Adherence to HEI-2010 and odds of breast cancer according to the menopause status: Evidence from Middle Eastern Country.

BACKGROUND: Majority of earlier studies have assessed the association between individual healthy eating index-2010 (HEI-2010) and the odds of breast cancer (BC). However, no study has been conducted on the effect of compliance with HEI-2010 and the odds of BC in the Iranian population with a large sample size. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the HEI-2010 and the odds of BC in the Iranian population. METHOD: This population-based case-control study included 350 newly diagnosed cases of BC and 700 healthy controls randomly selected from adult women. HEI-2010 was examined using validated questionnaires. The adherence to HEI-2010 among the participants was divided into four categories. The general characteristics of the participants in the quartiles of the HEI score for categorical variables and continuous variables were evaluated using chi-square and one-way analysis of variance, respectively. Also, using logistic regression analysis, dietary intakes were evaluated in HEI score quartiles. Also, confounding variables were adjusted in different models. RESULT: People with the highest HEI score had 60% lower odds of BC (OR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.27, 0.57) than those with the lowest score among post-menopause women. After controlling for age and energy intake, individuals with the highest HEI score were 78% less likely to have BC compared with those with the lowest score (OR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.33). Adjustments for other potential confounders including demographic factors made the association stronger (OR: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.32). This association remained significant even after taking BMI into model (OR: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.43). CONCLUSION: Finally, in this study we found an association between HEI-2010 and odds of breast cancer. This association was particularly seen in postmenopausal women. No significant association was found between adherence to HEI-2010 and odds of BC among pre-menopausal.

Dietary linoleic acid intake in relation to breast cancer: A case-control study.

Background: The present study aimed to investigate the association between dietary linoleic acid (LA) intake and breast cancer in women. Methods: In this population-based case-control study, we enrolled 350 pathologically confirmed breast cancer cases and 700 controls which were matched with cases in terms of age and socioeconomic status. Dietary intakes were assessed using a 106-item Willett-format semi-quantitative dish-based food frequency questionnaire (DS-FFQ). Odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. Results: A significant inverse association was found between LA intake and odds of breast cancer (OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.30-0.56). After adjusting for potential confounders, women in the highest tertile of dietary LA intake were 48% less likely to have breast cancer compared with those in the lowest tertile (OR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.28-0.95). Such a significant inverse association was also seen among normal-weight women (OR: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.14-0.63), and premenopausal women (OR: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.02-0.95). Conclusion: The findings of current study provide evidence for a protective role of LA against breast cancer particularly among normal-weight and premenopausal women. Prospective studies are needed to confirm this association.

A case-control study on the association between adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet and breast cancer.

Background: Previous studies on the association between diet and breast cancer are mostly from Western populations, and data from Middle East countries are scarce, where the prevalence of breast cancer is high; therefore, it ranks first among other cancers. This population-based case-control study aimed to investigate the relationship between a Mediterranean-style diet and breast cancer among Iranian women. Methods: In the current study, 350 new cases of breast cancer and 700 age- and socioeconomic status-matched controls were enrolled. We evaluated the dietary intakes of participants by using a 106-item Willett-format semi-quantitative dish-based food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). We calculated the Mediterranean diet score according to the dietary intakes of participants. In addition, using pre-tested questionnaires, we collected information on potential confounding variables. Results: In this study, we found a significant inverse association between the Mediterranean diet and breast cancer so that after controlling for potential confounders, individuals in the highest tertile of the Mediterranean diet score compared with those in the lowest tertile were 57% less likely to have breast cancer [odds ratio (OR): 0.43, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.28-0.67]. Such an inverse association was also observed for postmenopausal women. Similarly, after controlling for potential confounding variables, high adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern was associated with lower odds of breast cancer (OR: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.23-0.60). However, this relationship was not significant among premenopausal women. Conclusion: We found that adherence to Mediterranean dietary pattern was associated with reduced odds of breast cancer. Studies with prospective design are needed to further examine this association.

