Association Between Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination and Mortality After Major Operations.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare postoperative 90-day mortality between (1) fully vaccinated patients with COVID-19-positive and negative diagnosis, and (2) vaccinated and unvaccinated patients with COVID-19 positive diagnosis. BACKGROUND: Societal guidelines recommend postponing elective operations for at least 7 weeks in unvaccinated patients with preoperative coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. The role of vaccination in this infection-operation time risk is unclear. METHODS: We conducted a national US multicenter retrospective, matched cohort study spanning July 2021 to October 2022. Participants were included if they underwent a high-risk general, vascular, orthopedic, neurosurgery, or genitourinary surgery. All-cause mortality occurring within 90 days of the index operation was the primary outcome. Inverse probability treatment weighted propensity scores were used to adjust logistic regression models examining the independent and interactive associations between mortality, exposure status, and infection proximity. RESULTS: Of 3401 fully vaccinated patients in the 8-week preoperative period, 437 (12.9%) were COVID-19-positive. Unadjusted mortality rates were not significantly different between vaccinated patients with COVID-19 (22, 5.0%) and vaccinated patients without COVID-19 (99, 3.3%; P = 0.07). After inverse probability treatment weighted adjustment, mortality risk was not significantly different between vaccinated COVID-19-positive patients compared to vaccinated patients without COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio = 1.38, 95% CI: 0.70, 2.72). The proximity of COVID-19 diagnosis to the index operation did not confer added mortality risk in either comparison cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to risks observed among unvaccinated patients, postoperative mortality does not differ between patients with and without COVID-19 when vaccinated against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus and receiving a high-risk operation within 8 weeks of the diagnosis, regardless of operation timing relative to diagnosis.

Timing of a Major Operative Intervention After a Positive COVID-19 Test Affects Postoperative Mortality: Results From a Nationwide, Procedure-matched Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Studies indicate that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection before or soon after operations increases mortality, but they do not comment on the appropriate timing for interventions after diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine what the safest time would be for COVID-19 diagnosed patients to undergo major operative interventions. METHODS: High-risk operations, between January 2020 and May 2021, were identified from the Veterans Affairs COVID-19 Shared Data Resource. Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes were used to exact match COVID-19 positive cases (n=938) to negative controls (n=7235). Time effects were calculated as a continuous variable and then grouped into 2-week intervals. The primary outcome was 90-day, all-cause postoperative mortality. RESULTS: Ninety-day mortality in cases and controls was similar when the operation was performed within 9 weeks or longer after a positive test; but significantly higher in cases versus controls when the operation was performed within 7 to 8 weeks (12.3% vs 4.9%), 5 to 6 weeks (10.3% vs 3.3%), 3 to 4 weeks (19.6% vs 6.7%), and 1 to 2 weeks (24.7% vs 7.4%) from diagnosis. Among patients who underwent surgery within 8 weeks from diagnosis, 90-day mortality was 16.6% for cases versus 5.8% for the controls ( P <0.001). In this cohort, we assessed interaction between case status and any symptom ( P =0.93), and case status and either respiratory symptoms or fever ( P =0.29), neither of which were significant statistically. CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing major operations within 8 weeks after a positive test have substantially higher postoperative 90-day mortality than CPT-matched controls without a COVID-19 diagnosis, regardless of presenting symptoms.

Two-year Outcomes of Prehabilitation Among Obese Patients With Ventral Hernias: A Randomized Controlled Trial (NCT02365194).

