Toxic Metals and Trace Elements in Artisanal Honeys from the Canary Islands.

Honey is a natural product made by honey bees from the nectar of flowers or secretions produced by other living plant parts. The metal content of the honeys is related to the levels of metals in the environment. Due to the importance of honey in the human diet and the increase of environmental pollution, it is necessary to determine the content of metals in honey to evaluate the toxicological risk derived from its consumption. The objective of this study was to determine the content of 20 metals (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, and Zn) in different samples of artisanal honey from the Canary Islands (Spain) in order to evaluate the dietary intake derived from the consumption of these honeys. A total of 161 samples of different types of Canary honey were analyzed by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry). K (825 mg/kg) was the macroelement found in highest concentration, while B (4.25 mg/kg) was the trace element with the highest mean concentration. Al (3.33 mg/kg) was the most abundant toxic metal, followed by Pb (0.040 mg/kg) and Cd (0.002 mg/kg). A mean consumption of 25 g/day of honey mainly contributes to the recommended daily intake of Cu (1.34% adults) and K (0.67% adults). As regards the toxic metals, the contribution percentage to the TDI (tolerable daily intake) of Pb at 2.92% for adults is noteworthy. However, the consumption of honey does not imply a high intake of metals and, therefore, does pose a risk to the health of adult men and women.

Mycoflora and Aflatoxin-Producing Strains of Aspergillus flavus in Greenhouse-Cultivated Green Beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

The fungal contamination in green beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was studied according to their location and height during growth in greenhouses. The genera most frequently isolated were Aureobasidium , Aspergillus , Penicillium , and Alternaria . Height and location did not have a significant influence on the fungal contamination of the beans. A strain of A. flavus was isolated which had the capacity to synthesize aflatoxins in vitro.