Dietary intake of branched-chain amino acids in relation to the risk of breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Given that, studies on the association of dietary intake of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) with risk of cancers, especially breast cancer, are limited, we aimed to examine the association between dietary intake of BCAAs and risk of breast cancer. METHODS: This case-control study was performed on Iranian women aged ≥ 30 years from July 2013 to July 2015. Overall 1050 women including 350 patients and 700 controls were included. Breast cancer was diagnosed by physical examination, mammography and pathological confirmation. We assessed dietary intakes using the validated 106-item Willett-format semi-quantitative dish-based food frequency questionnaire. The total intake of valine, leucine, and isoleucine from all food items in the questionnaire was used to calculate BCAAs intake. To estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), we used logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: After controlling for potential confounders, we found that women in the highest quartile of BCAAs had lower odds of breast cancer compared with the first quartile (OR: 0.50; 95% CI 0.34-0.72). When we stratified the analysis based on menopausal status, a significant inverse association between BCAAs intake and odds of postmenopausal breast cancer was observed (OR: 0.22; 95% CI 0.13-0.39), although this significant relationship was not found in premenopausal breast cancer (OR: 2.57; 95% CI 0.51-12.73). Also, this significant association was also observed for valine, leucine, and isoleucine separately. CONCLUSION: We found that higher dietary intake of BCAAs was significantly associated with a reduced risk of postmenopausal breast cancer.

Consumption of "Diabetes Risk Reduction Diet" and Odds of Breast Cancer Among Women in a Middle Eastern Country.

Background: Given the role of insulin resistance in several cancers, we hypothesized that consumption of a diet that reduces insulin resistance might lower the risk of breast cancer. Objective: The present study was designed to assess the association between consumption of "diabetes risk reduction diet" (DRRD) and odds of breast cancer among a large group of women in a Middle Eastern country. Methods: This population-based case-control study enrolled 350 newly diagnosed cases of stage I-IV breast cancer and 700 age-matched apparently healthy individuals as controls. We collected dietary data via a validated 106-item Willett-format semi-quantitative dish-based food frequency questionnaire. A DRRD score was included based on 9 dietary factors (cereal fiber, coffee, nuts, whole fruits, ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated, trans fat, sugar-sweetened beverages, red and processed meat, and lower glycemic index). For food and nutrient items with a protective association with diabetes in earlier studies, participants were given the score as the quintile of that food item, but for food groups with unfavorable association with diabetes, we did vice versa. Total DRRD score ranged from 5 to 45. Results: Mean age of cases and controls was 65.28 and 61.04 years. Mean BMI of patients with breast cancer and controls was 25.5 and 21.0. We found that individuals with the greatest adherence to the DRRD were 0.41 times less likely to have breast cancer than those with the lowest adherence (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.90, and P-trend = 0.002). Stratified analysis by menopausal status indicated a significant inverse relationship in postmenopausal women (OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.36-0.90), but not in premenopausal women (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.19-2.96). Moreover, by BMI status, we found statistically significant inverse association between adherence to the DRRD and odds of breast cancer among normal-weight women (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.36, 0.98) but not in overweight women (OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.31, 1.40). Conclusions: Significant inverse associations were found between adherence to DRRD and breast cancer, especially among postmenopausal and normal-weight women.

Consumption of dairy products and odds of breast cancer: an Iranian case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Data on the link between total and individual dairy product consumption and risk of breast cancer are controversial, especially in Middle Eastern populations. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the association between total and individual dairy product consumption and odds of breast cancer among Iranian women. METHODS: In the context of a population-based case-control study on 350 patients with pathologically confirmed cases of breast cancer and 700 age-matched controls, we assessed dietary intakes using a 106-item semi-quantitative dish-based food frequency questionnaire. Consumption of low- and high-fat dairy products as well as dietary intakes of pasteurized milk, cheese and yogurt were computed. RESULTS: Mean (± SD) age and BMI of study participants was 62.4 ± 10.8 y and 24.3 ± 5.2 kg/m2, respectively. After controlling for potential covariates, individuals in the top quartile of low-fat dairy product intake were less likely to have breast cancer than those in the bottom quartile (OR 0.08; 95% CI 0.05-0.16), while those with the highest intake of high-fat dairy intake had greater odds for breast cancer than those with the lowest intake (OR 8.62; 95% CI 4.78-15.55). Despite lack of a significant association between yogurt and cheese consumption and odds of breast cancer, we found a positive association between total milk intake (OR 1.76; 95% CI 1.16-2.65) and breast cancer, after controlling for potential confounders. CONCLUSION: Low-fat dairy intake was inversely and high-fat dairy consumption was positively associated with breast cancer. No significant association was found between yogurt and cheese consumption and breast cancer, while total milk intake was associated with a greater odds of breast cancer.

The Association between Dietary Calcium Intake and Breast Cancer Risk among Iranian Women.

