Effect of pre- and probiotics on liver regeneration after resection: a randomised, double-blind pilot study.

Liver regeneration is a prerequisite for extended liver surgery. Several studies have shown that the bacterial gut flora is able to modulate liver function. Previously we observed that synbiotics could partly reverse the impaired mitosis rate of hepatocytes in a rat model of synchronous liver resection and colon anastomosis. The effect of synbiotics on liver function after hepatic resection has not been analysed yet. A prospective randomised double-blind pilot trial was undertaken in 19 patients scheduled for right hepatectomy. All patients received enteral nutrition immediately post-operatively. Comparison was made between a group receiving a combination of four probiotics and four fibres and a placebo group receiving the fibres only starting the day before surgery and continuing for 10 days. Primary study endpoint was the liver function capacity measured by 13C-methacetin breath test and indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate. Portal vein flow, liver volumetry, laboratory parameters for liver function, length of hospital stay, post-operative complications and side effects of synbiotic therapy were recorded. Liver function capacity was comparable in both groups. Complications had a negative impact on liver function. Because complications were more severe in the verum group, a sub-analysis was performed. In case of an uncomplicated course, liver function capacity was better in the patients with synbiotics. No severe side effects occurred. Synbiotics might be able to increase liver function capacity in patients after liver resection, but patient numbers were too small and the clinical courses too heterogeneous to draw any definite conclusions.

[Bio-ecological control of chronic liver disease and encephalopathy]. / Controllo bio-ecologico della cirrosi epatica e dell'encefalopatia.

Minimal encephalopathy was originally associated with chronic liver disease but is increasingly associated with most other chronic diseases and particularly with diabetes and also chronic disorders in other organs: kidneys, lungs, thyroid and with obesity. It is increasingly with dramatically increased and more or less permanent increase in systemic inflammation, most likely a result of Western lifestyle. Frequent physical exercise and intake of foods rich in vitamins, antioxidants, fibres, lactic acid bacteria etc in combination with reduction in intake of refined and processed foods is known to reduce systemic inflammation and prevent chronic diseases. Some lactic acid bacteria, especially Lb paracasei, lb plantarum and pediococcus pentosaceus have proven effective to reduce inflammation and eliminate encephalopathy. Significant reduction in blood ammonia levels and endotoxin levels were reported in parallel to improvement of liver disease. Subsequent studies with other lactic acid bacteria seem to demonstrate suppression of inflammation and one study also provides evidence of clinical improvement.

Plant-derived health: the effects of turmeric and curcuminoids.

Plants contain numerous polyphenols, which have been shown to reduce inflammation and hereby to increase resistance to disease. Examples of such polyphenols are isothiocyanates in cabbage and broccoli, epigallocatechin in green tee, capsaicin in chili peppers, chalones, rutin and naringenin in apples, resveratrol in red wine and fresh peanuts and curcumin/curcuminoids in turmeric. Most diseases are maintained by a sustained discreet but obvious increased systemic inflammation. Many studies suggest that the effect of treatment can be improved by a combination of restriction in intake of proinflammatory molecules such as advanced glycation end products (AGE), advanced lipoperoxidation end products (ALE), and rich supply of antiinflammatory molecules such as plant polyphenols. To the polyphenols with a bulk of experimental documentation belong the curcuminoid family and especially its main ingredient, curcumin. This review summarizes the present knowledge about these turmericderived ingredients, which have proven to be strong antioxidants and inhibitors of cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2), lipoxygenase (LOX) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) but also AGE. A plethora of clinical effects are reported in various experimental diseases, but clinical studies in humans are few. It is suggested that supply of polyphenols and particularly curcuminoids might be value as complement to pharmaceutical treatment, but also prebiotic treatment, in conditions proven to be rather therapy-resistant such as Crohn's, long-stayed patients in intensive care units, but also in conditions such as cancer, liver cirrhosis, chronic renal disease, chronic obstructive lung disease, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.

Plant-derived health - the effects of turmeric and curcuminoids / Efectos saludables de la cúrcuma y de los curcuminoides

Plants contain numerous polyphenols, which have been shown to reduce inflammation and hereby to increase resistance to disease. Examples of such polyphenols are isothiocyanates in cabbage and broccoli, epigallocatechin in green tee, capsaicin in chili peppers, chalones, rutin and naringenin in apples, resveratrol in red wine and fresh peanuts and curcumin/curcuminoids in turmeric. Most diseases are maintained by a sustained discreet but obvious increased systemic inflammation. Many studies suggest that the effect of treatment can be improved by a combination of restriction in intake of proinflammatory molecules such as advanced glycation end products (AGE), advanced lipoperoxidation end products (ALE), and rich supply of antiinflammatory molecules such as plant polyphenols. To the polyphenols with a bulk of experimental documentation belong the curcuminoid family and especially its main ingredient, curcumin. This review summarizes the present knowledge about these turmericderived ingredients, which have proven to be strong antioxidants and inhibitors of cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2), lipoxygenase (LOX) and nuclear factor κ B (NF-κB) but also AGE. A plethora of clinical effects are reported in various experimental diseases, but clinical studies in humans are few. It is suggested that supply of polyphenols and particularly curcuminoids might be value as complement to pharmaceutical treatment, but also prebiotic treatment, in conditions proven to be rather therapy-resistant such as Crohn's, long-stayed patients in intensive care units, but also in conditions such as cancer, liver cirrhosis, chronic renal disease, chronic obstructive lung disease, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease (AU)

