem a síndrome metabólica. As recomendações deste documento são o resultado de apresentações e debates que ocorreram durante um encontro de dois dias em Bucaramanga (Colômbia), em outubro de 2012. Todos os participantes aprovaram as decisões finais. Os autores reconhecem que a publicação e difusão das diretrizes não serão suficientes para alcançar as mudanças recomendadas tanto em estratégias diagnósticas como terapêuticas, por isso programaram intervenções que permitirão identificar as barreiras do conhecimento, as atitudes e comportamento, o que permitirá tanto aos médicos como aos pacientes uma adequada adesão às recomendações sugeridas nestas diretrizes. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2014;58(3):205-25.

The present document has been prepared by a group of experts, members of cardiology, endocrinology, internal medicine, nephrology and diabetes societies of Latin American countries, to serve as a guide to physicians taking care of patients with diabetes, hypertension and comorbidities or complications of both conditions. Although the concept of metabolic syndrome is currently disputed, the higher prevalence in Latin America of that cluster of metabolic alterations has suggested that metabolic syndrome is a useful nosography entity in the context of Latin American medicine. Therefore, in the present document, particular attention is paid to this syndrome in order to alert physicians on a particular high-risk population, usually underestimated and undertreated. These recommendations result from presentations and debates by discussion panels during a 2-day conference held in Bucaramanga, in October 2012, and all the participants have approved the final conclusions. The authors acknowledge that the publication and diffusion of guidelines do not suffice to achieve the recommended changes in diagnostic or therapeutic strategies, and plan suitable interventions overcoming knowledge, attitude and behavioural barriers, preventing both physicians and patients from effectively adhering to guideline recommendations. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2014;58(3):205-25.

[Arterial hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus]. / Hipertensión arterial en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 revisión.

Hypertension, diabetes and that cluster of metabolic alterations often referred to as the metabolic syndrome are highly prevalent in Argentina and Latin America and occur frequently as associated conditions (65%). The development of diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations prepared through the joint work of experts in different areas of medicine is desirable, considering the low rates of control achieved in the real world, and the benefits that can be expected when reasonable objectives are met. Health care resources and priorities, the socio-economic status of the population, and the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and other related diseases vary considerably in different regions of the world and also in different countries within each region, and even in different areas of individual countries. Recommendations to be usefully translated into practice should consider the particular medical and social features of the region where they should be applied and be cost-effective in terms of local needs and possibilities Effectively treatment of hypertension in general and particularly in diabetic patients is one of the major objectives to prevent target organ damage. Unfortunately, in our countries only 25% of the patients are in target. In this document a rationale therapeutic approach is analyzed for hypertension in diabetic patients. Life style changes and pharmacologic treatment combinations is extensively reporte.

Consenso latinoamericano de hipertensión en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 y síndrome metabólico / Latin american consensus of hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome

Resumen El presente documento ha sido preparado por un grupo de expertos, miembros de las sociedades de cardiología, endocrinología, medicina interna, nefrología y diabetes de los países de América Latina, para que sirvan de guía a los médicos que cuidan a pacientes con diabetes, hipertensión y enfermedades concomitantes o complicaciones de ambas condiciones. Aunque el concepto de síndrome metabólico actualmente es discutido, la alta prevalencia en América Latina del conjunto de alteraciones metabólicas que lo conforman sugiere que el síndrome metabólico es una entidad nosográfica común en el contexto de la medicina latinoamericana. Por lo tanto, en el presente documento se presta especial atención a este síndrome con el fin de alertar a los médicos de una particular población de alto riesgo, en la que por lo general es subestimada y no se tratan en forma optima los factores de riego que constituyen el síndrome metabólico. Las presentes recomendaciones son el resultado de las presentaciones y los debates en los paneles de discusión durante una reunión de dos días celebrada en Bucaramanga en octubre de 2012. Todos los participantes han aprobado las conclusiones finales. Los autores reconocen que la publicación y difusión de las guías no serán suficientes para alcanzar los cambios recomendados tanto en las estrategias diagnósticas como terapéuticas, por lo que se ha programado intervenciones que permitan identificar las barreras del conocimiento, de las actitudes y de comportamiento, lo que permitirá tanto a los médicos como a los pacientes una adecuada adherencia a las recomendaciones de las guías. (Acta MedColomb 2013; 38: 154-172).