No information is available from Middle Eastern countries linking dietary calcium intake and odds of breast cancer. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to investigate the association between dietary calcium intake and odds of having breast cancer among Iranian women.In this population-based case-control study, 350 newly diagnosed breast cancer cases were recruited and 700 age-matched subjects were enrolled as controls. Dietary intakes were examined by the use of a 106-item validated FFQ. Total dietary calcium intake of each participant was computed by summing up calcium intake from all foods and dishes. The quartile cutoff points of energy-adjusted calcium intake was obtained in the control group. These cutoff points were used to classify all study participants into quartiles in terms of dietary calcium intake.After adjustment for age and energy intake, we found that individuals in second quartile of calcium intake were 43% less likely to have breast cancer compared with those in the bottom quartile (OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.38-0.86). This significant association disappeared after further controlling for other potential confounders including dietary factors and BMI (OR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.57-1.45). When the analyses were done by menopausal status, premenopausal women with the greatest calcium intake were 60% less likely to have breast malignancy than those with the lowest intake (OR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.16-0.99). Adjustment for potential confounders did not substantially influence this finding (OR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.11-0.95). The association remained significant even after additional controlling for dietary covariates (OR: 021; 95% CI: 0.06-0.72) and BMI (OR: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.04-0.93). No significant association was found between dietary calcium intakes and odds of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.Dietary calcium intake was protectively associated with odds of breast cancer in premenopausal women, but not in postmenopausal women. Further prospective investigations are needed to confirm these findings.

Adherence to the MIND diet in relation to glioma: a case-control study.

Objectives: Although some components of MIND diet have been shown to have favorable association with glioma, no information exist about the potential link between adherence to the whole MIND diet and risk of glioma. This study was conducted to examine the association between adherence to MIND diet and risk of glioma in a group of Iranian adults.Methods: In this hospital-based case-control study, 128 newly diagnosed glioma cases and 256 age- and sex-matched controls were included. Dietary intakes of study participants were assessed using a validated 126-item semi-quantitative FFQ. The MIND diet score was computed based on participants' dietary intakes obtained from FFQ. Conditional logistic regression models were used to examine the association between the MIND diet score and glioma.Results: After controlling for age, sex and energy intake, individuals with the greatest adherence to the MIND diet were less likely to have glioma compared with those with the lowest adherence; such that those in the top tertile were 47% less likely to have glioma than those in the bottom tertile (OR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.30-0.94). Further adjustment for other potential confounders strengthened the association (OR for the highest tertile vs. the lowest: OR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.18-0.79). Additional controlling for BMI did not influence the association significantly (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.18-0.84).Discussion: In conclusion, we found that adherence to the MIND diet might be inversely associated with odds of glioma in this case-control study. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.

The association between adherence to the MIND diet and stroke: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVES: Although some components of MIND diet were associated with stroke, no information is available on the association between adherence to the MIND diet and odds of stroke. This study was conducted to investigate the association between adherence to the MIND diet and odds of stroke among Iranian adults. METHODS: This case-control study was done on 193 hospitalized stroke cases and 195 hospital-based controls in Al-Zahra hospital, Isfahan, Iran. Dietary intakes of study participants were assessed using a validated 168-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The MIND diet score was computed based on participants' dietary intakes obtained from FFQ. Stroke was confirmed by a trained neurologist using standard imaging methods. RESULTS: After controlling for age, sex, energy intake, physical activity, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and heart disease, there was no significant association between adherence to the MIND diet and stroke (OR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.26, 1.12). However, after further adjustment for BMI, we found that those with the greatest adherence to the MIND diet were less likely to have stroke compared with those with the lowest adherence; such that greater adherence to the MIND diet was associated with a 59% reduced odds of stroke (OR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.18-0.94). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we found that adherence to the MIND diet was inversely associated with odds of stroke in a case-control study. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.

Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load in relation to risk of breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies on the association between glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) in relation to breast cancer risk are contradictory. The aim of this study was to examine the association between dietary GI and GL and risk of breast cancer in Iranian women. DESIGN: Population-based case-control study. Dietary GI and GL were assessed using a validated Willett-format 106-item semi-quantitative FFQ. SETTING: Isfahan, Iran. PARTICIPANTS: Cases were 350 patients with newly diagnosed stage I-IV breast cancer, for whom the status of breast cancer was confirmed by physical examination and mammography. Controls were 700 age-matched apparently healthy individuals who were randomly selected from general population. RESULTS: After controlling for potential confounders, individuals in the highest tertile of dietary GI had 47 % higher odds of breast cancer than women in the lowest tertile (OR: 1·47; (95 % CI 1·02, 2·12)). Stratified analysis by menopausal status showed such association among postmenopausal women (OR: 1·51; (95 % CI 1·02, 2·23)). We found no significant association between dietary GL and odds of breast cancer either before (OR: 1·35; (95 % CI 0·99, 1·84)) or after adjustment for potential confounders (OR: 1·24; (95 % CI 0·86, 1·79)). In addition, stratified analysis by menopausal status revealed no significant association between dietary GL and odds of breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed a significant positive association between dietary GI and odds of breast cancer. However, we observed no significant association between dietary GL and odds of breast cancer.

Dietary phytochemical index in relation to risk of stroke: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND & AIM: No study explores the association of dietary phytochemical index (DPI) with stroke. This study was undertaken to obtain the required insight in this regard in Iranian adults. METHODS: This hospital-based case-control study was carried out on 195 stroke patients (diagnosed based on clinical and brained CT findings) and 195 control subjects with no history of cerebrovascular diseases or neurologic disorders). Data collection on dietary intakes was done using a 168-item validated FFQ. DPI was calculated using the McCarty equation. Logistic regression model in different models was used to evaluate the association between DPI and stroke. RESULTS: Mean age of study participants was 64.8 years, and 53.4% of them were male. Individuals in the highest tertile of DPI were younger (63 ± 11 vs. 67.4 ± 13 y, P = 0.01) and less likely to be physically active (2804 ± 5714 vs. 4772 ± 11912 M, P = 0.03). After adjustment for potential confounders, no significant relationship was observed between DPI and stroke risk (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.39-1.49). However, when we considered the effect of dietary intakes, subjects in the top tertile of DPI were 61% less likely to have a stroke than those in the bottom tertile (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.16-0.95). When BMI was controlled, the association between DPI and stroke became strengthened (OR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.12-0.86). CONCLUSION: We found evidence indicating a significant inverse association between DPI and odds of stroke in adults. Further prospective studies are warranted to confirm this association.

A Case-Control Study on Dietary Acid Load in Relation to Glioma.

Limited data are available linking dietary factors to glioma. The current study was conducted to investigate the association between Dietary Acid Load (DAL) and odds of glioma in Iranian adults. This case-control study was done on 128 newly diagnosed patients with glioma and 256 healthy controls in Tehran, Iran. A validated detailed food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary intakes of participants. DAL was estimated using the protein to potassium ratio (Pro: K). Glioma was diagnosed based on pathological tests. A detailed questionnaire including several non-dietary confounders was also completed. Participants in the highest tertile of DAL score had a non-significant higher odds of glioma as compared to those in the lowest tertile (OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 0.88-2.57), which remained after controlling for some potential confounders (OR: 1.66; 0.70-3.91). After further adjustment for dietary intakes of meats and processed meats, legumes and nuts, fruits, salt tea, and coffee, those in the top tertile of DAL score were significantly more likely to have glioma than those in the bottom tertile (OR: 3.09; 95% CI: 1.06, 8.99; P = 0.03). This association was also reached following further adjustment for BMI (OR: 3.05; 95% CI: 1.04, 8.91; P = 0.03). We found a significant positive association between dietary acid load, as estimated by Prot:K ratio, and odds of glioma among adults. Further studies, in particular prospective cohorts with long-term follow up, are required to confirm these findings.

Association between dietary phytochemical index and breast cancer: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Dietary intake of isoflavones has been positively associated with risk of breast cancer (BC) in some earlier studies. In addition, most studies on diet-disease associations came from western countries and limited data are available in the Middle-East. METHODS: This case-control study was performed on 350 women with BC aged over 30 years who were recruited from hospitals or private clinics in Isfahan, Iran. All patients were diagnosed with BC during the maximum of the last 6 months using physical examination and mammography findings. Using cluster method sampling, 700 apparently healthy age- and socioeconomic status-matched controls were randomly selected from healthy women who had no relationship with BC patients and had no familial history of BC. Data on dietary intakes were collected using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. The DPI was calculated based on dietary energy derived from foods rich in phytochemicals (kcal) divided by total daily energy intake (kcal) of each participant. RESULTS: Mean ± SD age and BMI in the study participants were 62.4 ± 10.8 years and 24.3 ± 5.2 kg/m2, respectively. In the crude model, participants in the highest quartile of DPI had 63% lower odds of breast cancer compared to those in the lowest quartile (95% CI 0.26, 0.54; P-trend < 0.001). After adjustment for potential confounders, this inverse association became strengthened (95% CI 0.22, 0.49; P-trend < 0.001). Further adjustment for BMI did not change the association (OR for the highest quartile vs. the lowest quartile = 0.40, 95% CI 0.26, 0.60; P-trend < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, a protective association was observed between DPI and BC in this case-control study. Therefore, high consumption of foods rich in phytochemicals such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains might help reducing the odds of BC among women.

