Improving quality of care in peptic ulcer bleeding: nationwide cohort study of 13,498 consecutive patients in the Danish Clinical Register of Emergency Surgery.

OBJECTIVES: The treatment of peptic ulcer bleeding (PUB) is complex, and mortality remains high. We present results from a nationwide initiative to monitor and improve the quality of care (QOC) in PUB. METHODS: All Danish hospitals treating PUB patients between 2004 and 2011 prospectively registered demographic, clinical, and prognostic data. QOC was evaluated using eight process and outcome indicators, including time to initial endoscopy, hemostasis obtainment, proportion undergoing surgery, rebleeding risks, and 30-day mortality. RESULTS: A total of 13,498 PUB patients (median age 74 years) were included, of which one-quarter were in-hospital bleeders. Preadmission use of anticoagulants, multiple coexisting diseases, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists scores increased between 2004 and 2011. Considerable improvements were observed for most QOC indicators over time. Endoscopic treatment was successful with primary hemostasis achieved in more patients (94% in 2010-2011 vs. 89% in 2004-2006, relative risk (RR) 1.06 (95% confidence intervals 1.04-1.08)), endoscopy delay for hemodynamically unstable patients decreased during this period (43% vs. 34% had endoscopy within 6 h, RR 1.33 (1.10-1.61)), and fewer patients underwent open surgery (4% vs. 6%, RR 0.72 (0.59-0.87)). After controlling for time changes in prognostic factors, rebleeding rates improved (13% vs. 18%, adjusted RR 0.77 (0.66-0.91)). Crude 30-day mortality was unchanged (11% vs. 11%), whereas adjusted mortality decreased nonsignificantly over time (adjusted RR 0.89 (0.78-1.00)). CONCLUSIONS: QOC in PUB has improved substantially in Denmark, but the 30-day mortality remains high. Future initiatives to improve outcomes may include earlier endoscopy, having fully trained endoscopists on call, and increased focus on managing coexisting disease.

[Preoperative delay in patients with peptic ulcer perforation: a clinical audit from the Danish National Indicator Project]. / Praeoperativt delay hos patienter med perforeret ulcus: en klinisk audit fra Det Nationale Indikatorprojekt.

INTRODUCTION: Mortality following perforated peptic ulcer in Denmark is nearly 30%. Delayed surgery is a prognostic factor, but only half of the patients are operated within six hours of perforation - a predefined quality of care criterion in The Danish National Indicator Project. A clinical audit was conducted to investigate possible reasons. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All patients (n = 89) surgically treated for peptic ulcer perforation in six university hospitals in Denmark over a period of one year were included. The association between a number of predefined variables related to the internal organisation of health care, the patient's pathological picture and the quality of treatment given, and a preoperative delay of at least 6 hours was examined using modified Poisson regression analyses. RESULTS: The following variables were associated with a preoperative delay = 6 hours: 1) out of hospital versus in hospital perforation (adjusted relative risk (RR) 1.87; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.86-4.05), 2) no classical clinical symptoms of ulcer perforation (adjusted RR with peritonism 0.32; 95% CI 0.14-0.73), 3) first physician attendance later than median time, i.e. > 25 minutes after debut (adjusted RR 2.78; 95% CI 1.32-5.87), 4) first attendance not by senior physician (adjusted RR 1.97; 95% CI 0.95-4.05) and/or senior physician not called in (adjusted RR 2.53; 95% CI 1.12-5.75), and 5) oxygen saturation not monitored upon admission (adjusted RR 1.45; 95% CI 0.73-2.91). CONCLUSION: Although of limited size, this audit suggests that long preoperative delay in patients with peptic ulcer perforation is associated with factors related to both the internal organisation of the healthcare system, the patient's pathological picture, and the quality of diagnosis and treatment given.

Risk factors in patients surgically treated for peptic ulcer perforation.

OBJECTIVE: The overall mortality for patients undergoing surgery for perforated peptic ulcer has increased despite improvements in perioperative monitoring and treatment. The objective of this study was to identify and describe perioperative risk factors in order to identify ways of optimizing the treatment and to improve the outcome of patients with perforated peptic ulcer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three hundred and ninety-eight patients undergoing emergency surgery in four university hospitals in Denmark were included in the study. Information regarding the pre-, intra- and postoperative phases were recorded retrospectively from medical records. Data were analysed using multiple logistic regression analysis. The primary end-point was 30-day mortality. RESULTS: The 30-day mortality rate was 27%. The following variables were independently associated with death within 30 days of surgery: ASA (American Society of Anaesthesiologists) class, age, shock upon admission, preoperative metabolic acidosis, elevated concentration of creatinine upon admission, subnormal concentration of albumin upon admission and insufficient postoperative nutrition. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, preoperative metabolic acidosis, renal insufficiency upon admission and insufficient postoperative nutrition have been added to the list of independent risk factors for death within 30 days of surgery in patients with peptic ulcer perforation. Finding that shock upon admission, reduced albumin blood levels upon admission, renal insufficiency upon admission and preoperative metabolic acidosis are independently related to 30-day mortality could indicate that patients with peptic ulcer perforation are septic upon admission, and thus might benefit from a perioperative care protocol with early source control and early goal-directed therapy according to The Surviving Sepsis Campaign. This hypothesis should be addressed in future studies.