Las plantas contienen un gran número de sustancias de naturaleza polifenólica con capacidad para reducir los procesos inflamatorios y, por lo tanto, incrementar la resistencia a determinadas enfermedades. Ejemplos de algunos polifenoles son los isotiocianatos presentes en la col y el brócoli, epigalocatequinas del té verde, capsaicina de las guindillas, chalonas, rutina y naringenina de las manzanas, resveratrol del vino tinto y de los cacahuetes, y curcumina y curcuminoides de la cúrcuma. La mayoría de las enfermedades tienen un componente discreto pero obvio de inflamación sistémica. Muchos trabajos han sugerido que los efectos de estos tratamientos podrían ser mejorados tras la restricción de la ingesta de moléculas proinflamatorias, como los productos avanzados de la glicación (AGE) y lipoperoxidación (ALE), junto con la suplementación de moléculas antiinflamatorias, como algunos polifenoles obtenidos de las plantas. Concretamente, los efectos de los curcuminoides y de su principal componente, la curcumina, han sido ampliamente documentados. Esta revisión, recopila los datos actuales acerca de las principales moléculas activas derivadas de la cúrcuma, para las cuales se ha demostrado que poseen una potente actividad antioxidante, inhiben la ciclooxigenasa 1 (COX-1), la lipoperoxidasa (LPO), el factor nuclear NF-κB (NF-κB), así como los AGE. La mayoría de los efectos han sido demostrados mediante estudios experimentales; sin embargo, los estudios clínicos en humanos son escasos. Se ha sugerido que la suplementación con curcuminoides podría ser interesante como un complemento para los tratamientos farmacológicos, además de cómo tratamiento prebiótico en condiciones en las que no existe una terapia eficaz, como en el caso de la enfermedad de Crohn, en pacientes ingresados en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos durante periodos prolongados, y también en patologías tales como el cáncer, la cirrosis hepática, la enfermedad renal crónica, la enfermedad digestiva obstructiva, la diabetes y la enfermedad de Alzheimer. (Full spanish translation in www.nutricionhospitalaria.com) (AU)

[Advanced glycation and lipoxidation end-products amplify inflammation. The role of a healthy diet]. / I prodotti terminali della glicazione e lipossidazione avanzata quali amplificatori dell'infiammazione. Il ruolo dell'alimentazione.

Increasing evidence suggests that an unhealthy life style is negatively associated with all chronic diseases (CD). Common to most CD is a more or less permanent exaggerated inflammation associated with increased oxidation, strongly associated with metabolic syndrome and also increased deposition in tissues of advanced glycation and lipoxidation end-products (AGE/ALE). It is suggested that all CD patients, including those suffering from genetic disorders or from diseases of obscure etiology, will benefit from measures to control AGE/ALE. It is likely, but yet not proven, that control of intake and cellular production of AGE/ALE is an important ingredient in a healthy lifestyle, and might further improve outcome. An exaggerated inflammation is also observed in patients who suffer from complications of acute diseases: infections, trauma and advanced surgical and medical treatments such as transplantations. Complications and sequelae to these events are significantly more common in elderly and particularly in those with CD. Much supports that the lifestyle of the patients and degree of inflammation before trauma significantly affects outcome. Recently accumulated knowledge about the link between metabolic syndrome and increased deposition of AGE/ALE in the body supports the suggestion that future attempts to minimize accumulation in the body of such substances might significantly reduce both acute and chronic morbidities. However, the research in this field is at the beginning, and most studies remain to be done.

[Advanced glycation and lipoxidation end products--amplifiers of inflammation: the role of food]. / Productos finales de la glicación y de la lipoxidación como amplificadores de la inflamación: papel de los alimentos.

