Same view, different lens: How intersectional identities reduce Americans' stereotypes of threat regarding Arab and Black men.

Because Black and Arab men may be stereotyped as hostile in different ways (i.e., physical vs. ideological), this study assessed whether an old age identity versus gay identity would reduce stereotypes related to hostility for Black and Arab men differently. We assessed whether the addition of an old age identity reduces hostile stereotype content more for Black men than for Arab men. In line with our hypothesis, an old age identity resulted in participants reporting fewer hostile stereotypes for Black men, but not for Arab men. We also assessed whether a gay identity reduces hostile stereotype content in the same way for Black and Arab men. As expected, a gay identity resulted in participants reporting fewer hostile stereotypes for both male groups. The present study demonstrates the importance of considering intersecting identities in person perception and highlights the unique challenges faced by men belonging to these intersecting groups.

The gendered nature of Muslim and Christian stereotypes in the United States.

Despite the increasing diversity of religious affiliations in the United States, little research has explored the nature and structure of religious stereotypes of Muslims in America. The present research explores the gendered dimensions of stereotypes of both Muslims and Christians, using a multimethod approach. In Study 1, participants engaged in visual representations of intersectional and superordinate identities using Venn diagrams and slider tasks. Study 2 elicited open trait listings for religious, gender, and intersectional groups, with the most common traits reported for each group. In a conceptual replication, Study 3 asked participants to rate each group for the applicability of the most common traits identified in Study 2. Across the three studies, we found clear and consistent support for intersectionality effects. Unique stereotypic traits were identified for each intersectional group that were not present in either religious or gender superordinate identity. Stereotypes of Christians as a superordinate group contained a balanced representation of Christian men and Christian women traits. In contrast, Muslim stereotypes were strongly influenced by androcentric assumptions, with approximately 80% of the traits ascribed to Muslims overlapping with those of Muslim men. In addition, Muslim women were rated as significantly different from both Muslims and Muslim men on all trait evaluations. This was not observed with Christians, who showed little differentiation by gender. This research provides a rare systematic analysis of the gendered nature of religious stereotypes of Christians and Muslims and contributes to the developing literature on intersectionality and prototypicality.

Nursing Home Length of Stay in 3 Canadian Health Regions: Temporal Trends, Jurisdictional Differences, and Associated Factors.

OBJECTIVES: To assess (1) temporal changes (2008-2015) in nursing home (NH) length of stay (LoS) in 3 Canadian health jurisdictions (Edmonton, Calgary, Winnipeg), (2) resident admission characteristics associated with LoS, and (3) temporal changes of admission characteristics in each of the 3 jurisdictions. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using data previously collected in Translating Research in Elder Care (TREC), a longitudinal program of applied health services research in Canadian NHs. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: 7817 residents admitted between January 2008 and December 2015 to a stable cohort of 18 NHs that have consistently participated in TREC since 2007. METHODS: LoS was defined as time between a resident's first NH admission and final discharge from the NH sector. Analyses included descriptive statistics, Kaplan Meier estimates (unadjusted LoS), and Cox proportional hazard regressions (adjusted LoS), adjusted for resident characteristics (eg, age, cognitive performance, and health instability). We also controlled for NH size and ownership. RESULTS: In jurisdictions with increasing care needs, unadjusted median LoS [95% confidence interval (CI)] decreased over time (2008 and 2009 vs 2014 and 2015 admissions); in Calgary from 1.837 (95% CI 1.618, 2.275) to 1.328 (95% CI 1.185, 1.489) years and in Edmonton from 1.927 (95% CI 1.725, 2.188) to 1.073 (95% CI 0.936, 1.248) years. In Winnipeg, care needs and LoS remained constant (2.163, 95% CI 1.867, 2.494, vs 2.459, 95% CI 2.155, 2.883, years). Resident characteristics including higher physical dependency [hazard ratio (HR) 1.205, 95% CI 1.133, 1.282], higher cognitive impairment (HR 1.112, 95% CI 1.042, 1.187), or higher health instability (HR 1.333, 95% CI 1.224, 1.452) were associated with lower LoS. Adjustment for resident characteristics reduced jurisdictional LoS differences and rendered temporal LoS differences within jurisdictions statistically nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS: In jurisdictions where care needs at admission have increased since 2008, resident LoS has decreased. Jurisdictional differences in care needs and LoS indicate that health policies may affect these outcomes. Variations of resident outcomes by policy environment require additional scrutiny.