OBJECTIVE: To determine if preoperative nutritional counseling and exercise (prehabilitation) improve outcomes in obese patients seeking ventral hernia repair (VHR)? SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Obesity and poor fitness are associated with complications following VHR. It is unknown if preoperative prehabilitation improves outcomes of obese patients seeking VHR. METHODS: This is the 2-year follow-up of a blinded randomized controlled trial from 2015 to 2017 at a safety-net academic institution. Obese patients (BMI 30-40) seeking VHR were randomized to prehabilitation versus standard counseling. Elective VHR was performed once preoperative requirements were met: 7% total body weight loss or 6 months of counseling and no weight gain. Primary outcome was percentage of hernia-free and complication-free patients at 2 years. Complications included recurrence, reoperation, and mesh complications. Primary outcome was compared using chi-square. We hypothesize that prehabilitation in obese patients with VHR results in more hernia- and complication-free patients at 2-years. RESULTS: Of the 118 randomized patients, 108 (91.5%) completed a median (range) follow-up of 27.3 (6.2-37.4) months. Baseline BMI (mean±SD) was similar between groups (36.8 ±â€Š2.6 vs 37.0 ±â€Š2.6). More patients in the prehabilitation group underwent emergency surgery (5 vs 1) or dropped out of the program (3 vs 1) compared to standard counseling (13.6% vs 3.4%, P = 0.094). Among patients who underwent surgery, there was no difference in major complications (10.2% vs 9.1%, P = 0.438). At 2-years, there was no difference in percentage of hernia-free and complication-free patients (72.9% vs 66.1%, P = 0.424, 1.14, 0.88-1.47). CONCLUSION: There is no difference in 2-year outcomes of obese patients seeking VHR who undergo prehabilitation versus standard care. Prehabilitation may not be warranted in obese patients undergoing elective VHR.Clinical Trial Registration: This trial was registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02365194).

A Statistical Model-driven Surgical Case Scheduling System Improves Multiple Measures of Operative Suite Efficiency: Findings From a Single-center, Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether a data-driven scheduling approach improves Operative Suite (OS) efficiency. BACKGROUND: Although efficient use of the OS is a critical determinant of access to health care services, OS scheduling methodologies are simplistic and do not account for all the available characteristics of individual surgical cases. METHODS: We randomly scheduled cases in a single OS by predicting their length using either the historical mean (HM) duration of the most recent 4 years; or a regression modeling (RM) system that accounted for operative and patient characteristics. The primary endpoint was the imprecision in prediction of the end of the operative day. Secondary endpoints included measures of OS efficiency; personnel burnout captured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory; and a composite endpoint of 30-day mortality, myocardial infarction, wound infection, bleeding, amputation, or reoperation. RESULTS: Two hundred and seven operative days were allocated to scheduling with either the RM or the HM methodology. Mean imprecision in predicting the end of the operative day was higher with the HM approach (30.8 vs 7.2 minutes, P = 0.024). RM was associated with higher throughput (379 vs 356 cases scheduled over the course of the study, P = 0.04). The composite rate of adverse 30-day events was similar (2.2% vs 3.2%, P = 0.44). The mean depersonalization score was higher (3.2 vs 2.0, P = 0.044), and mean personal accomplishment score was lower during HM weeks (37.5 vs 40.5, P = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the HM scheduling approach, the proposed data-driven RM scheduling methodology improves multiple measures of OS efficiency and OS personnel satisfaction without adversely affecting clinical outcomes.

Variation in postacute care utilization after complex surgery.

BACKGROUND: Variation in use of postacute care (PAC), including skilled nursing facilities and inpatient rehabilitation, accounts for 73% of regional variation in Medicare spending. Studies of hospital variation in PAC use have typically focused on nonsurgical patients or have been limited to Medicare data. Consequently, there is no nationally representative data on how rates of postoperative discharge to PAC differ between hospitals. The purpose of this study was to explore hospital-level variation in PAC utilization after cardiovascular and abdominal surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 3,487,365 patients from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and 60,666 from the Veterans Affairs health system, who had colorectal surgery, hepatectomy, pancreatectomy, coronary bypass, aortic aneurysm repair, and peripheral vascular bypass from 2008 to 2011. For each hospital, we calculated unadjusted and risk-adjusted observed-to-expected ratios for discharge to PAC facilities (skilled nursing or inpatient rehabilitation). RESULTS: A total of 631,199 (18%) non-veterans and 4744 (8%) veterans were discharged to PAC facilities. For veterans, 32% were ≥70 y old, and 98% were men. For non-veterans, 39% were ≥70, and 60% were men. Hospital rates of discharge to PAC facilities varied from 1% to 36% for veterans hospitals and from 1% to 59% for non-veteran hospitals. Risk-adjusted observed-to-expected ratios ranged from 0.10 to 4.15 for veterans and from 0.11 to 4.3 for non-veteran hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: There is substantial variation in PAC utilization and rates of home discharge after abdominal and cardiovascular surgery. To reduce variation, further research is needed to understand health systems factors that influence PAC utilization.