Abstract The present document has been prepared by a group of experts, members of cardiology, endocrinology, internal medicine, nephrology and diabetes societies of Latin American Countries, to serve as a guide to physicians taking care of patients with diabetes, hypertension and comorbidities or complications of both conditions. Although the concept of metabolic syndrome is currently disputed, the higher prevalence in Latin America of that cluster of metabolic alterations has suggested that metabolic syndrome is useful nosography entity in the context of Latin American medicine. Therefore, in the present document, particular attention is paid to this syndrome in order to alert physicians on a particular high- risk population, usually underestimated and undertreated. These recommendations results from presentation and debates by discussion panels during a 2-day conference held in Bucaramanga, in October 2012, and all the participants have approved the final conclusions. The authors acknowledge that the publication and diffusion of guidelines do not suffice to achieve the recommended changes in diagnostic or therapeutic strategies, and plan suitable interventions overcoming both physicians and patients from effectively adhering to guideline recommendations. (Acta Med Colomb 2013; 38: 154-172)).

Latin American consensus on hypertension in patients with diabetes type 2 and metabolic syndrome.

The present document has been prepared by a group of experts, members of cardiology, endocrinology and diabetes societies of Latin American countries, to serve as a guide to physicians taking care of patients with diabetes, hypertension and comorbidities or complications of both conditions. Although the concept of 'metabolic syndrome' is currently disputed, the higher prevalence in Latin America of that cluster of metabolic alterations has suggested that 'metabolic syndrome' is a useful nosographic entity in the context of Latin American medicine. Therefore, in the present document, particular attention is paid to this syndrome in order to alert physicians on a particularly high-risk population, usually underestimated and undertreated. These recommendations result from presentations and debates by discussion panels during a 2-day conference held in Bucaramanga, in October 2012, and all the participants have approved the final conclusions. The authors acknowledge that the publication and diffusion of guidelines do not suffice to achieve the recommended changes in diagnostic or therapeutic strategies, and plan suitable interventions overcoming knowledge, attitude and behavioural barriers, preventing both physicians and patients from effectively adhering to guideline recommendations.

Hipertensión arterial en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 revisión / [Arterial hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus].

Hypertension, diabetes and that cluster of metabolic alterations often referred to as the metabolic syndrome are highly prevalent in Argentina and Latin America and occur frequently as associated conditions (65

). The development of diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations prepared through the joint work of experts in different areas of medicine is desirable, considering the low rates of control achieved in the real world, and the benefits that can be expected when reasonable objectives are met. Health care resources and priorities, the socio-economic status of the population, and the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and other related diseases vary considerably in different regions of the world and also in different countries within each region, and even in different areas of individual countries. Recommendations to be usefully translated into practice should consider the particular medical and social features of the region where they should be applied and be cost-effective in terms of local needs and possibilities Effectively treatment of hypertension in general and particularly in diabetic patients is one of the major objectives to prevent target organ damage. Unfortunately, in our countries only 25

of the patients are in target. In this document a rationale therapeutic approach is analyzed for hypertension in diabetic patients. Life style changes and pharmacologic treatment combinations is extensively reporte.

Hipertensión arterial en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 revisión. / [Arterial hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus].