Chronic diseases (CD) represent the main cause of mortality in developed countries. The increase in the prevalence of of CD is associated with changes in lifestyle habits, including those related to the consumption of processed foodstuffs. In these foods advanced glycation end products (AGE) and advanced lipoperoxydation products (ALE) are formed as a consequence of the reactivity of proteins, carbohydrates, lipid and other components. The aim of the present review is to offer a perspective of how AGE and ALE affect the physiology and development of CD. Continous intake of AGE and ALE contributes to the exccesive accumulation of these products into body tissues, which in turn negatively influence the innate immune system, inflammatory responses, and resistance to diseases. This is achieved by direct interaction of AGE and ALE with specific cell AGE receptors (RAGE) that have a key role as master switches regulating the development of CD. Long-life molecules, namely collagen and myelin, and low-turnover tissues, e.g. connective, bone and neural tissues, are the main targets of AGE and ALE. In these tissues, AGE and ALE lead to the synthesis of insoluble compounds that severely alter cellular functionality. It has been reported associations of AGE and ALE with allergic and autoimmune diseases, Alzheimer disease and other degenerative disorders, catarats, atherosclerosis, cancer, and diabetes mellitus type 2, as well as a number of endocrine, gastrointestinal, skeleton-muscle, and urogenital alterations. Controlling all those pathologies would need further dietary recommendations aiming to limit the intake of processed foods rich in AGE and ALE, as well as to reduce the formation of those products by improving technological processes applicable to foods.

Productos finales de la glicación y de la lipoxidación como amplificadores de la inflamación: papel de los alimentos / Advanced glycation and lipoxidation end products – amplifiers of imflammation: the role of food

Las enfermedades crónicas (EC) representan la principal causa de mortalidad en los países desarrollados. El aumento de la prevalencia de las enfermedades crónicas está asociado a cambios en los hábitos de vida, incluidos el aumento del consumo de los alimentos procesados. En estos se desarrollan compuestos avanzados de la glicación (AGE) y de la lipoxidación (ALE) como consecuencia de la reactividad de hidratos de carbono, proteínas, lípidos y otros componentes. El objetivo de la presente revisión es ofrecer una perspectiva de cómo estos compuestos afectan la fisiología y el desarrollo de las EC. La ingesta continuada de AGE y ALE contribuye al acúmulo corporal de estos productos e influencia negativamente el sistema inmunológico innato, la respuesta inflamatoria y la resistencia a la enfermedad a través de la interacción con los denominados receptores de AGE (RAGE), los cuales actúan como interruptores master en el desarrollo delas EC. Las moléculas de vida larga tales como el colágeno y la mielina y los tejidos de recambio pequeño como el conectivo, óseo y neural son las principales dianas de los AGE y ALE, originando compuestos insolubles que alteran la función celular. Se han establecido asociaciones entre los AGE y ALE con enfermedades alérgicas y autoinmunes, enfermedad de Alzheimer y otras enfermedades neurodegenerativas, cataratas, aterosclerosis, cáncer, diabetes mellitus de tipo 2, así como varias alteraciones endocrinas, gastrointestinales, esquelético-musculares y urogenitales. El control de todas estas enfermedades pasa por el establecimiento de medidas dietéticas que contribuyan a limitar la ingesta de AGE y ALE derivada de los alimentos procesados, así como evitar la aparición de dichos compuestos a través de la mejora de los procesos tecnológicos aplicados en alimentación

Chronic diseases (CD) represent the main cause of mortality in developed countries. The increase in the prevalence of of CD is associated with changes in lifestyle habits, including those related to the consumption of processed foodstuffs. In these foods advanced glycation end products (AGE) and advanced lipoperoxydation products (ALE) are formed as a consequence of the reactivity of proteins, carbohydrates, lipid and other components.The aim of the present review is to offer a perspective of how AGE and ALE affect the physiology and development of CD. Continous intake of AGE and ALE contributes to the exccesive accumulation of these products into body tissues, which in turn negatively influence the innate immune system, inflammatory responses, and resistance to diseases. This is achieved by direct interaction of AGE and ALE with specific cell AGE receptors (RAGE) that have a key role as master switches regulating the development of CD. Long-life molecules, namely collagen and myelin, and low-turnover tissues, e.g. connective, bone and neural tissues, are the main targets of AGE and ALE. In these tissues, AGE and ALE lead to the synthesis of insoluble compounds that severely alter cellular functionality. It has been reported associations of AGE and ALE with allergic and autoimmune diseases, Alzheimer disease and other degenerative disorders, catarats, atherosclerosis,cancer, and diabetes mellitus type 2, as well as a number of endocrine, gastrointestinal, skeleton-muscle, and urogenital alterations. Controlling all those pathologies would need further dietary recommendations aiming to limit the intake of processed foods rich in AGE and ALE, as well as to reduce the formation of those products by improving technological processes applicable to foods

Bioecological and nutritional control of disease: prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics.

