Global epidemiology of heart failure.

Heart failure (HF) is a heterogeneous clinical syndrome marked by substantial morbidity and mortality. The natural history of HF is well established; however, epidemiological data are continually evolving owing to demographic shifts, advances in treatment and variations in access to health care. Although the incidence of HF has stabilized or declined in high-income countries over the past decade, its prevalence continues to increase, driven by an ageing population, an increase in risk factors, the effectiveness of novel therapies and improved survival. This rise in prevalence is increasingly noted among younger adults and is accompanied by a shift towards HF with preserved ejection fraction. However, disparities exist in our epidemiological understanding of HF burden and progression in low-income and middle-income countries owing to the lack of comprehensive data in these regions. Therefore, the current epidemiological landscape of HF highlights the need for periodic surveillance and resource allocation tailored to geographically vulnerable areas. In this Review, we highlight global trends in the burden of HF, focusing on the variations across the spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction. We also discuss evolving population-based estimates of HF incidence and prevalence, the risk factors for and aetiologies of this disease, and outcomes in different geographical regions and populations.

Expert Recommendations to Bridge Gaps in Heart Failure Patient Support in the Middle East and Africa Region.

Heart failure (HF) remains a serious health and socioeconomic problem in the Middle East and Africa (MEA). The age-standardized prevalence rate for HF in the MEA region is higher compared to countries in Eastern Europe, Latin America, and Southeast Asia. Also cardiovascular-related deaths remain high compared to their global counterparts. Moreover, in MEA, 66% of HF readmissions are elicited by potentially preventable factors, including delay in seeking medical attention, nonadherence to HF medication, suboptimal discharge planning, inadequate follow-up, and poor social support. Patient support in the form of activation, counseling, and caregiver education has been shown to improve outcomes in patients with HF. A multidisciplinary meeting with experts from different countries across the MEA region was convened to identify the current gaps and unmet needs for patient support for HF in the region. The panel provided insights into the real-world challenges in HF patient support and contributed strategic recommendations for optimizing HF care.

Comparison of pars plana vitrectomy and combined pars plana vitrectomy with phacoemulsification for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: A retrospective study about 120 eyes.

PURPOSE: To compare the outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and combined PPV with phacoemulsification (PPVCE) surgeries for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and cataract treatment. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 120 diabetic patients who underwent PPV or PPVCE. RESULTS: The key outcome indicators were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and post-operative complications. The PPVCE group had an average age of 53 years, with 50% females and 50% males. The initial visual acuity (VA) was 1.84 log MAR. In this group, BCVA remained stable or increased in 61 eyes (74%). Regarding the PPV group, the average age was 43 years; 65% were men while 34% were women. The initial VA was 1.83 log MAR; in this group, the VA increased or remained stable in 28 eyes (73%). The evolution of the VA was rather symmetric in the two groups without a significant difference (P = 0.9). Similarly, the occurrence of postoperative complications was comparable for the main complications studied, namely the inflammatory reaction (P = 0.809), ocular hypertension (P = 0.344), corneal edema (P = 0.07), and neovascular glaucoma (P = 0.413). However, there was a decrease in BCVA (three lines) in the PPV group after 6 months of follow-up (P = 0.05) in patients with a clear lens preoperatively and who developed a clinically evident cataract. CONCLUSION: According to this study, for diabetic patients with severe cataracts and vitreoretinal disease requiring vitrectomy, combining vitrectomy with phacoemulsification as a single surgical intervention may be a suitable therapeutic choice. This approach does not significantly increase the risk of visual impairment or retinopathy development.

Rationale and design of the ESC Heart Failure III Registry - Implementation and discovery.

AIMS: Heart failure outcomes remain poor despite advances in therapy. The European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure III Registry (ESC HF III Registry) aims to characterize HF clinical features and outcomes and to assess implementation of guideline-recommended therapy in Europe and other ESC affiliated countries. METHODS: Between 1 November 2018 and 31 December 2020, 10 162 patients with chronic or acute/worsening HF with reduced, mildly reduced, or preserved ejection fraction were enrolled from 220 centres in 41 European or ESC affiliated countries. The ESC HF III Registry collected data on baseline characteristics (hospital or clinic presentation), hospital course, diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in hospital and at the clinic visit; and on outcomes at 12-month follow-up. These data include demographics, medical history, physical examination, biomarkers and imaging, quality of life, treatments, and interventions - including drug doses and reasons for non-use, and cause-specific outcomes. CONCLUSION: The ESC HF III Registry will provide comprehensive and unique insight into contemporary HF characteristics, treatment implementation, and outcomes, and may impact implementation strategies, clinical discovery, trial design, and public policy.