Modifying Risks in Ventral Hernia Patients With Prehabilitation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether preoperative nutritional counseling and exercise (prehabilitation) in obese patients with ventral hernia repair (VHR) results in more hernia-free and complication-free patients. BACKGROUND: Obesity and poor fitness are associated with complications following VHR. These issues are prevalent in low socioeconomic status patients. METHODS: This was a blinded, randomized controlled trial at a safety-net academic institution. Obese patients (BMI 30 to 40) seeking VHR were randomized to prehabilitation versus standard counseling. VHR was performed once preoperative requirements were met: 7% total body weight loss or 6 months of counseling and no weight gain. Primary outcome was the proportion of hernia-free and complication-free patients. Secondary outcomes were wound complications at 1 month postoperative and weight loss measures. Univariate analysis was performed. RESULTS: Among 118 randomized patients, prehabilitation was associated with a higher percentage of patients who lost weight and achieved weight loss goals; however, prehabilitation was also associated with a higher dropout rate and need for emergent repair. VHR was performed in 44 prehabilitation and 34 standard counseling patients. There was a trend toward less wound complication in prehabilitation patients (6.8% vs 17.6%, P = 0.167). The prehabilitation group was more likely to be hernia-free and complication-free (69.5% vs 47.5%, P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible to implement a prehabilitation program for obese patients at a safety-net hospital. Prehabilitation patients have a higher likelihood of being hernia-free and complication-free postoperatively. Although further trials and long-term outcomes are needed, prehabilitation may benefit obese surgical patients, but there may be increased risks of dropout and emergent repair. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial was registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02365194).

Constructing post-surgical discharge instructions through a Delphi consensus methodology.

OBJECTIVE: Patient education materials are a crucial part of physician-patient communication. We hypothesize that available discharge instructions are difficult to read and fail to address necessary topics. Our objective is to evaluate readability and content of surgical discharge instructions using thyroidectomy to develop standardized discharge materials. METHODS: Thyroidectomy discharge materials were analyzed for readability and assessed for content. Fifteen endocrine surgeons participated in a modified Delphi consensus panel to select necessary topics. Using readability best practices, we created standardized discharge instructions which included all selected topics. RESULTS: The panel evaluated 40 topics, selected 23, deemed 4 inappropriate, consolidated 5, and did not reach consensus on 8 topics after 4 rounds. The evaluated instructions' reading levels ranged from grade 6.5 to 13.2; none contained all consensus topics. CONCLUSION: Current post surgical thyroidectomy discharge instructions are more difficult to read than recommended by literacy standards and omit consensus warning signs of major complications. Our easy-to-read discharge instructions cover pertinent topics and may enhance patient education. Delphi methodology is useful for developing post-surgical instructions. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Patient education materials need appropriate readability levels and content. We recommend the Delphi method to select content using consensus expert opinion whenever higher level data is lacking.