A growing number of patients worlwide suffer acute and chronic diseases. Evidence supports the association of chronic diseases to modern lifestyle habits and malfunction of the immune system. Morbidity and mortality for patients affected of chronic diseases is unacceptably high despite advanced surgical and medical treatments. Nowadays there is an increasing interest in the bioecological and nutritional control of diseases. The use of prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics, e.g. antioxidants, anti-inflammatory omega-3 lipid emulsions, bioactive fibers, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), etc, appears as a new tool for the treatment of disease. The effects of antioxidants and omega-3 lipid emulsions remain largely unexplored, but significant modulatory effects on neutrophils and morbidity have been observed. It is burning that these compounds are tried in patients including surgically and critically ill patients. Some bioactive fibers and some probiotic bacteria have demonstrated extraordinary efficacy to restore and maintain immunity and prevent complications. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have demonstrated ability to reduce or eliminate potential pathogen micro-organisms, as well as various toxins, mutagens and carcinogens; they also promote apoptosis, synthesize and release numerous nutrients, antioxidants, growth-factors, coagulation and other bioactive compounds, and modulate the innate and adaptive immune defence mechanisms. More recent studies suggest that LAB promote and maintain gastrointestinal (GI) motility and prevent GI paralysis and postoperative ileus and have the ability to inhibit inflammation. Further studies are needed to ascertain the molecular mechanisms by which pre-, pro- and synbiotics influence the outcome in a variety of acute and chronic diseases.

The probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum species 299 reduces intestinal permeability in experimental biliary obstruction.

AIMS: Extrahepatic biliary obstruction is associated with the failure of intestinal barrier function, allowing bacteria and other substances from the intestine to enter the circulation and initiate a systemic inflammatory response, causing impairment of organ function. Probiotic bacteria have been shown to have beneficial effects on intestinal barrier function in other conditions, but their effects have never been studied in biliary obstruction. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study examined the effects of enteral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum species 299 (LP299) in oatmeal fibre compared with sterile oatmeal fibre in water or water alone in an animal model of biliary obstruction. Administration of LP299 was associated with reduced intestinal permeability compared with sterile oatmeal alone (0.262 +/- 0.105%vs 0.537 +/- 0.037%, P=0.019, percentage excretion of (14)Carbon), but there was no evidence of reduced endotoxin exposure or blunting of the systemic inflammatory response. Animals receiving sterile oatmeal fibre alone also failed to develop the hyperpermeability after biliary obstruction seen in animals receiving water only (0.512+/- 0.05%vs 0.788 +/- 0.18%), suggesting that oatmeal itself may have some beneficial effects on intestinal barrier function. CONCLUSION: Enteral administration of the probiotic bacterium LP299 reduces intestinal hyperpermeability associated with experimental biliary obstruction. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study provides insight to direct further work into the modulation of intestinal barrier function by probiotic bacteria.

Control bioecológico y nutricional de la enfermedad: prebióticos, probióticos y simbióticos / Bioecological and nutritional control of disease: prebiotics probiotics and synbiotics

Un número creciente de pacientes en todo el mundo sufre de enfermedades agudas y crónicas. Evidencias actuales apoyan la asociación de las enfermedades crónicas con los hábitos de vida moderna y la disfunción del sistema inmunológico. La morbilidad y mortalidad de los pacientes afectados de enfermedades crónicas son inaceptablemente elevadas a pesar de los avances en los tratamientos médicos y quirúrgicos. Actualmente, existe un interés elevado en el control bioecológico y nutricional de las enfermedades. El uso de prebióticos, probióticos y simbióticos tales como antioxidantes, emulsiones lipídicas antiinflamatorias de ácidos grasos omega-3, fibras bioactivas, bacterias del ácido láctico (LAB), etc., aparece como una nueva herramienta para el tratamiento de la enfermedad. Los efectos de los antioxidantes y de las emulsiones lipídicas de ácidos grasos omega-3 aún están ampliamente inexplorados, pero se conocen sus efectos moduladores sobre los neutrófilos y la morbilidad. Es muy significativo que estos compuestos se estén utilizando en el tratamiento de pacientes críticos, incluidos los pacientes quirúrgicos. Algunas fibras bioactivas y algunas bacterias probióticas han demostrado una extraordinaria eficacia para restaurar y mantener la inmunidad y prevenir las complicaciones. Las LAB han demostrado su capacidad para reducir o eliminar microorganismos potencialmente patogénicos, así como varias toxinas, mutágenos y carcinógenos; también promueven la apoptosis, sintetizan y liberan numerosos nutrientes, antioxidantes, factores de crecimiento, compuestos implicados en la coagulación y otros compuestos bioactivos, y modulan los mecanismos de defensa inmunológica innata y adaptativa. Estudios más recientes sugieren que las LAB promueven y mantienen la motilidad gastrointestinal (GI) y previenen la parálisis GI y el íleo postoperativo, y tienen la capacidad de inhibir la inflamación. Se necesitan estudios ulteriores para determinar los mecanismos moleculares por los cuales los prebióticos, probióticos y simbióticos influencian la recuperación de los pacientes en una amplia variedad de enfermedades agudas y crónicas (AU)