Rhino-Orbital Cerebral Mucormycosis: A Fatal Evolution.

Rhino-orbital cerebral mucormycosis is a rare and serious fungal infection caused by fungi of the Mucorales order, most commonly by the species Rhizopus oryzae. It occurs generally in an immunocompromised host, and the contamination of healthy subjects remains exceptional. The clinical presentation is not specific. The diagnosis of rhino-orbital cerebral mucormycosis is difficult based on a range of clinical, microbiological, and radiological arguments. Imaging studies may include CT/MRI of the orbit, brain, and sinuses and show signs of aggressiveness, intracranial complications, and evolution under treatment. The standard treatment is antifungal therapy and necrosectomy. We report a case of a 30-year-old patient admitted to intensive care for the management of postpartum hemorrhage complicating severe preeclampsia who presented with rhinocerebral mucormycosis with left orbital extension. Adequate therapeutic management in the intensive care unit was provided; however, the patient died within seven days of septic shock with multiorgan failure. The mortality is determined by the correction of risk factors, the timing of initiation of the antifungal therapy, and surgical debridement.

Diabetic Retinopathy Prediction Based on Wavelet Decomposition and Modified Capsule Network.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common consequences of diabetes. It affects the retina, causing blood vessel damage which can lead to loss of vision. Saving patients from losing their sight or at least slowing the progress of this disease depends mainly on the early detection of this pathology, on top of the detection of its specific stage. Furthermore, the early detection of diabetic retinopathy and the follow-up of the patient's condition remains an arduous task, whether for an experienced expert ophthalmologist or a computer-aided diagnosis technician. In this paper, we aim to propose a new automatic diabetic retinopathy severity level detection method. The proposed approach merges the pyramid hierarchy of the discrete wavelet transform of the retina fundus image with the modified capsule network and the modified inception block proposed, in addition to a new deep hybrid model that concatenates the inception block with capsule networks. The performance of our proposed approach has been validated on the APTOS dataset, as it achieved a high training accuracy of 97.71% and a high testing accuracy score of 86.54%, which is considered one of the best scores achieved in this field using the same dataset.

Strategic Recommendations to Bridge the Gaps in Awareness, Diagnosis and Prevention of Heart Failure in the Middle East Region and Africa.

Objective: With the increasing burden of heart failure (HF) in the Middle East Region and Africa (MEA), it is imperative to shift the focus to prevention and early detection of cardiovascular diseases. We present a broad consensus of the real-world challenges and strategic recommendations for optimising HF care in the MEA region. Method: To bridge the gaps in awareness, prevention, and diagnosis of HF, an assembly of experts from MEA shared their collective opinions on the urgent unmet needs. Results: Lack of awareness in the community, high prevalence of risk factors, poor accessibility and affordability of care and diagnostics are the major barriers for delayed or missed diagnosis of HF in MEA. Enhancing patient awareness, through digital or social media campaigns, alongside raising knowledge of healthcare providers and policymakers with training programmes, can pave the way for influencing policy decisions and implementation of robust HF programmes. Multicountry registries can foster development of guidelines factoring in local challenges and roadblocks for HF care. Region-specific guidelines including simplified diagnostic algorithms can provide a blueprint of care for early detection of at-risk patients and facilitate efficient referral, thus mitigating clinician "therapeutic inertia." Multidisciplinary care teams and HF clinics with expanded role of nurses can streamline lifestyle modification and optimum control of dyslipidaemia, blood pressure, and glycaemia through guideline-recommended prevention therapies such as sodiumglucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors-thus supporting pleiotropic effects in high-risk populations. Conclusion: Development of regional guidelines, enhancing awareness, leveraging digital technology, and commitment for adequate funding and reimbursement is pivotal for overcoming structural and health system-related barriers in the MEA region.