Retroperitoneal packing as part of damage control surgery in a Danish trauma centre--fast, effective, and cost-effective.

BACKGROUND: Retroperitoneal packing in patients with severe haemorrhage is a cornerstone of modern pelvic fracture management. However, few Danish trauma surgeons have experience with this procedure, and trauma audits show that many hesitate to perform the procedure, indicating a need for hands-on training for this simple and potentially lifesaving procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During a six-month period, trauma surgeons were taught the retroperitoneal packing procedure using human corpses at the Department of Pathology at Aarhus University Hospital. RESULTS: The course consisted of a 30 minute long single training session in retroperitoneal packing. Twenty-three sessions were held. Forty-two trauma surgeons (the entire staff at Aarhus Trauma Centre) and ten observers completed the course. Afterwards, all participants felt competent to perform the procedure. CONCLUSION: All 42 surgeons at our local trauma organisation learned a simple lifesaving operation within a short time period. In the 12 months following the completion of the course, 11 patients were treated with packing without any hesitation and with success. Damage control surgery with packing was cost-effectively implemented at our centre with great ease and rapidity.

30-days mortality in patients with perforated peptic ulcer: A national audit.

BACKGROUND: In 2005, The Danish National Indicator Project (DNIP) reported findings on patients hospitalized with perforated ulcer. The indicator "30-days mortality" showed major discrepancy between the observed mortality of 28% and the chosen standard (10%). RATIONALE: An audit committee was appointed to examine quality problems linked to the high mortality. The purpose was to (i) examine patient characteristics, (ii) evaluate the appropriateness of the standard, and (iii) audit all cases of deaths within 30 days after surgery. METHODS: Four hundred and twelve consecutive patients were included and used for the analyses of patient characteristics. The evaluation of the standard was based on a literature review, and a structured audit was performed according to the 115 deaths that occurred. RESULTS: The mean age was 69.1 years, 42.0% had one co-morbid disease and 17.7% had two co-morbid diseases. 45.9% had an American Association of Anaesthetists score of 3-4. We found no results on mortality in studies similar to ours. The audit process indicated that the postoperative observation of patients was insufficient. DISCUSSION: As a result of this study, the standard for mortality was increased to 20%, and the new indicators for postoperative monitoring were developed. The DNIP continues to evaluate if these initiatives will improve the results on mortality.

Clinical practice and evidence in endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic gastroduodenal ulcer.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate treatment practice in non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) caused by gastroduodenal ulcer and how it adheres to the best evidence as documented in randomized studies and meta-analyses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The literature was surveyed to identify appropriate practices, and a structured multiple choice questionnaire developed and mailed to all departments in Denmark treating UGIB. RESULTS: All 42 departments responded. All had therapeutic gastroscopes and equipment necessary for endoscopic haemostasis; 90% of departments had written guidelines. Adjuvant pharmacologic treatment included tranexamic acid in 38%. Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) were used by all departments, with 29% starting prior to endoscopic treatment. Eight departments (19%) used continuous PPI infusion, three of them starting with a bolus dose. In 50% of departments an anaesthesiologist was always present regardless of whether endotracheal intubation (routinely used by 10%) was used or not. Ten percent did not treat Forrest IIa and IIb ulcers, while IIc ulcers were treated by 36%. In 10% of departments clots were never removed, while in 2/3 attempts were made to remove resistant clots by mechanic means. Seven departments (17%) used monotherapy with epinephrine, while 59% always used dual therapy; 19% injected less than 10 ml. In rebleeding, 92% attempted endoscopic treatment before surgery, and used epinephrine in 79% of cases, while the remainder used epinephrine or polidocanol at the discretion of the endoscopist. Two out of three departments used high-dependency or intensive-care units for surveillance. Seventeen percent applied scheduled second-look gastroscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Practice is variable, even in areas with established evidence based on randomized controlled studies, such as dosage and way of administration and duration of PPI treatment, injection treatment used as monotherapy and the volume used, including ulcers with clots for treatment, and the use of scheduled second-look endoscopy. Since the rebleeding rate has remained unchanged for decades, and rebleeding implies increased surgery and mortality rates, appropriate practices must be promoted in order to improve results. Development and implementation of national guidelines may facilitate the process.

Zinc-transporter genes in human visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes: lean versus obese.

Zinc ions influence adipose tissue metabolism by regulating leptin secretion and by promoting free fatty acid release and glucose uptake. The mechanisms controlling zinc metabolism in adipose tissue are unknown. We therefore examined the gene-expression levels of a number of zinc-transporting proteins in adipose tissue, comparing subcutaneous fat with visceral fat from lean and obese humans. Both ZnT-proteins responsible for zinc transport from cytosol to extracellular compartments and intracellular vesicles and Zip-proteins responsible for zinc transport to the cytoplasm were expressed in all samples. This suggests that zinc metabolism in adipocytes is actively controlled by zinc-transporters. The expression levels were different in lean and obese subjects suggesting a role for these proteins in obesity. Furthermore, the expression levels were different from subcutaneous fat to intra-abdominal fat suggesting that the metabolic activity in adipocytes is to some extent dependent upon zinc and the activity of zinc-transporting proteins or vice versa.