Ileostomy creation in colorectal cancer surgery: risk of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Ileostomy creation is associated with postoperative dehydration and readmission; however, the effect on renal function is unknown. Our goal was to characterize the impact of ileostomy creation on acute and chronic renal function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study with patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery at a tertiary referral institution (2005-2011). The relationship between ileostomy creation and acute kidney injury (AKI)-related readmission, severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) at 12 mo (glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/1.73 m2), and onset of severe CKD over time was evaluated using multivariable logistic and Cox regression and adjusted using propensity score stratification. RESULTS: Among 619 patients, 84 (13%) had ileostomy. AKI-related readmission and severe CKD at 12 mo were more common among ileostomy patients (17% versus 2%, P < 0.01 and 13.3% versus 5%, P = 0.02, respectively). After propensity score adjustment, ileostomy was a significant predictor of AKI-related readmissions (odds ratio: 10.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.9-27.2), severe CKD at 12 mo (odds ratio: 4.1; 95% CI, 1.4-11.9), and onset of severe CKD over time (hazard ratio: 4.2; 95% CI, 2.3-6.6). CONCLUSIONS: Ileostomy creation is associated with increased risk of AKI-related readmissions and development of severe CKD. Future studies must focus on strategies to minimize kidney injury when ileostomy is a necessary component of colorectal cancer surgery and revisiting current indications for ileostomy creation.

Expression of pattern recognition receptor genes and mortality in patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (AGER) are pattern recognition receptors that regulate intestinal inflammatory homeostasis. However, their relevance in colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis is unclear. We investigated expression of TLRs, AGER, and interacting proteins in association with CRC mortality in a retrospective cohort study of 65 males diagnosed with primary resectable CRC between 2002 and 2009. Multiplex quantitative nuclease protection assay was used to quantify the expression of 19 genes in archived tissues of tumor and paired adjacent normal mucosa. We evaluated the association between log2 (tumor/normal) expression ratios for single and combined genes and all-cause mortality using multivariable Cox regression analysis. The false discovery rate adjusted q-value less than 0.10 indicated statistical significance for single gene. Five-year survival time was calculated from diagnosis of CRC to death, lost to follow-up, or December 31, 2014. Compared to paired normal mucosa, expression levels of AGER, IL1A, MYD88, and TLR5 were lower (q = 0.0002); while CXCL8 and S100P were higher (q = 0.0002) in tumor epithelia. Higher tumor expression of IL1A (HRadj = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.49-0.94), IL6 (HRadj = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.52-0.94), MyD88 (HRadj = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.30-0.93), and TLR5 (HRadj = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.52-0.98) was associated with higher mortality risk. There was a synergistic effect on lower five-year survival in lower co-expressers of IL-6 and MyD88 (P < 0.0001). Our findings suggest that a TLRs/MyD88-mediated inflammatory response may play a role in CRC prognosis. The role of pattern recognition receptor-mediated immunity in CRC mortality warrants further research.

Postacute Care and Recovery After Cancer Surgery: Still a Long Way to Go.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether postacute care (PAC) facilities can compensate for increased mortality stemming from a complicated postoperative recovery (complications or deconditioning). BACKGROUND: An increasing number of patients having cancer surgery rely on PAC facilities including skilled nursing and rehabilitation centers to help them recover from postoperative complications and the physical demands of surgery. It is currently unclear whether PAC can successfully compensate for the adverse consequences of a complicated postoperative recovery. METHODS: We combined data from the Veterans Affairs Cancer Registry with the Surgical Quality Improvement Program to identify veterans having surgery for stage I-III colorectal cancer from 1999 to 2010. We used propensity matching to control for comorbidity, functional status, postoperative complications, and stage. RESULTS: We evaluated 10,583 veterans having colorectal cancer surgery, and 765 veterans (7%) were discharged to PAC facilities whereas 9818 veterans (93%) were discharged home. Five-year overall survival after discharge to PAC facilities was 36% compared with 51% after discharge home. Stage I patients discharged to PAC facilities had similar survival (45%) as stage III patients who were discharged home (44%). Patients discharged to PAC facilities had worse survival in the first year after surgery (hazard ratio 2.0, 95% confidence interval 1.7-2.4) and after the first year (hazard ratio 1.4, 95% confidence interval 1.2-1.5). CONCLUSIONS: Discharge to PAC facilities after cancer surgery is not sufficient to overcome the adverse survival effects of a complicated postoperative recovery. Improvement of perioperative care outside the acute hospital setting and development of better postoperative recovery programs for cancer patients are needed to enhance survival after surgery.