A growing number of patients worlwide suffer acute and chronic diseases. Evidence supports the association of chronic diseases to modern lifestyle habits and malfunction of the immune system. Morbidity and mortality for patients affected of chronic diseases is unacceptably high despite advanced surgical and medical treatments. Nowadays there is an increasing interest in the bioecological and nutritional control of diseases. The use of prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics, e.g. antioxidants, antiinflammatory ?-3 lipid emulsions, bioactive fibers, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), etc, appears as a new tool for the treatment of disease. The effects of antioxidants and ?-3 lipid emulsions remain largely unexplored, but significant modulatory effects on neutrophils and morbidity have been observed. It is burning that these compounds are tried in patients including surgically and critically ill patients. Some bioactive fibers and some probiotic bacteria have demonstrated extraordinary efficacy to restore and maintain immunity and prevent complications. Lactic acid bacateria (LAB) have demonstrated ability to reduce or eliminate potential pathogen micro-organisms, as well as various toxins, mutagens and carcinogens; they also promote apoptosis, synthesize and release numerous nutrients, antioxidants, growth-factors, coagulation and other bioactive compounds, and modulate the innate and adaptive immune defence mechanisms and maintain. More recent studies suggest that LAB promote and maintain gastrointestinal (GI) motility and prevent GI paralysis and postoperative ileus and have the ability to inhibit inflammation. Further studies are needed to ascertain the molecular mechanisms by which pre-, pro- and synbiotics influence the outcome in a variety of acute and chronic diseases (AU)

[Symbiotics: a new strategy in critically ill patients treatment]. / Simbióticos: una nueva estrategia en el tratamiento de pacientes críticos.

Maintenance of the gut environment is a key factor in determining outcome in the care of critically ill and postoperative patients. It is especially important to maintain both gastrointestinal secretions, full o anti-infectious and anti-inflammatory compounds, and the gut flora. Prebiotics, usually polysaccharides, exhibit strong bio-activity and the ingestion of prebiotics has been shown to reduce the rate of infection and restore health in sick and postoperative patients. Probiotics may have at least five functions, all of great importance to the sick patients: the reduction or elimination of potentially pathogenic micro-organism of various kinds; the reduction or elimination of various toxins, mutagens, carcinogens, etc.; modulation of the innate and adaptive immune defence mechanisms; the promotion of apoptosis; and the release of numerous nutrient, antioxidant, growth, coagulation and other factors necessary for recovery. A combination of pre and probiotics is referred to as "synbiotics". Our experience of synbotic treatment in critically ill patients is limited, but cutting-edge results from studies of severe acute pancreatitis, chronic hepatitis and liver transplantation offer great hope for the future. This is especially importante as pharmaceutical treatment, including the use of antibiotics, has largely failed, and the medical world is in much need of new treatment paradigms.

Simbióticos: una nueva estrategia en el tratamiento de pacientes críticos / Symbiotics: a new strategy in critically ill patients treatment

El mantenimiento del entorno intestinal es un factor clave que determina el resultado en pacientes críticamente enfermos y post-operados. Es especialmente importante mantener tanto las secreciones gastrointestinales, llenas de compuestos anti-infecciosos y anti-inflamatorios, como la flora del intestino. Los prebióticos, normalmente polisacáridos, tienen una fuerte bio-actividad y su ingestión ha mostrado reducir la tasa de infección y mejorar el estado de salud en pacientes enfermos y post-operados. Los probióticos tienen, por lo menos, cinco funciones de gran importancia para los pacientes enfermos: la reducción o eliminacion de microorganismos potencialmente patógenos; la reducción o eliminación de varias toxinas, mutágenos, carcinógenos, etc.; la modulación de los mecanismos de la defensa inmune innatos y adaptativos; promoción de la apoptosis y la liberación de numerosos nutrientes, antioxidantes, factores de crecimiento y de coagulación necesarios para la recuperación. Una combinación de prey probióticos se denomina "simbióticos". La experiencia en el tratamiento de pacientes extremadamente enfermos con simbióticos es limitada, pero los resultados de los estudios realizados son prometedores. En pancreatitis aguda grave, hepatitis crónica y trasplante de hígado ofrecen una gran esperanza para el futuro. Esto es especialmente importante puesto que los tratamientos farmacéuticos, incluido el uso de antibióticos, han fallado en gran medida y la medicina está necesitada de nuevos modelos de tratamientos (AU)

Maintenance of the gut environment is a key factor in determining outcome in the care of critically ill and postoperative patients. It is especially important to maintain both gastrointestinal secretions, full o anti-infectious and anti-inflammatory compounds, and the gut flora. Prebiotics, usually polysaccharides, exhibit strong bio-activity and the ingestion of prebiotics has been shown to reduce the rate of infection and restore health in sick and postoperative patients. Probiotics may have at least five functions, all of great importance to the sick patients: the reduction or elimination of potentially pathogenic micro-organism of various kinds; the reduction or elimination of various toxins, mutagens, carcinogens, etc.; modulation of the innate and adaptive immune defense mechanisms; the promotion of apoptosis; and the release of numerous nutrient, antioxidant, growth, coagulation and other factors necessary for recovery. A combination of pre and probiotics is referred to as "synbiotics". Our experience of synbiotic treatment in critically ill patients is limited, but cutting-edge results from studies of severe acute pancreatitis, chronic hepatitis and liver transplantation offer great hope for the future. This is especially importante as pharmaceutical treatment, including the use of antibiotics, has largely failed, and the medical world is in much need of new treatment paradigms (AU)

[Enteral nutrition: past and future]. / Nutrición enteral: pasado y futuro.