[Chronic corneal ulcer revealing Parry-Romberg's syndrome: a case report]. / Ulcère de cornée chronique révélant un syndrome de Parry-Romberg: à propos d´un cas.

Parry-Romberg´s syndrome is a rare clinical entity characterized by progressive hemifacial atrophy associated with several systemic manifestations including ophthalmologic, neurologic, maxillofacial symptoms whose treatment should be multidisciplinary. We here report a case of Parry-Romberg´s syndrome diagnosed in a patient referred for management of chronic corneal ulcer following hypoesthesia, characterized by rare and difficult-to-treat features.

Hydroxychloroquine as antiviral prophylaxis for exposed caregivers to Covid-19: An urgent appraisal is needed.

BACKGROUND: Since the onset of the new coronavirus pandemic, the world is facing a public health emergency. Repositioning hydroxychloroquine (HQ) seems to be a promising option. Many emerging evidences have converged on the effectiveness of HQ in the treatment of Covid-19 infection. In a recent paper, Gautret et al. suggested that further works are needed to determine if HQ antiviral prophylaxis is useful, especially for healthcare workers. METHODS: The purpose of this paper is to assess the Covid-19 exposure and risks level among caregivers. For this, we performed research on internet and PubMed by crossing the following keywords: healthcare givers, healthcare workers, doctors, nurses, coronavirus, Covid-19, mortality, infection rate, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine. RESULTS: Data on healthcare worker's infection and mortality by Covid-19 are partial and are not systematically published. However, it seems that the infection rate varies between 3.8% and 9% depending on the country. Moreover, the mean age of this population is relatively old, especially in the OECD area. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-Covid-19 HQ prophylaxis should be urgently accessed, especially for healthcare workers. It is to be hoped that HQ prophylaxis reduces the morbidity and mortality from Covid-19 infection among this population which is particularly exposed and relatively old.

[Unusual regressive cataract with petaloid-shaped crystalline core]. / Une cataracte inhabituelle: régressive à noyau pétaloïde.

We report the case of a 38-year old patient with no previous medical-surgical history, victim of traumatic contusion injury in the right eye resulting from stone blow which occurred 20 years before and experiencing progressive decrease in visual acuity over the last 10 years. Ophthalmologic examination of the right eye showed visual acuity of counting fingers and ocular tone 11 mmHg. Examination of the anterior segment after dilation of the pupil showed regressive cataract with petaloid-shaped crystalline core. The petals had dense edges and sutures. Given the inaccessibility of the ocular fundus and that the examination of the left eye objectified no abnormalities, ocular ultrasound was performed.

Alteration of HDL functionality and PON1 activities in acute coronary syndrome patients.

OBJECTIVE: The functionality of HDL has been suggested as an important factor in the prevention of cardiovascular and coronary artery diseases. The objective of the present study was to investigate the functionality of HDL and the factors that may affect the anti-atherogenic properties of HDL in ACS patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred healthy subjects and 205 ACS patients were recruited. HDL functionality was evaluated by measuring their capacity to mediate cholesterol efflux from J774 macrophages. Oxidative stress status was determined by measuring plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl, and vitamin E levels by HPLC. The PON1 Q192R polymorphism status and PON1 paraoxonase and arylesterase activities of the healthy subjects and ACS patients were also determined. The HDL of ACS patients displayed a limited capacity to mediate cholesterol efflux, especially via the ABCA1-pathway. MDA (7.06±0.29 µM) and protein carbonyl (9.29±0.26 µM) levels were significantly higher in ACS patients than in healthy subjects (2.29±0.21 µM and 3.07±0.17 µM, respectively, p<0.0001), while α- and γ-tocopherol (vitamin E) levels in ACS patients were 8-fold (p<0.001) and 2-fold (p<0.05) lower than in healthy subjects. Paraoxonase, arylesterase and HDL-corrected PON1 activities (PON1 activity/HDL ratio) were significantly lower in ACS patients. Logistic regression analyses showed that high PON1 paraoxonase and arylesterase activities had a significant protective effect (OR=0.413, CI 0.289-0.590, p<0.001; OR=0.232 CI 0.107-0.499, p<0.001, respectively) even when adjusted for HDL level, age, BMI, and PON1 polymorphism. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study showed that the functionality of HDL is impaired in ACS patients and that the impairment may be due to oxidative stress and an alteration of PON1 activities.