User-centered design of discharge warnings tool for colorectal surgery patients.

OBJECTIVES: Readmission following colorectal surgery, typically due to surgery-related complications, is common. Patient-centered discharge warnings may guide recognition of early complication signs after colorectal surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: User-centered design of a discharge warnings tool consisted of iterative health literacy review and a heuristic evaluation with human factors and clinical experts as well as patient end users to establish content validity and usability. RESULTS: Literacy evaluation of the prototype suggested >12th-grade reading level. Subsequent revisions reduced reading level to 8th grade or below. Contents were formatted during heuristic evaluation into 3 action-oriented zones (green, yellow, and red) with relevant warning lexicons. Usability testing demonstrated comprehension of this 3-level lexicon and recognition of appropriate patient actions to take for each level. DISCUSSION: We developed a discharge warnings tool for colorectal surgery using staged user-centered design. The lexicon of surgical discharge warnings could structure communication among patients, caregivers, and clinicians to improve post-discharge care.

Patient experience with discharge instructions in postdischarge recovery: a qualitative study.

OBJECTIVES: We examined the role of discharge instructions in postoperative recovery for patients undergoing colorectal surgery and report themes related to patient perceptions of discharge instructions and postdischarge experience. DESIGN: Semistructured interviews were conducted as part of a formative evaluation of a Project Re-Engineered Discharge intervention adapted for surgical patients. SETTING: Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, a tertiary referral centre in Houston, Texas. PARTICIPANTS: Twelve patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. Interviews were conducted at the two-week postoperative appointment. RESULTS: Participants demonstrated understanding of the content in the discharge instructions. During the interviews, participants reported several positive roles for discharge instructions in their postdischarge care: a sense of security, a reminder of inhospital education, a living document and a source of empowerment. Despite these positive associations, participants reported that the instructions provided insufficient information to promote access to care that effectively addressed acute issues following discharge. Participants noted difficulty reaching providers after discharge, which resulted in the adoption of workarounds to overcome system barriers. CONCLUSIONS: Despite concerted efforts to provide patient-centred instructions, the discharge instructions did not provide enough context to effectively guide postdischarge interactions with the healthcare system. Insufficient information on how to access and communicate with the most appropriate personnel in the healthcare system is an important barrier to patients receiving high-quality postdischarge care. Tools and strategies from team training programmes, such as team strategies and tools to enhance performance and patient safety, could be adapted to include patients and provide them with structured methods for communicating with healthcare providers post discharge.

Mixed-Methods Analysis of Factors Impacting Use of a Postoperative mHealth App.

BACKGROUND: Limited communication and care coordination following discharge from hospitals may contribute to surgical complications. Smartphone apps offer a novel mechanism for communication and care coordination. However, factors which may affect patient app use in a postoperative, at-home setting are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to (1) gauge interest in smartphone app use among patients after colorectal surgery and (2) better understand factors affecting patient app use in a postoperative, at-home setting. METHODS: A prospective feasibility study was performed at a hospital that principally serves low socioeconomic status patients. After colorectal surgery, patients were enrolled and given a smartphone app, which uses previously validated content to provide symptom-based recommendations. Patients were instructed to use the app daily for 14 days after discharge. Demographics and usability data were collected at enrollment. Usability was measured with the System Usability Scale (SUS). At follow-up, the SUS was repeated and patients underwent a structured interview covering ease of use, willingness to use, and utility of use. Two members of the research team independently reviewed the field notes from follow-up interviews and extracted the most consistent themes. Chart and app log reviews identified clinical endpoints. RESULTS: We screened 115 patients, enrolled 20 patients (17.4%), and completed follow-up interviews with 17 patients (85%). Reasons for nonenrollment included: failure to meet inclusion criteria (47/115, 40.9%), declined to participate (26/115, 22.6%), and other reasons (22/115, 19.1%). There was no difference in patient ratings between usability at first-use and after extended use, with SUS scores greater than the 95th percentile at both time points. Despite high usability ratings, 6/20 (30%) of patients never used the app at home after hospital discharge and 2/20 (10%) only used the app once. Interviews revealed three themes related to app use: (1) patient-related barriers could prevent use even though the app had high usability scores; (2) patients viewed the app as a second opinion, rather than a primary source of information; and (3) many patients viewed the app as an external burden. CONCLUSIONS: Use patterns in this study, and response rates after prompts to contact the operative team, suggest that apps need to be highly engaging to be adopted by patients. The growing penetration of smartphones and the proliferation of app-based interventions are unlikely to improve care coordination and communication, unless apps address the barriers and patient perceptions identified in this study. This study shows that high usability alone is not sufficient to motivate patients to use smartphone apps in the postoperative period.