Hypertension, diabetes and that cluster of metabolic alterations often referred to as the metabolic syndrome are highly prevalent in Argentina and Latin America and occur frequently as associated conditions (65

). The development of diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations prepared through the joint work of experts in different areas of medicine is desirable, considering the low rates of control achieved in the real world, and the benefits that can be expected when reasonable objectives are met. Health care resources and priorities, the socio-economic status of the population, and the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and other related diseases vary considerably in different regions of the world and also in different countries within each region, and even in different areas of individual countries. Recommendations to be usefully translated into practice should consider the particular medical and social features of the region where they should be applied and be cost-effective in terms of local needs and possibilities Effectively treatment of hypertension in general and particularly in diabetic patients is one of the major objectives to prevent target organ damage. Unfortunately, in our countries only 25

of the patients are in target. In this document a rationale therapeutic approach is analyzed for hypertension in diabetic patients. Life style changes and pharmacologic treatment combinations is extensively reporte.

[Resistant hypertension]. / Hipertensión arterial resistente.

Resistant hypertension, defined as a persistent blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg despite the use of three antihypertensive agents including a diuretic, is unusual. The diagnosis requires ruling out initially pseudoresistance and a deficient compliance with treatment. Ambulatory blood pressure recording allow the recognition of white coat hypertension. When there is a clinical or laboratory suspicion, secondary causes of hypertension should be discarded. Excessive salt intake, the presence of concomitant diseases such diabetes, chronic renal failure, obesity, and psychiatric conditions as panic attacks, anxiety and depression, should also be wanted. The presence of target organ damage requires a more aggressive treatment of hypertension. Recent clinical studies indicate that the administration of aldosterone antagonists as a fourth therapeutic line provides significant additional blood pressure reduction, when added to previous antihypertensive regimens in subjects with resistant hypertension.

[Abpm and duration of the antihypertensive effect: a study with a new formulation of sustained release losartan (CRONOS)]. / Monitoreo ambulatorio de presión arterial (mapa) y duración del efecto antihipertensivo: un estudio con una nueva forma farmacéutica de losartán de liberación sostenida (CRONOS).

UNLABELLED: Antihypertensive drugs action should last at least 24 h in order to enhance adherence, with positive impact on CV morbimortality. ABPM allow us to evaluate duration of action of drugs, against placebo, using Trough:Peak Ratio, antihypertensive effect in the last 4 h interdosis, and calculating the rate of BP morning surge. Losartán is an Antagonist At1 with good antihypertensive efficacy and renal, cardiac and cerebrovascular protection. Some studies shows less than 24 hs of action, that suggest twice a day dosing. The merge of a new formulation, Losartan Cronos, a bilayer tablet containing 50 mg of Losartan immediate release (IR) and 50 mg extended release (ER) would allow 24 h coverage, maintaining the previous advantages. OBJECTIVES: To assess antihypertensive duration of action of Losartán Cronos in patients with essential hypertension throughout a 24-h dosing interval, using ABPM and response rates, AASI and Smoothness Index. METHODS: 97 essential hypertensives, where included and received a single morning dose of Losartán Cronos (50 mg of regular release and 50 mg of controlled and retarded release) during 8 weeks. Performed valid ABPM post placebo and post active treatment. Results Mean age 58 (26-86), 60% women. 63% treatment naïve. The mean reduction in BP from baseline to week 8 (end of treatment) was statistically significant for all times analyzed (24 hours, daytime, night-time, and last 4 hours monitoring). There were no significant changes in 24h heart rate. BP morning surge (mmHg/hour) decreased from 4.53 to 3,68 (p=0.03).T:P Ratio was 0.91 for SBP and 1.14 for DBP. Smoothness Index: SBP 2.86 (95% CI 1.84-3.7) - DBP 3.17 (95% CI 2.03-3.9) 19 patients had adverse events, no-one cough, all mild, without discontinuations. Conclusion Losartán Cronos demonstrated efficacy and safety, decreases BP without significant effects in heart rate, it reduces the pulse pressure, and its effect lasts for 24 hs, assessed by T:P ratio, last 4 hours effects, decreasing morning surge, also presenting homogeneous effect, since its Smoothness Index is high. Our results suggests daily monodose administration.