[Postpartum group B streptococcal endocarditis of the tricuspid valve]. / Endocardite tricuspide du post-partum à streptocoque B.

The B streptococcal endocarditis are very rare. They primarily affect the left heart valves, the achievement of the tricuspid valve is exceptional. We report a young patient aged of 36 years who presented in postpartum a tricuspid endocarditis with streptococcus B. She was treated by third-generation cephalosporin and aminoglycoside. The evolution after 5 days of antibiotic therapy was marked by a rapid valvular destruction with worsening tricuspid insufficiency leading to death of the patient. This is the 23rd case of tricuspid endocarditis streptococcal B reported in the literature. The mortality of this disease reached 36% in the absence of surgical treatment. The medico-surgical approach is the treatment of choice for these patients.

Immediate impact of successful percutaneous mitral valve commissurotomy on right ventricular function.

AIMS: Mitral stenosis (MS) affects right ventricular (RV) function as a result of myocardial and haemodynamic factors. Although the long-term effects of mitral commissurotomy are well known, the aim of this study was to evaluate the immediate impact of percutaneous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC) on RV function in patients with MS. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twelve female patients (mean age 29 +/- 7 years) with isolated rheumatic MS, all in sinus rhythm, were studied before and 24-48 h after PTMC. Multiple parameters of global and longitudinal RV function were assessed by conventional and tissue Doppler imaging echocardiography. Immediately following PTMC, mitral valve area increased from 0.91 +/- 0.29 cm(2) to 1.86 +/- 0.43 cm(2) (P < 0.0001) and RV outflow tract fractional shortening (RVOTfs) increased from 57 +/- 15% to 72 +/- 12% (P = 0.002). There was a significant decrease in systolic pulmonary artery pressure from 46.4 +/- 32.1 mmHg to 29.1 +/- 13.4 mmHg (P = 0.02), in the RV Tei index from 0.44 +/- 0.025 to 0.29 +/- 0.17 (P = 0.021), in myocardial acceleration during isovolumic contraction (IVA) at the lateral tricuspid annulus from 0.36 +/- 0.11 m/s(2) to 0.25 +/- 0.07 m/s(2) (P = 0.023), and in isovolumic contraction velocities at the lateral tricuspid annulus from 11.03 +/- 3.37 cm/s to 8.50 +/- 2.04 cm/s (P = 0.034). In contrast, tissue Doppler velocities at the septal tricuspid annulus remained unchanged. The RV Tei index correlated with systolic pulmonary artery pressure before but not after PTMC (r = 0.70, P = 0.01, and r = 0.270, P = 0.053). CONCLUSION: Immediately after successful PTMC, significant decrease in RV contractility as assessed by IVA was observed whereas other parameters of infundibular and global RV function as assessed by RVOTfs and Tei index showed significant improvement. These discordant results may be related to the relative insensitivity of currently available echocardiography parameters of RV function that are not completely immune to loading conditions. Further work using larger numbers of patients is needed to confirm our findings and to assess their utility in patient follow-up and management.

Haemodialysis: effects of acute decrease in preload on tissue Doppler imaging indices of systolic and diastolic function of the left and right ventricles.