Perioperative nutrition has during the last century been transformed from a tool to provide calorie and nitrogen support to a tool to boost the immune system and increase resistance to complications. Despite all progress in medicine and surgery has perioperative morbidity, rate of infections, thrombosis and development of serosal adhesions remained the same as long as can be judged or at least during the last eighty years. Most prone to develop complications are persons above the age of 65 and persons with depressed immunity. About eighty percent of the immune system is localised in the gastrointestinal tract, which offers great opportunities for modulation through enterar nutrition. As the stomach has a tendency to develop postoperative paralysis, tube feeding is often necessary. Andresen demonstrated already in 1918 the advantages of enteral nutrition, which starts already on the table. Mulholland et al and Rhoads and co-workers demonstrated during the 1940s certain advantages of enteral tube feeding. Also works by Alexander, Fischer, Ryan and their co-workers supported the value of early enteral feeding, and suggested enteral feeding as an effective tool to boost the immune system. It was, however, works published in the early nineties by Moore et al and by Kudsk et al, which made surgeons more aware of the advantages of early enteral nutrition. Major surgery is known to have a high rate of complications. Uninterrupted perioperative nutrition, eg nutrition during the night before, during surgery and immediately after offers a strong tool to prevent complications. It is essential that the nutrition provides food also for the colon, e.g. fibres and healthy bacteria (probiotics) to ferment the fibre and boost the immune system.

Nutrición enteral: pasado y futuro / Enteral nutrition: past and future

Durante el último siglo la nutrición perioperatoria ha pasado de ser un mero instrumento para proporcionar calorías y soporte nitrogenado a una herramienta reforzadora del sistema inmunológico aumentando la resistencia a las complicaciones. A pesar de todo el progreso que ha experimentado la medicina y la cirugía, la morbilidad perioperatoria, tasa de infecciones, trombosis y formación de adherencias postoperatorias permanecen iguales al menos durante los últimos ochenta años. Las personas con edad superior a 65 años y con la inmunidad deprimida son las más propensas a desarrollar complicaciones. En torno al ochenta por ciento del sistema inmunológico se localiza en el tracto gastrointestinal, permitiendo grandes oportunidades para la modulación a través de la nutrición enteral. Cuando el estómago tiene tendencia a desarrollar parálisis postoperatoria es necesaria frecuentemente la alimentación por medio de sonda. Andersen demostró alrededor de 1918 las ventajas de la nutrición enteral, que comienzan ya en la mesa de operaciones. Mulholland y cols. y Rhoads y cols. demostraron durante 1940 ciertas ventajas de la alimentación enteral por sonda. Igualmente los trabajos de Alexander, Fischer, Ryan y cols. apoyaron la importancia del inicio precoz de la alimentación enteral, sugiriendo que este tipo de alimentación puede ser efectiva como apoyo al sistema inmunológico. Fueron, sin embargo, los trabajos publicados al inicio de los años noventa por Moore y cols. y por Kudsk y cols. los que hicieron más consciente a los cirujanos de las ventajas de la nutrición enteral precoz. La cirugía mayor con amplias resecciones se conoce por tener una alta proporción de complicaciones. La nutrición perioperatoria ininterrumpida, por ejemplo la nutrición durante la noche anterior, durante la cirugía e inmediatamente después ofrece un instrumento muy eficaz para prevenir las complicaciones. Es esencial que la nutrición también proporcione alimento al colon, por ejemplo fibras y bacterias promotoras de la salud (probióticos) para fermentar la fibra y reforzar el sistema inmunológico (AU)

Perioperative nutrition has during the last century been transformed from a tool to provide calorie and nitrogen support to a tool to boost the immune system and increase resistance to complications. Despite all progress in medicine and surgery has perioperative morbidity, rate of infections, thrombosis and development of serosal adhesions remained the same as long as can be judged or at least during the last eighty years. Most prone to develop complications are persons above the age of 65 and persons with depressed immunity. About cighty percent of the immune system is localised in the gastrointestinal tract, which offers great opportunities for modulation through enterar nutrition. As the stomach has a tendency to develop postoperative paralysis, tube feeding is often necessary. Andresen demonstrated already in 1918 the advantages of enteral nutrition, which starts already on the table. Mulholland et al and Rhoads and co-workers demonstrated during the 1940s certain advantages of enteral tube feeding. Also works by Alexander, Fischer, Ryan and their co-workers supported the value of early enteral feeding, and suggested enteral feeding as an effective tool to boost the immune system. it was, however, works published in the early nineties by Moore et al and by Kudsk et al, which made surgeons more aware of the advantages of early enteral nutrition. Major surgery is known to have a high rate of complications. Uninterrupted perioperative nutrition, eg nutrition during the night before, during surgery and immediately after offers a strong tool to prevent complications. lt is essential that the nutrition provides food also for the colon, e.g. fibres and healthy bacteria (probiotics) to ferment the fibre and boost the immune system (AU)