Antecedentes: una de las características relevantes de las drogas antihipertensivas es que su acción cubra 24 hs. Administrar una sola dosis diaria aumenta la adherencia al tratamiento, y redunda en mejorar el impacto sobre morbimortalidad, principal objetivo de todo tratamiento antihipertensivo. El MAPA permite valorar la duración del efecto. Losartán es un antagonista de receptores At1 de AII, de comprobada eficacia. Distintos estudios sugieren una cobertura antihipertensiva menor de 24 hs. La aparición de una nueva forma farmacéutica (Cronos) que libera 50 mg en forma regular y otros 50 mg en forma prolongada favorece una cobertura de 50 mg durante 24 hs. Objetivo: 1) Evaluar la eficacia de Losartán Cronos, en el control de 24 horas de la TA en hipertensos esenciales, utilizando MAPA. 2) Analizar tasa de respuesta ambulatoria, homogeneidad del efecto y rigidez arterial ambulatoria (AASI). Material y métodos: fueron incluidos 142 hipertensos esenciales de ambos sexos; Se trataron 105 pacientes con Losartán Cronos en monodosis matinal durante 8 semanas, momento del segundo MAPA. 97 pacientes con MAPAs válidos fueron evaluados. Resultados: se observó un descenso significativo tanto de TAS como TAD en todos los periodos evaluados: 24 hs, día, noche, y las últimas 4 hs interdosis. No hubo cambios significativos en la frecuencia cardíaca 24 hs. El ascenso matinal de la TA (mmHg/hora) descendió de 4.53 a 3,68 (p=0.03). La relación Valle:Pico fue 0.91 para TAS y 1.14 para TAD. El Índice de Alisado fue 2.86 para TAS y 3.17 para TAD. 19 pacientes tuvieron EA, todos fueron leves. Conclusión: Losartán Cronos mostró eficacia y seguridad. Desciende la TA sin efectos significativos sobre la FC, reduce la PP, y su efecto perdura 24 hs evaluado por relación Valle:Pico, por efecto de las ultimas 4 hs interdosis, y por descenso de la velocidad de ascenso matinal tensional, por lo que sugiere su administración en monodosis diaria.

Use of calcium channel blockers in cardiovascular risk reduction: issues in Latin America.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a continuum that begins with the presence of several risk factors for CVD, including smoking, hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and high levels of cholesterol, and if unaddressed can result in premature death, ischemic heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, and end-stage renal disease. Hypertension is associated with a significant increase in cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality, raising the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, kidney disease, and peripheral arterial disease. In Latin America, the prevalence of hypertension and other CV risk factors has become similar to that seen in more developed countries, increasing the proportion of the population at high risk for CVD and congestive heart failure; however, it is hypertension that is a key driving force behind CV risk in Latin America. Despite the existence of a wide range of antihypertensive agents, BP control and reductions in CV risk remain poor in Latin America and in Hispanics living in the US. Ethnic differences in treatment rates and disease awareness have been well documented. Studies have shown that calcium channel blockers (CCBs; calcium channel antagonists) are at least as effective in reducing BP and improving the CV risk profile as other classes of antihypertensive agents when administered as monotherapy. CCBs have also been shown to be effective when administered as part of combination therapy in both low- and high-risk hypertensive patients, suggesting that CCBs can easily be combined with other antihypertensive classes in order to achieve BP control and CV risk reduction. In patients with hypertension, coronary artery disease, and high cholesterol, CCBs have been associated with beneficial effects on a range of other aspects of the CV continuum, including the vasculature, coronary calcification, and progression of atherosclerosis. CCBs have also been shown to preserve renal function. Unlike diuretics and beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists, CCBs are metabolically neutral, inducing minimal changes in serum lipids and decreasing the incidence of new-onset diabetes compared with other antihypertensive agents. CCBs are well tolerated when administered as monotherapy or combination therapy, with long-acting formulations minimizing adverse events even further compared with short-acting formulations. These characteristics make CCBs an attractive option for the treatment of hypertension and CV risk in Latin America, which remain significant health issues in this region.