Ventral Hernia Management: Expert Consensus Guided by Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: To achieve consensus on the best practices in the management of ventral hernias (VH). BACKGROUND: Management patterns for VH are heterogeneous, often with little supporting evidence or correlation with existing evidence. METHODS: A systematic review identified the highest level of evidence available for each topic. A panel of expert hernia-surgeons was assembled. Email questionnaires, evidence review, panel discussion, and iterative voting was performed. Consensus was when all experts agreed on a management strategy. RESULTS: Experts agreed that complications with VH repair (VHR) increase in obese patients (grade A), current smokers (grade A), and patients with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) ≥ 6.5% (grade B). Elective VHR was not recommended for patients with BMI ≥ 50 kg/m (grade C), current smokers (grade A), or patients with HbA1C ≥ 8.0% (grade B). Patients with BMI= 30-50 kg/m or HbA1C = 6.5-8.0% require individualized interventions to reduce surgical risk (grade C, grade B). Nonoperative management was considered to have a low-risk of short-term morbidity (grade C). Mesh reinforcement was recommended for repair of hernias ≥ 2 cm (grade A). There were several areas where high-quality data were limited, and no consensus could be reached, including mesh type, component separation technique, and management of complex patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although there was consensus, supported by grade A-C evidence, on patient selection, the safety of short-term nonoperative management, and mesh reinforcement, among experts; there was limited evidence and broad variability in practice patterns in all other areas of practice. The lack of strong evidence and expert consensus on these topics has identified gaps in knowledge where there is need of further evidence.

National Quality Forum Colon Cancer Quality Metric Performance: How Are Hospitals Measuring Up?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of care at high-performing hospitals on the National Quality Forum (NQF) colon cancer metrics. BACKGROUND: The NQF endorses evaluating ≥12 lymph nodes (LNs), adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) for stage III patients, and AC within 4 months of diagnosis as colon cancer quality indicators. Data on hospital-level metric performance and the association with survival are unclear. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of 218,186 patients with resected stage I to III colon cancer in the National Cancer Data Base (2004-2012). High-performing hospitals (>75% achievement) were identified by the proportion of patients achieving each measure. The association between hospital performance and survival was evaluated using Cox shared frailty modeling. RESULTS: Only hospital LN performance improved (15.8% in 2004 vs 80.7% in 2012; trend test, P < 0.001), with 45.9% of hospitals performing well on all 3 measures concurrently in the most recent study year. Overall, 5-year survival was 75.0%, 72.3%, 72.5%, and 69.5% for those treated at hospitals with high performance on 3, 2, 1, and 0 metrics, respectively (log-rank, P < 0.001). Care at hospitals with high metric performance was associated with lower risk of death in a dose-response fashion [0 metrics, reference; 1, hazard ratio (HR) 0.96 (0.89-1.03); 2, HR 0.92 (0.87-0.98); 3, HR 0.85 (0.80-0.90); 2 vs 1, HR 0.96 (0.91-1.01); 3 vs 1, HR 0.89 (0.84-0.93); 3 vs 2, HR 0.95 (0.89-0.95)]. Performance on metrics in combination was associated with lower risk of death [LN + AC, HR 0.86 (0.78-0.95); AC + timely AC, HR 0.92 (0.87-0.98); LN + AC + timely AC, HR 0.85 (0.80-0.90)], whereas individual measures were not [LN, HR 0.95 (0.88-1.04); AC, HR 0.95 (0.87-1.05)]. CONCLUSIONS: Less than half of hospitals perform well on these NQF colon cancer metrics concurrently, and high performance on individual measures is not associated with improved survival. Quality improvement efforts should shift focus from individual measures to defining composite measures encompassing the overall multimodal care pathway and capturing successful transitions from one care modality to another.