The association between plant-based dietary patterns and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study.

Limited data are available, linking the plant-based diets to breast cancer (BC). We examined the association of overall plant-based diet index (PDI), hypothesized healthful (hPDI) and unhealthful versions of a plant-based diet index (uPDI) with BC in Iranian women. This population-based case-control study included 350 cases with newly diagnosed BC and 700 age-matched apparently healthy controls. We collected dietary data using a validated, Willett-format semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Using these data, we generated a PDI by dedicating positive scores to plant foods, and reverse scores to animal foods, hPDI by assigning positive scores to healthy plant foods and reverse scores to less healthy plant foods and animal foods, and finally uPDI in which positive scores were assigned to less healthy plant foods and reverse scores to healthy plant foods and animal foods. After controlling for potential confounders, individuals in the highest quartile of PDI had 67% lower odds of BC than those in the lowest quartile (OR 0.33; 95% CI 0.22-0.50). Individuals with the greatest adherence to hPDI were 36% less likely to have BC than those with the lowest adherence, in the fully adjusted model (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.43-0.94). In terms of uPDI, women in the top quartile had a 2.23 times greater chance of BC than those in the bottom quartile (OR 2.23; 95% CI 1.48-3.36). Greater adherence to PDI and hPDI was inversely associated with the risk of BC, whereas uPDI was associated with an increased risk.

Dietary acrylamide intake and risk of women's cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

This systematic review and meta-analysis was done to review earlier publications on the association between dietary acrylamide intake and risk of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers. We performed a systematic search in the online databases of PubMed, ISI Web of Science and Scopus for relevant publications up to August 2020. Prospective cohort studies that considered dietary acrylamide as the exposure variable and breast, endometrial or ovarian cancer as the main outcome variable or as one of the outcome variables were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. A total of fourteen cohort studies were included in the meta-analysis. We found no significant association between dietary acrylamide intake and the risk of breast (relative risk (RR) 0·95; 95 % CI 0·90, 1·01), endometrial (RR 1·03; 95 % CI 0·89, 1·19) and ovarian cancers (RR 1·02; 95 % CI 0·84, 1·24). In addition, we observed no significant association between dietary acrylamide intake and the risk of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers in different subgroup analyses by smoking status, menopausal status, BMI status and different types of breast cancer. In conclusion, no significant association was found between dietary acrylamide intake and the risk of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers.

Legume and Nuts Consumption in Relation to Odds of Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study.

Previous studies on the association between legume and nuts intake and risk of breast cancer have mainly been focused on individual components of legume or nuts, rather than consumption of the whole food group. This study aimed to investigate the relation between legume and nuts intake in relation to breast cancer in Iranian women. In this population-based case-control study, we enrolled 350 pathologically confirmed new cases of breast cancer and 700 controls which were matched with cases in terms of age and socioeconomic status. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated block-format 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Legume intake was computed by summing up the consumption of lentils, peas, chickpeas, and different kinds of beans, including red beans and pinto beans. To calculate nuts consumption, we summed up intake of mixed nuts, almond, peanut, walnut and hazelnut. Data on potential confounding variables were also collected using pre-tested questionnaires. Mean consumption of legume and nuts among cases and controls were 14.7 ± 15.0 and 2.3 ± 5.6, respectively. A significant inverse association was found between legume intake and breast cancer (OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.30-0.57); such that after adjusting for confounders, participants in the top tertile of legume intake had 46% lower odds of breast cancer compared with those in the bottom tertile (OR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.36-0.88). Such inverse association was seen among postmenopausal women (OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.31-0.85) and also among normal-weight participants (OR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.29-0.82). In terms of nuts intake, it was inversely associated with odds of breast cancer (OR: 0.16, 95% CI: 0.11-0.23). This association remained significant even after taking potential confounders into account (OR: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.09-0.26). The same association was also seen in premenopausal women (OR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.14-0.31), postmenopausal women (OR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.13-0.42), normal-weight (OR: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.08-0.28), and overweight or obese people (OR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.10-0.71). Our findings on the inverse association of legume and nuts intake with odds of breast cancer support the current recommendations on these foods. Prospective studies are needed to further examine this link.

