[50 years among the pioneers of a new medical specialty; the development of modern traumatology]. / Otven év egy új orvosi szakág úttöröi között: a modern baleseti sebészet kialakulása.

On the basis of his half a century medical experiences the author analyses how the traumatology became an independent branch of medicine.--L. Markusovszky's scientific achievements in the domain of the field surgery, organization, education and professional policy considerably influenced the development of the traumatology. Derived from the surgery, the present-day traumatology's basis feature is to provide a high-level professional education and a well organised continuing medical attendance.--The achievements of the last fifty years are now disclosed to the readers on the strength of the experiences of the author and his contemporary collegues. He breaks the national events into 10 years periods which are in fact representing the efforts and the results of the European shools. Finally in the approach of the second millennium he is looking toward the future. With the full knowledge of the nowadays difficulties he is trying to answer how will advance all that has been founded in the last fifty years. Especially as in the next few decades the harmonization European, an internationally similar high-quality medical attendance will be a considerable task.

[Interpretation of the teachings of Endre Högyes in the light of today's health policy]. / Högyes Endre tanításainak értelmezése napjaink szakmapolitikájában.

In the E. Högyes memorial lecture the author has given a comparative analysis between the concepts of Högyes at the end of the last century concerning gradual and postgradual medical education, public life, and health policy and the actual problems in Hungary. It has been mentioned also some report of leading foreign experts in topics mentioned above.

[Management of pathological fractures in bone metastases. Principles, methods, results]. / Csontmetastasisokban létrejött patológiás törések kezelése. Elvek, módszerek, eredmények.

The data of 96 patients treated for impending or existed fractures between 1980-1990 are discussed in this paper. The authors describe a practical method of treatment based on a simple staging. The analysis of the survival times support the applicability of this recommended method. The authors suggest to the importance of the early diagnosis and draw attention to the control with scintigraphy of the tumor patients. The necessity of the surgical treatment of the patients suffered from pathological fractures is nowadays hardly debatable. The early diagnosis and the "radical" surgery improve the patient's chances for survival and can better the quality of life as well.

A new concept in the molecular process of muscle contraction: functional role of phosphorylated amino acids in myosin.

In this report a summary is given of our experiments concerning the in vivo endogenous phosphate (P) content of myosin. It was found that besides the ester type phosphates of myosin there was a considerable amount of N-P type energy-rich phosphoryl groups bond to the basic amino acids of peptide chains. The endogenous P concentration of myosin depends on the source of the preparation. The concentration of P is much higher in myosin preparations of well-trained animals and human subjects compared to those found in the control muscles. As the P binding sites of fresh purified myosin are only partially saturated, the preparations can incorporate P up to a definite saturation only. The phosphorylating ability of myosins disappears after prolonged storage as a consequence of an alteration in structure of the myosin molecule. The P groups are moving inside the myosin molecule. It is supposed that the inorganic P release promoted by actin is connected with the thin filament movements towards the centre of the sarcomere, furthermore P replenishment, P linking and movement involve N3-trimethyl-lysine, 3-methylhistidine, P-Arg and two conformers of P-His. The two net negative charges of P group form electric monopoles of a minor battery (myosin head). They help to force generation at head rotation (90 degrees-45 degrees angle) and produce free energy changes that can be calculated from the number of N-P bonds.

Autophosphorylation of untrained and well-trained skeletal muscle myosin.