[Influence of probiotics and fibre on the incidence of bacterial infections following major abdominal surgery - results of a prospective trial]. / Einfluss von Probiotika und Ballaststoffen auf die Inzidenz bakterieller Infektionen nach viszeralchirurgischen Eingriffen - Ergebnisse einer prospektiven Studie.

INTRODUCTION: Early enteral nutrition with fibre and probiotics has been effective in preventing bacterial translocation and is therefore expected to reduce the incidence of postoperative bacterial infections. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a prospective randomized trial including 172 patients following major abdominal surgery or liver transplantation, the incidence of bacterial infections was compared in patients receiving either a) conventional parenteral or enteral nutrition, b) enteral nutrition with fibre and lactobacillus plantarum 299 or c) enteral nutrition with fibre and heat inactivated lactobacilli (placebo). Liver transplant recipients were also treated with selective bowel decontamination (SBD). Routine laboratory parameters, nutritional parameters and the cellular immune status were measured preoperatively and on postoperative days 1, 5 and 10. RESULTS: Patients were comparable regarding preoperative ASA-classification, Child-Pugh classification of cirrhosis, operative data and immunosuppression. The incidence of bacterial infections after liver, gastric oder pancreas resection was 31 % in the conventional group a) compared to 4 % in the lactobacillus-group b) and 13 % in the placebo-group c). In the analysis of 95 liver transplant recipients, 13 % group b)-patients developed infections compared to 48 % group a)-patients and 34 % group c)-patients. The difference between groups a) and b) was statistically significant in both cases. In addition, the duration of antibiotic therapy was significantly shorter in the lactobacillus-group. Cholangitis and pneumonia were the most frequent infections and enterococci the most frequently isolated bacteria. Fibre and lactobacilli were well tolerated in most cases. CONCLUSION: Fibre and probiotics could lower the incidence of bacterial infections following major abdominal surgery in comparison to conventional nutrition with or without SBD. With this new concept, costs can be reduced by shortening the duration of antibiotic therapy and sparing SBD.

Randomized clinical trial of specific lactobacillus and fibre supplement to early enteral nutrition in patients with acute pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: Microbial infection of the pancreatic tissue in patients with severe acute pancreatitis increases the morbidity and mortality rates. Colonization of the lower gastrointestinal tract and oropharynx with Gram-negative, but sometimes also Gram-positive, bacteria precedes contamination of the pancreas. The aim of this study was to determine whether lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus plantarum 299 could prevent colonization of the gut by potential pathogens and thus reduce the endotoxaemia associated with acute pancreatitis. METHODS: Patients with acute pancreatitis were randomized into two double-blind groups. The treatment group received a freeze-dried preparation containing live L. plantarum 299 in a dose of 109 organisms, together with a substrate of oat fibre, for 1 week by nasojejunal tube. The control group received a similar preparation but the Lactobacillus was inactivated by heat. RESULTS: A total of 45 patients completed the study. Twenty-two patients received treatment with live and 23 with heat-killed L. plantarum 299. Infected pancreatic necrosis and abscesses occurred in one of 22 patients in the treatment group, compared with seven of 23 in the control group (P = 0.023). The mean length of stay was 13.7 days in the treatment group versus 21.4 days in the control group (P not significant). CONCLUSION: Supplementary L. plantarum 299 was effective in reducing pancreatic sepsis and the number of surgical interventions.

Pre-, pro- and synbiotics.

Approximately 70% of the immune system is localized in the gastrointestinal tract. The saliva and gastrointestinal secretions, as well as flora (probiotics) and supplied fibres (prebiotics), are important for optimal function. Probiotic bacteria have been shown to influence the immune system through several molecular mechanisms. Pre-, pro- and synbiotics (products produced by fermentation) offer both protection against and cure of a variety of endemic and acute diseases. This review summarizes the present experience in various forms of diarrhoea, inflammatory bowel disease, and Helicobacter infections, in intensive care patients and in connection with extensive surgery.