Variation and Impact of Multiple Complications on Failure to Rescue After Inpatient Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the extent to which multiple, sequential complications impacts variation in institutional postoperative mortality rates. BACKGROUND: Failure to rescue (FTR) has been proposed as an underlying factor in hospital variation in surgical mortality. However, little is currently known about hospital variation in FTR after multiple complications or the contribution of sequential complications to variation. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of 266,101 patients within the Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program (2000-2014) who underwent a subset of high-mortality inpatient general, vascular, or thoracic procedures. The association between number of postoperative complications (0, 1, 2, or ≥3) and 30-day mortality across quintiles of hospital risk-adjusted mortality was evaluated with multivariable, multilevel mixed-effects models. RESULTS: Among patients who had a complication, over half (60.9%) had 1, but those with more than 1 accounted for the majority of the deaths (63.1%). Across hospital quintiles, there were no differences in complications (23.5% very low mortality vs 23.6% very high mortality; trend test P = 0.15). FTR increased significantly (12.0% vs 18.1%; trend test P < 0.001) with an incremental impact as complications accrued (6.7% 1 complication vs 26.1% ≥3, lowest quintile; 11.7% 1 complication vs 33.0% ≥3, highest quintile). However, the risk of FTR associated with increasing complications remained relatively constant across hospital quintiles and was not explained by differences in patients presenting with multiple complications on the index complicated day. CONCLUSIONS: FTR occurs predominantly among patients who have more than 1 complication with a dose-response relationship as complications accrue. As this dose-response relationship is observed across hospitals, surgical quality improvement efforts may benefit by shifting focus to broader interventions designed to prevent subsequent complications at all hospitals.

Preoperative cancer cachexia and short-term outcomes following surgery.

BACKGROUND: Cancer cachexia is an important measure of physiologic reserve associated with worse survival and represents an actionable factor for the cancer population. However, the incidence of cachexia in surgical cancer patients and its impact on postoperative outcomes are currently unknown. METHODS: A prospective cohort study enrolling patients having elective cancer surgery (2012-2014) at a Veterans Affairs tertiary referral center. Preoperative cancer cachexia (weight loss ≥5% over 6-mo period before surgery) was the predictor of interest. The primary outcome was 60-d postoperative complications (VA Surgical Quality Improvement Program). Patients were grouped by body mass index (BMI) category (<25, 25-29.9, ≥30), and interaction between cachexia and BMI was tested for the primary outcome. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association between preoperative cachexia and postoperative complications. RESULTS: Of 253 patients, 16.6% had preoperative cachexia, and 51.8% developed ≥ 1 postoperative complications. Complications were more common in cachectic patients (64.3% versus 49.3%, P = 0.07). This association varied by BMI category, and interaction analysis was significant for those with normal or underweight BMI (BMI < 25, P = 0.03). After multivariate modeling, in patients with normal or underweight BMI, preoperative cachexia was associated with higher odds of postoperative complications (odds ratios, 5.08 [95% confidence intervals, 1.18-21.88]; P = 0.029). Additional predictors of complications included major surgery (3.19 [1.24-8.21], P = 0.01), ostomy (4.43 [1.68-11.72], P = 0.003), and poor baseline performance status (2.31 [1.05-5.08], P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Cancer cachexia is common in surgical patients, and is an important predictor of postoperative complications, though its effect varies by BMI. As a modifiable predictor of worse outcomes, future studies should examine the role of cachexia treatment before cancer surgery.