Latin American guidelines on hypertension. Latin American Expert Group.

Hypertension is a highly prevalent cardiovascular risk factor in the world and particularly overwhelming in low and middle-income countries. Recent reports from the WHO and the World Bank highlight the importance of chronic diseases such as hypertension as an obstacle to the achievement of good health status. It must be added that for most low and middle-income countries, deficient strategies of primary healthcare are the major obstacles for blood pressure control. Furthermore, the epidemiology of hypertension and related diseases, healthcare resources and priorities, the socioeconomic status of the population vary considerably in different countries and in different regions of individual countries. Considering the low rates of blood pressure control achieved in Latin America and the benefits that can be expected from an improved control, it was decided to invite specialists from different Latin American countries to analyze the regional situation and to provide a consensus document on detection, evaluation and treatment of hypertension that may prove to be cost-utility adequate. The recommendations here included are the result of preparatory documents by invited experts and a subsequent very active debate by different discussion panels, held during a 2-day sessions in Asuncion, Paraguay, in May 2008. Finally, in order to improve clinical practice, the publication of the guidelines should be followed by implementation of effective interventions capable of overcoming barriers (cognitive, behavioral and affective) preventing attitude changes in both physicians and patients.

Hypertensive urgencies in the emergency department: evaluating blood pressure response to rest and to antihypertensive drugs with different profiles.

To study the efficacy of a treatment strategy for the management of hypertensive urgencies, the authors evaluated 549 patients admitted to the emergency department. They were first assigned to a 30-minute rest period, then a follow-up blood pressure measurement was carried out. Patients who did not respond to rest were randomly assigned to receive an oral dose of an antihypertensive drug with different mechanisms of action and pharmacodynamic properties (perindopril, amlodipine, or labetalol), and blood pressure was reassessed at 60- and 120-minute intervals. A satisfactory blood pressure response to rest (defined as postintervention systolic blood pressure < 180 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure < 110 mm Hg, with at least a 20 mm Hg reduction in basal systolic blood pressure and/or a 10-mm Hg reduction in basal diastolic blood pressure) was observed in 31.9% of population. Among nonresponders, 79.1% had a satisfactory blood pressure response to the antihypertensive drug treatment in a 2-hour average follow-up period. No major adverse events were observed. This treatment strategy, based on standardized rest as an initial step and different antihypertensive drugs, can be effective and safe for the management of patients with hypertensive urgencies.

Atrial fibrillation and renin-angiotensin system.

Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is one of the most frequent arrhythmias, especially in elderly patients. Cardiac overload increases the incidence of AF. Clinical presentation of atrial fibrillation can occur as nonsustained paroxysms, persistent episodes and in chronic-permanent form. The physio-pathological mechanisms are: *Circuit of multiple and anarchic re-entries *Atrial fibrillatory conduction *Re-entry circuit with fibrillatory conduction.Remodeling (electrical or structural) facilitates the appearance and persistence of AF: Neurovegetative changes and cytosolic Ca overload facilitate AF. Interstitial atrial fibrosis, in which Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) hyperactivity is a main aspect of remodeling. There is clinical evidence that supports the antiatrial fibrillatory actions of RAS blockade. Potential mechanisms are: (a) direct modulation of ionic channels, (b) hemodynamic improvement, (c) reduction of atrial stretching, (d) antifibrotic effects. There is less clinical evidence with antialdosterone drugs, but theoretically these might also be useful.