AIMS: Conventional echocardiographic (ECHO) parameters of left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) systolic and diastolic function have been shown to be load-dependent; however, the impact of preload reduction on tissue Doppler (TD) parameters of LV and RV function is incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of acute preload reduction by haemodialysis (HD) on conventional (ECHO) and TD imaging (TDI) indices of systolic and diastolic function of the left and right ventricles. METHODS AND RESULTS: Seventeen chronically uremic patients (age 31 +/- 10 years), without overt heart disease underwent conventional 2D and Doppler ECHO together with measurement of longitudinal mitral and tricuspid annular motion velocities. Fluid volume removed by HD was 2706 +/- 1047 cm(3). Haemodialysis led to reduction in LV end-diastolic volume (P < 0.0001), end-systolic volume (P < 0.001), peak early (E wave) transmitral flow velocity (P = 0.0001), and the ratio of early to late Doppler velocities of diastolic mitral inflow (P = 0.021). For the LV, early diastolic (E0) TDI velocities and the ratio of early to late TDI diastolic velocities (E0/A0) only on the septal side of the mitral annulus decreased significantly after HD (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.009, respectively). In a subgroup of seven patients who sustained significantly larger fluid volume loses following HD, E0 and the ratio of E0/A0 at the lateral side of mitral annulus also decreased suggesting a greater resistance of the lateral annulus to preload changes. Systolic velocities decreased after HD on both sides of mitral annulus (septal 6.90 +/- 1.10 vs. 5.97 +/- 1.48 cm/s, P = 0.006; lateral 8.68 +/- 2.67 vs. 6.94 +/- 1.52 cm/s, P = 0.011). For the RV, systolic tricuspid annular velocities decreased (13.45 +/- 1.47 vs.11.73 +/- 1.90 cm/s, P = 0.002) together with early diastolic velocities after HD (13.95 +/- 2.90 vs.10.62 +/- 2.45 cm/s, P = 0.0001). Both systolic and early diastolic tricuspid annular velocities correlated directly with fluid removal (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: This study shows that both systolic and diastolic TDI velocities of the LV and RV are preload-dependent. However, the lateral mitral annulus is more resistant to preload changes than either the septal mitral annulus or the lateral tricuspid annulus.

A large aneurysm of a left sinus of Valsalva invading the interventricular septum--a rare cause of syncope.

Sinus of Valsalva aneurysms are uncommon, especially those in the left sinus of Valsalva. A case of a 45-year-old woman with syncope is presented. She was in complete heart block. Auscultation revealed moderate aortic regurgitation. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed a subaortic membrane attached to the interventricular septum with expansion in diastole and collapse in systole. A diastolic flow was seen at the edge of this membrane. Transesophageal echocardiography revealed a cystic mass that was thought to be a large aneurysm with a parietal thrombus of the left coronary sinus extending into the interventricular septum. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the diagnosis. The aneurysm extension to the interventricular septum resulted in complete heart block, presumably through compression of normal atrioventricular nodal function. Case reports of the latter association are extremely rare. The present is a rare report describing the magnetic resonance imaging appearance of a left sinus of Valsalva aneurysm.

P-wave and QRS complex measurements in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Hemodialysis (HD) has been associated with an increase in the amplitude of QRS complexes. Experience in a single patient with multiple measurements has shown that HD leads also to augmentation of P-wave amplitude. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate electrocardiogram (ECG) changes with HD in a cohort of patients undergoing this procedure with particular emphasis on the P-wave and QRS complex changes. The sum of amplitudes of P waves (OP) and QRS complexes (OQRS) in millimeters in the 12 leads of the ECG, along with a host of other ECG parameters, body weight, blood pressure, heart rate, electrolytes, and hemoglobin/hematocrit were measured before and immediately after HD in 47 patients. Hemodialysis resulted in a loss of a mean of 3 kg of weight and an increase in the SigmaP, SigmaQRS, mean QRS duration, maximum P-wave duration, and P-wave duration measured in lead II, whereas the changes in mean P-wave and corrected QT interval durations were not statistically significant. Percentage change (Delta%) in SigmaP and SigmaQRS correlated poorly with Delta% in electrolytes, hematocrit, blood pressure, heart rate, and weight. Values for SigmaP and SigmaQRS vs weight were r = 0.105, P = .48 and r = 0.09, P = .51, respectively. The Delta% in SigmaP correlated well with Delta% in SigmaQRS (r = 0.42, P = .003). Alterations in P-wave amplitudes and duration commensurate with the ones affecting the corresponding QRS complexes occur in patients undergoing HD and indicate that evaluation of measurements in serial ECGs should take this into account. The mechanisms of these phenomena continue to be elusive, and whether they represent cardiac and/or extracardiac influences has not as yet been unraveled.