Postacute Care After Major Abdominal Surgery in Elderly Patients: Intersection of Age, Functional Status, and Postoperative Complications.

IMPORTANCE: Advanced age is an important risk factor for discharge to postacute care (PAC) facilities including skilled nursing and rehabilitation. Factors modifying the age-related risk of discharge to PAC have not been adequately examined for surgical patients. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate how preoperative functional status and postoperative complications affect age-related risk of discharge to PAC facilities following major abdominal surgery. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective cohort study of 55 238 patients aged 18 years or older having colorectal, pancreas, or liver operations in 2011 and 2012 at hospitals participating in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Age was classified as younger than 65 years, 65 to 74 years, 75 to 84 years, and 85 years or older. The study was conducted between July 1, 2014, and July 1, 2015. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was discharge to a PAC facility following surgery. The secondary outcome was type of PAC facility (skilled nursing, rehabilitation, or other facility). RESULTS: Among 55 238 patients (mean [SD] age, 61 [15] years; 49% male) having colorectal, pancreas, or liver operations, 5325 (10%) were discharged to PAC facilities after major abdominal surgery. Skilled nursing facilities were the most common type of PAC (63%), followed by rehabilitation hospitals (30%) and other facilities (7%). Older age was an important predictor of discharge to PAC facilities, but there were significant interaction effects with age and postoperative complications. Among functionally independent patients who avoided postoperative complications, rates of discharge to PAC increased from 1% in the group younger than 65 years to 30% in the group aged 85 years or older. For functionally independent patients with multiple complications, 13% of patients younger than 65 years were discharged to PAC facilities compared with 66% of those aged 85 years or older. After risk adjustment, the oldest patients were 27 times more likely to be discharged to PAC than the youngest group when there were no postoperative complications (odds ratio = 26.6; 95% CI, 21.6-32.7) and 11 times more likely after multiple complications (odds ratio = 11.4; 95% CI, 8.3-15.6). Among functionally dependent patients, the overall risk of discharge to PAC facilities was increased, but age was not as important a predictor for discharge to PAC. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Older patients are frequently discharged to PAC facilities even when they are functionally independent and without postoperative complications. Helping older patients to return home after surgery and avoid placement in PAC facilities will require innovative programs that go beyond reducing complication rates and enhance postoperative recovery.

Use of simulation to assess a statistically driven surgical scheduling system.

BACKGROUND: To maximize operating room (OR) utilization, better estimates of case duration lengths are needed. We used computerized simulation to determine whether scheduling OR cases using a statistically driven system that incorporates patient and surgery-specific factors in the process of case duration prediction improves OR throughput and utilization. METHODS: We modeled surgical and anesthetic length of vascular surgical procedures as a function of patient and operative characteristics using a multivariate linear regression approach (Predictive Modeling System [PMS]). Mean historical operative time per surgeon (HMS) and mean anesthetic time were also calculated for each procedure type. A computerized simulation of scheduling in a single OR performing vascular operations was then created using either the PMS or the HMS. RESULTS: Compared to HMS, scheduling the operating room using the PMS increased throughput by a minimum of 15% (99.8% cumulative probability, P < 0.001). The PMS was slightly more likely to lead to overtime (mean 13% versus 11% of operative days during a calendar year, P < 0.001). However, the overtime lasted longer in the HMS group (mean 140 versus 95 min per day of overtime, P < 0.001). PMS was associated with lower OR underutilization rate (mean 23% versus 34% of operative days, P < 0.001) and less lengthy OR underutilization (mean 120 versus 193 min per day of underutilization, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This computerized simulation demonstrates that using the PMS for scheduling in a single operating room increases throughput and other measures of surgical efficiency.