A case-control study on dietary calcium intake and risk of glioma.

Limited evidence exists regarding the association between dietary calcium intake and risk of glioma. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between dietary calcium intake and risk of glioma in Iranian adults. In this hospital-based case-control study, we enrolled 128 newly-diagnosed cases of glioma and 256 age- and sex-matched controls. Patients with pathologically confirmed glioma (without any other cancers) were selected. Dietary intakes of study participants were collected through a validated 126-item food-frequency questionnaire. Dietary calcium intake was computed from dairy products in the questionnaire. Participants were categorized into quartiles of dietary calcium intake. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the association between dietary calcium intake and glioma. Higher dietary intake of calcium was associated with younger age, long duration of cell phone use, and frequent canned foods intake. After taking age, sex, and energy intake into account, participants with the greatest dietary calcium intake had 84% lower odds of glioma than those with the lowest intake [odds ratio (OR): 0.16; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.07-0.37]. Further adjustment for other potential confounders including nutrient intakes did not significantly alter the association (OR: 0.22; 95% CI, 0.08-0.64). Even after additional adjustment for BMI, we found a significant inverse association between dietary calcium intake and odds of glioma (OR: 0.23; 95% CI, 0.08-0.65). We found an inverse protective association between high dietary calcium intake and odds of glioma. Further prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Association between Adherence to "Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension" Eating Plan and Breast Cancer.

Despite the favorable association of components of "dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH)" diet and breast cancer (BC), limited data are available linking the whole DASH diet to BC. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between adherence to DASH eating plan and odds of BC in Iranian women. This population-based case-control study was conducted among women aged ≥30 years, who were residing in Isfahan, Iran. Cases were 350 patients with newly diagnosed stage I-IV breast cancer, for whom in-situ or invasive status of BC was confirmed by physical examination and mammography. Controls were 700 age-matched apparently healthy individuals who were randomly selected from general population. Dietary data were collected using a validated 106-item Willett-format semi-quantitative dish-based food frequency questionnaire. To investigate participants' adherence to DASH diet, we created DASH scores based on foods and nutrients emphasized or minimized in the DASH diet. After controlling for potential confounders, individuals in the highest quartile of the DASH diet score had 85% lower odds of breast cancer than women in the bottom quartile (OR: 0.15; 95% CIs: 0.09-0.24). Stratified analysis by menopausal status revealed such association in postmenopausal women (OR: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.06-0.19), but not in premenopausal women (OR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.14-2.59). In addition, when stratified by BMI status, we found statistically significant inverse association between adherence to the DASH eating pattern and odds of breast cancer among normal-weight (OR for comparing extreme quartiles: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.07-0.24; P-trend < 0.001) and obese women (0.13; 0.05-0.34; P-trend < 0.001). In conclusion, our findings indicated an inverse association between adherence to the DASH eating plan and odds of breast cancer among Iranian women. Further, prospective studies are required to confirm our findings.

Adherence to the MIND Diet and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Case-control Study.

INTRODUCTION: No data are available on the association between adherence to the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet and breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This population-based case-control study was conducted among women aged ≥ 30 years, who were residing in Isfahan, Iran. The study included 350 patients with newly diagnosed stage I to IV breast cancer, for whom in situ or invasive status of breast cancer was confirmed by physical examination, mammography, and pathologic verification. Controls were 700 age-matched apparently healthy individuals who were randomly selected from the general population. Dietary data were collected using a validated 106-item Willett-format, semi-quantitative dish-based food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: After adjustment for age and energy intake, women in the top tertile of the MIND diet score had 60% lower odds of breast cancer than women in the bottom tertile (odds ratio [OR], 0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29-0.55). In the fully adjusted model including body mass index, those with the greatest MIND diet scores had 50% lower chance of breast cancer (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.34-0.72) than those with the lowest adherence to the MIND diet. Postmenopausal women with the greatest adherence to the MIND diet were less likely to have breast cancer than those in the bottom tertile (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.30-0.66). In addition, we found a significant inverse association between adherence to the MIND diet and odds of breast cancer among normal-weight women (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.25-0.60). CONCLUSION: Adherence to the MIND diet was associated with a reduced chance of breast cancer in this case-control study.