Earlier the autophosphorylation of myosin and the labile phosphate (P) content of rabbit skeletal muscle was reported [6, 7, 9]. The present paper describes that the endogeneous preformed P level in fresh preparation of exercised muscle is higher than that of untrained control one. It was revealed that the presence of a significant amount of mitochondrial myosin (with much higher P content) in the well-trained human muscle preparations falsified the appreciation of myofibrillar myosin. Therefore, a reliable myofibrillar preparation with correct P content from exercised subjects was obtained only after the separation of mitochondrial fraction. The P content of fresh preparations can be increased by phosphorylation even in the exercised muscle myosins up to the most higher level in human samples. The phosphoryl group incorporation from [gamma-32P]ATP into the rabbit and hare myosins was checked by radioactive tracer technique, and confirmed by total P content determination performed parallel with molybdate test. It was stated that under present circumstances the labelled 32P incorporation was lower even at an optimal substrate concentration than that of P value obtained directly with molybdate method; because the total P content of preparations had not exchanged during 2 min incubation. So it has been concluded from [gamma-23P] phosphoryl group assayments that much higher amount of P was incorporated into P-Arg, N pi-P-His and fraction 2 as compared with unappreciated labelled P level of the inorganic P (P-Ser, P-Thr), P-Lys, N tau-P-His and minor fractions. From these observations it has been considered that the P-Arg, N pi-P-His and fraction 2 take part in the contraction mechanism and in the course of physical training.

[Claw plates--new implants for para-articular osteosynthesis]. / Krallenplatten--die neuen Implantate für gelenknahe Osteosynthesen.

The claw plate types used by us are manufactured according to the same principle. These plates are mostly applied in the treatment of multiple fragment fractures and in the fixation of osteotomies. A strong fixation of the plate, also to little fragments close to the joint, is achieved by the claws and one screw. The plates may be used for neutralization or as a support, distance piece, or compression plate. The shape of the variable plate as well as the claws can be formed. The masses of the maximum and minimum plate are adapted to the different sizes of bones. No special instrument is needed to insert the claw plate, and the region around the joint can be laid open in a sparing manner. Regarding the experience accumulated during ten years and the good results obtained, we are of the opinion that claw plates can be used successfully to complete the methods applied hitherto in the treatment of joint-near fractures of all long bones except the femur.

[The role of the fibula in the stability of the lower leg]. / Die Rolle der Fibula in der Statik des Unterschenkels.

The authors wanted to study on 24 prepared lower leg sceleton the biomechanical role of the fibula in a "total load" position. The supporting capacity of the fibula makes nearly 1/3 of the total, therefore the surgical reconstruction of the fibula can be useful in the treatment of fractures of the lower leg.

[Bolted medullary nailing (author's transl)]. / Elreteszelö velöürszegezés.

Authors described the development of bolted medullary nailing and presents indications and technique. Points out the advantages of the procedure, but the difficulties in aiming, a basic part of the technique is also mentioned. With selfconstructed guide and other modifications the applicability of bolted medullary nailing was promoted. His experience of 112 operations is remarkable even in international relations. This material is analysed.

[Interlocking medullary nailing in closed fractures of the tibia (author's transl)]. / Die Verriegelungsnagelung bei geschlossenen Unterschenkelschaftbrüchen.

The indications for operative treatment of fractures of the tibia are relative. The use of medullary nailing can be enlarged by the interlocking method. A convenient device for insertion of the screw-bolts simplifies the action.

[The use of a new hook plate for the operate treatment of ankle fractures (author's transl)]. / Uj karmos lemez alkalmazása bokatörés mütéti kezelésére.

Authors describe their methods of treatment and results in 137 inpatients with ankle fractures treated during a period of one and half year. Analysing this material the indications and methods of surgical treatment for ankle fractures are dealt with. In order to facilitate the surgical treatment of the most common type of ankle fractures (i.e. pronation fractures in group B of Weber) authors constructed a hook plate, adapted to the external malleolus, which proved good in their practice. Within this material it was used for 38 patients. 77 per cent of the displaced ankle fractures were treated surgically. After an average of 13.8 months follow up time the results were found satisfactory, using an evaluation system adequat for international comparison. With their data the efficiency of the surgical treatment for displaced ankle fractures is emphasized. The new hook plate is first of all used for the operative treatment of pronation fractures in level of the syndesmosis, and is recommended on basis of good experiences.