Use of Pro-, Pre- and Synbiotics in the ICU - Future options / El uso de pro, pre y simbióticos en cuidados intensivos: posibilidades futuras

Although the word synbiotics was coined to describe the combined action of pre- and probiotics, the ability to, like antibiotics, control infection, the term is now increasingly used in a wider sense, as a name for all the substances released by microbial fermentation in the lower gut. One obvious reason is that most of the substances released seem to influence the immune defense, increase resistance to disease, and, most important, prevent complications to surgery such as infections and thrombosis. Protection layer of lactobacillus does not exist only on the GI tract mucosa, it is important at all exterior body surfaces including those of the eye, the nose, the mouth, the respiratory tract, the vagina, not to forget the skin. It is clearly reduced at all sites when the patient is in the settings of ICU. Each human being has his/her own unique microbial collection, especially of strains of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, and it should be possible to identify an individual on the basis of his/her personal intestinal microflora. The flora seems always to be significantly reduced in the sick, especially in connection with severe disease, care in ICU, and in patients with little food intake or on parenteral nutrition. Supply of both pre- and probiotics can modify functions such as appetite, sleep, mood and circadian rhythm, and this most likely through metabolites produced by microbial fermentation in the gut. Supply of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can also significantly reduce serum levels of a variety of toxins such as endotoxin. An umbrella of supplemented probiotics could provide to the patients with liver cirrhosis a tool to reduce spetic manifestations and the incidence of bleeding. LAB are effective in controlling diarrhea of both bacterial and viral origin. A series of experimental studies and several uncontrolled clinical studies support the idea of using probiotics in patients with IBD. Ecoimmunonutrition with pre- pro- and synbiotics offer to be suitable tools in the new millenium (AU)

Aunque la palabra simbióticos fue acuñada para describir la acción combinada de pre y probióticos de controlar la infección, como los antibióticos, el término se utiliza cada vez en sentido más amplio, incluyendo todas las sustancias que son liberadas en el intestino distal por fermentación bacteriana. Una razón obvia es que la mayor parte de esas sustancias parece tener influencia en los mecanismos de defensa, en la resistencia a la infección y, lo que es más importante, en la prevención de complicaciones quirúrgicas tales como infecciones y trombosis. La capa protectora de lactobacillus no está presente únicamente en el tracto gastrointestinal. Es importante también en las superficies externas del organismo, el ojo, la nariz, la boca y el tracto digestivo, la vagina y la piel. Se reduce claramente en todos estos lugares cuando el paciente se encuentra en la unidad de cuidados intensivos.Cada ser humano tiene su colección única de microbios, con cepas específicas de bifidobacteria y lactobacilli, y sería posible identificar a los individuos a través de su microflora intestinal personal.La flora parece reducirse siempre de manera significativa en los enfermos, especialmente en enfermedades graves, en cuidados intensivos, en pacientes con ingesta alimentaria reducida y en los sometidos a nutrición parenteral. El suplemento de pre y probióticos puede modificar el apetito, el sueño, el estado anímico y el ritmo circadiano, probablemente a través de metabolitos producidos por la fermentación microbiana en el intestino. La administración de bacterias del ácido láctico también reduce de manera significativa los niveles séricos de una variedad de toxinas, como la endotoxina.Un paraguas de suplemento de probióticos podría facilitar a pacientes con cirrosis una herramienta para protegerse frente a manifestaciones sépticas y a hemorragia. Las bacterias del ácido láctico son efectivas en controlar la diarrea tanto de origen bacteriano como viral. Una serie de experimentos clínicos no controlados sugieren que los probióticos podrían ser de utilidad en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. La ecoinmunonutrición con pre-, pro y simbióticos parece ser un arma terapéutica adecuada en el futuro (AU)

Sodium polyacrylate potentiates the anti-adhesion effect of a cellulose-derived polymer.

Available methods for postoperative adhesion prevention are insufficient. A previous study demonstrated that LM-200, a bioadhesive cellulose derivative was effective in reducing adhesions. Increasing the viscosity of a polymer solution enhances the tissue separating properties. Theoretically, a combination of sodium polyacrylate (PA) and LM-200 would give more viscous solutions than LM-200 alone, and thus be more efficacious. Therefore the efficacy of various combinations of LM-200 and PA was investigated. A lesion was created in the peritoneum of mice. The solutions to be tested, or saline, were given intraperitoneally. One week post-operatively, adhesion formation was quantified and expressed as a percentage of the original lesion covered with adhesions. PA (0.01 and 0.03 wt%) given separately did not differ in adhesion reducing effect from LM-200 (p = 0.3710 and 0.3481) but PA (0.1 wt%) resulted in significantly less adhesion formation (p = 0.0004). The effect of LM-200 increased significantly when adding PA (0.01 wt%) (p = 0.0007) or PA (0.03 wt%) (p < 0.0001). When adding PA (0.1 wt%) the effect was even more pronounced (p < 0.0001). The combination of a bioadhesive cellulose derivative and the polymer PA, was effective in reducing postoperative adhesion formation and a dose-dependent increase in efficacy was obtained compared to using the two components separately.