Estudio REHASE (Relevamiento de Hipertensión Arterial Severa en Servicios de Emergencia): características de la población y respuesta a una estrategia de manejo / Severe hypertension in emergency department survey: population characteristics and response to a handling guideline: the REHASE study

Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de consultas por HTA severa (HTS) en los servicios de emergencia (SE), caracterizar esa población y evaluar la eficacia de una guía de práctica clínica (GPC) basada en las Normas para el Manejo de la HTS del Consejo Argentino de Hipertensión Arterial, Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes con HTS que consultaron en SE de 31 centros participantes. Se distinguieron dos fases: I o de relevamiento de datos epidemiológicos de toda la población y II o de intervención que sólo incluyó a aquellos pacientes con HTS sin daño agudo de órgano blanco (DAOB). En esta última fase se aplicó una GPC que incluía en forma secuencial reposo y la aleatorización a drogas antihipertensivas de diferente mecanismo y velocidad de acción (amlodipina 10 mg o labetalol 200 mg o perindopril 4 mg). Resultados: Se incluyeron 816 pacientes (60,4 ± 14,7 años, el 50,4 por ciento de sexo masculino, el 87,4 por ciento sin DAOB); la prevalencia de HTS fue del 9 por ciento. En el 83,4 por ciento ya se conocía la presencia de hipertensión y de ellos, el 86,2 por ciento recibía tratamiento pero mantenía una PAS > 150 mm Hg. Se observó el 32 por ciento de respuesta al reposo y entre los no respondedores, el 79,1 por ciento respondió al tratamiento farmacológico. Los parámetros de seguridad considerados fueron: reducción menor igual 20 por ciento de la presión arterial media (PAM) basal y ausencia o número reducido de eventos en el SE. La PAM se redujo > 20 por ciento en el 5,6 por ciento de respondedores al reposo y en el 15,9 por ciento de los que requirieron drogas, sin que se observaran eventos. Conclusiones: El presente relevamiento proporciona datos para caracterizar clínicamente a los pacientes con HTS y sugiere que la GPC propuesta podría constituir una alternativa eficaz y segura para su manejo en el SE.

Estudio REHASE (Relevamiento de Hipertensión Arterial Severa en Servicios de Emergencia): características de la población y respuesta a una estrategia de manejo / Severe hypertension in emergency department survey: population characteristics and response to a handling guideline: the REHASE study

Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de consultas por HTA severa (HTS) en los servicios de emergencia (SE), caracterizar esa población y evaluar la eficacia de una guía de práctica clínica (GPC) basada en las Normas para el Manejo de la HTS del Consejo Argentino de Hipertensión Arterial, Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes con HTS que consultaron en SE de 31 centros participantes. Se distinguieron dos fases: I o de relevamiento de datos epidemiológicos de toda la población y II o de intervención que sólo incluyó a aquellos pacientes con HTS sin daño agudo de órgano blanco (DAOB). En esta última fase se aplicó una GPC que incluía en forma secuencial reposo y la aleatorización a drogas antihipertensivas de diferente mecanismo y velocidad de acción (amlodipina 10 mg o labetalol 200 mg o perindopril 4 mg). Resultados: Se incluyeron 816 pacientes (60,4 ± 14,7 años, el 50,4 por ciento de sexo masculino, el 87,4 por ciento sin DAOB); la prevalencia de HTS fue del 9 por ciento. En el 83,4 por ciento ya se conocía la presencia de hipertensión y de ellos, el 86,2 por ciento recibía tratamiento pero mantenía una PAS > 150 mm Hg. Se observó el 32 por ciento de respuesta al reposo y entre los no respondedores, el 79,1 por ciento respondió al tratamiento farmacológico. Los parámetros de seguridad considerados fueron: reducción menor igual 20 por ciento de la presión arterial media (PAM) basal y ausencia o número reducido de eventos en el SE. La PAM se redujo > 20 por ciento en el 5,6 por ciento de respondedores al reposo y en el 15,9 por ciento de los que requirieron drogas, sin que se observaran eventos. Conclusiones: El presente relevamiento proporciona datos para caracterizar clínicamente a los pacientes con HTS y sugiere que la GPC propuesta podría constituir una alternativa eficaz y segura para su manejo en el SE. (AU)

Effects of the combination of low-dose nifedipine GITS 20 mg and losartan 50 mg in patients with mild to moderate hypertension.