Impact of hemodialysis on P-wave amplitude, duration, and dispersion.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a frequent arrhythmia in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). P wave duration (PWdu) and P wave dispersion (PWdi) have been shown to be predictors of emerging AF in different clinical conditions. We sought to study the impact of HD on PWdu, PWdi, and P wave amplitude in a cohort of patients undergoing HD. Seventeen patients (8 men, 31+/-10 years) were studied. Echocardiography parameters, the sum of the amplitude of P waves in all 12 ECG leads (SP), mean PWdu, and PWdi, along with a host of other parameters (body weight, heart rate, electrolytes and hemoglobin/hematochrit) were measured 1/2h, before and after, HD. SP increased (11.8+/-3.9 vs 15.3+/-4.0 mm, p = 0.004), mean PWdu remained stable (82.7+/-11.1 vs 81.6+/-10.5 ms, p = 0.606), PWdi decreased (51.7+/-19.1 vs 41.7+/-19.1 ms, p = 0.03), and left atrial dimension decreased (37.96+/-3.90 vs 30.62+/-3.38 mm, p = 0.0001), after HD. The change in PWdi correlated with fluid removed by HD (r = -0.55, p = 0.022). Re-measurements of P-wave parameters in a random group of 11 of the 17 patients revealed augmented SP (p = 0.01), and stable mean PWdu (p = 0.36), and PWdi (p = 0.31), after HD. Fluid removed by HD leads to an increase in SP, a stable mean PWdu, and decrease (or stability on re-measurement in a subgroup of patients) in PWdi. Stability of PWdu may be due to the effects of augmentation of the P-wave amplitude and the reduction of the left atrial volume, cancelling each other. Variability of PWdi may stem from the occasional impossibility to measure PWdu (or measure it correctly) in minute P-waves in certain ECG leads, which in turn profoundly affects the PWdi.

Determinants of augmentation of ECG QRS complexes and R waves in patients after hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: Hemodialysis (HD) leads to an augmentation in the amplitude of QRS complexes (QRS-c), and R waves (R-w); some correlates of this phenomenon have been identified, but the exact mechanism for these ECG changes remains elusive. The objective of this study is to search for the underlying mechanism(s) of the post-HD augmentation of QRS-c and R-w. METHODS: The sum of the amplitudes of ECG QRS-c and R-w, along with a host of other parameters (body weight, fluid volumes, echocardiographically-derived left ventricular dimensions and volumes, serum potassium, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and others) was measured, before and after HD, in 17 patients with end-stage renal failure. RESULTS: While there were many correlations noted between the changes in the QRS-c and R-w and some of the above variables in numerous univariate analyses carried out, multivariate analyses did not identify any of the examined variables as exerting an independent influence on the observed ECG changes after HD. CONCLUSION: Augmentation of QRS-c and R-w following HD is engendered by an interplay of a decrease in the LVEDD/LVEDV, and K+, loss of fluid volume, and a rise in Hb and Ht, without any of the above being an independent variable; also other factor(s) (e.g., increase in the body electrical impedance) exerting an influence in this ECG phenomenon cannot be excluded.

Changes in the QT intervals, QT dispersion, and amplitude of T waves after hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: Increased QT dispersion (QTd) has been associated with an increased risk for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in the general population and in various clinical states. METHODS: We investigated the impact of hemodialysis (HD) on QT, QTd, and T-wave amplitude in subjects with end-stage renal failure. Data on 49 patients on chronic HD were studied. The QT, QTd, and the sum of amplitude of T waves (SigmaT) in millimetre in the 12 ECG leads, along with a host of other ECG parameters, body weight, blood pressure, heart rate, electrolytes, and hemoglobin/hematocrit were measured before and immediately after HD. RESULTS: QT decreased (380.9 +/- 38.4-363.5 +/- 36.8 ms, P = 0.001), the QTc did not change (406.2 +/- 30.8-405.4 +/- 32.2 ms, P = 0.8), the QTd increased (31.3 +/- 14.6-43.9 +/- 18.6 ms, P = 0.003), and the SigmaT decreased (32.3 +/- 15.7-25.9 +/- 12.6 mm, P = 0.0001) after HD. There was no correlation between the change in QTd and the changes in serum cations, heart rate, the subjects' weight, T-wave duration, and SigmaT. However, the change in QTc correlated inversely with the change in serum Ca(++) (r =-0.339, P = 0.021). CONCLUSION: QTd increased, the SigmaT decreased, and the QTc and T-wave duration remained stable, after HD. The QTd increase, although may be real, could also reflect measurement errors stemming from the decrease in the amplitude of T waves (as shown recently), imparted by HD; this requires clarification, to use QTd in patient on HD.