[Early recognition of orthodontic problems by the general dentist during oral examination: signs which should attract attention]. / La reconnaissance précoce des problèmes orthodontiques par le dentiste généraliste lors de l'examen buccal: les signes qui doivent attirer l'attention.

The last decennia more and more patients are aware of the advantages of a good dental health. Dental minded parents in their children visit the dentist (general practitioner, GP) on a regular basis for a routine check up. During this check up, signs of possible future orthodontic problems can be encountered by the GP. In this article guidelines are handed to the GP by means of a flow chart which can be used at the end of the dental examination. Anterior/posterior relation, cross-bites, deep and open bite, habits and crowding shall be briefly discussed. Heaving knowledge of these, the GP can decide referring the patient to the orthodontist for further orthodontic evaluation.

Orthodontic treatment considerations in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is diagnosed in 3% to 4% of the population. This metabolic disorder is characterized by hyperglycemia caused by the body's deficient management of insulin. Two main types of DM exist: type 1 is a total deficiency in insulin secretion, and type 2 is a combination of resistance to insulin action and inadequate compensatory insulin secretion. Diagnosis and monitoring of DM is based on blood glucose concentration or glycosylated hemoglobin concentration. The dental practitioner should be aware of the oral manifestations of DM in order to spot initial symptoms of the disease. When treating DM patients, the practitioner must understand the consequences of the disease in relation to dental treatment. In this review, we examine the implications of DM when orthodontic treatment is planned.