Most hypertensive patients require more than one medication to effectively control elevated blood pressure (BP) values. This multicenter, randomized, double-blind study was aimed at testing the efficacy and safety of the combination of low-dose nifedipine GITS 20 mg/ losartan 50 mg compared with either monotherapy in patients with grade 1 to 3 hypertension over an eight-week period. Of 352 patients enrolled in the study, 300 were randomized. All the three treatments lowered elevated BP without clinically relevant changes in heart rate. All the three treatments lowered mean 24-hour diastolic BP: nifedipine GITS/losartan -10.6 mm Hg, losartan -5.4 mm Hg, nifedipine GITS 20 mg -8.0 mm Hg. There was a statistically significant difference of diastolic BP change between patients receiving losartan compared with those receiving combination treatment (P < 0.05). Diastolic BP trough-to-peak ratio and smoothness index were highest in the patient group receiving combination therapy (70%). Nifedipine GITS monotherapy had the highest systolic BP trough-to-peak ratio of all treatment arms (78%) and higher diastolic BP trough-to-peak ratio and smoothness index than losartan monotherapy. All treatments were safe. These data provide evidence that in hypertensive patients combination of nifedipine GITS 20 mg and losartan 50 mg improves control of systolic and diastolic BP compared with either monotherapy.

La hipertrofia ventricular izquierda (HVI) en hipertensión arterial (HTA) / Left ventricular hipertrophy in hypertension

La hipertrofia ventricular izquierda (HVI) en la hipertensión arterial es un proceso compensatorio de adaptación al estrés parietal aumentado que, sin embargo, genera cardiopatía. Se revisa la prevalencia de esta patología, aspectos moleculares que genera la hipertrofia, cómo se diagnostica y cuáles son sus determinantes. También se expone el concepto de hipertrofia ventricular izquierda inapropiada y cómo es la función ventricular en el corazón HVI, su pronóstico y el fenómeno de regresión de ella, considerando medidas no farmacológicas y farmacológicas. Finalmente se explica cómo está la reserva coronaria en esta patología.

Estudio colaborativo chileno-argentino, para evaluar nifedipina OROS en hipertensos esenciales / Collaborative Chilean-Argentinean study of nifedipine GITS in patients with essential hypertension

Ocho centros chilenos y 5 argentinos evaluaron eficacia, tolerabilidad y seguridad de Nifedipina Oros en 355 hipertensos esenciales durante 8 semanas de tratamiento, previo placebo. 67 por ciento pacientes respondieron a 30, y 33 por ciento a 60 mg/día. El descenso de presión arterial fue 23/15 ñ 0.6/0.3 (ES) mmHg (p < 0,0001). Las variaciones de presión fueron similares en decúbito y de pie,sin causar diferencias en frecuencia cardíaca en ambas posiciones. La relación trough: peak (28:6-8 h) varió entre 0,91-0,95 con dosis inicial o de mantención. Ochenta y cuatro por ciento de hipertensos leves y 93 por ciento de moderados respondieron con decrementos de 10 o más mmHg; 59 por ciento alcanzaron normotensión. No se observaron respuestas significativamente diferentes según edad y terciles de Na urinario nocturno al ingreso. No hubo modificación de parámetros de laboratorio. 29 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron efectos colaterales durante tratamiento activo; en 65 por ciento únicos, en 63 por ciento leves y bien tolerados. Los más frecuentes al final del tratamiento fueron cefaleas (4,7 por ciento) y edema (2,6 por ciento). Once pacientes fueron retirados por efectos que interferían la vida habitual y 4 abandonaron control. Concluimos que Nifedipina GITS posee alta eficacia, similar para distintos grupos etáreos e ingesta de sodio, un efecto mantenido a lo largo de las 24 horas y efectos colaterales mayoritariamente leves y bien tolerados