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1.
Epigenetics Chromatin ; 16(1): 37, 2023 10 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37794499

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Genome-wide DNA methylation (DNAme) profiling of the placenta with Illumina Infinium Methylation bead arrays is often used to explore the connections between in utero exposures, placental pathology, and fetal development. However, many technical and biological factors can lead to signals of DNAme variation between samples and between cohorts, and understanding and accounting for these factors is essential to ensure meaningful and replicable data analysis. Recently, "epiphenotyping" approaches have been developed whereby DNAme data can be used to impute information about phenotypic variables such as gestational age, sex, cell composition, and ancestry. These epiphenotypes offer avenues to compare phenotypic data across cohorts, and to understand how phenotypic variables relate to DNAme variability. However, the relationships between placental epiphenotyping variables and other technical and biological variables, and their application to downstream epigenome analyses, have not been well studied. RESULTS: Using DNAme data from 204 placentas across three cohorts, we applied the PlaNET R package to estimate epiphenotypes gestational age, ancestry, and cell composition in these samples. PlaNET ancestry estimates were highly correlated with independent polymorphic ancestry-informative markers, and epigenetic gestational age, on average, was estimated within 4 days of reported gestational age, underscoring the accuracy of these tools. Cell composition estimates varied both within and between cohorts, as well as over very long placental processing times. Interestingly, the ratio of cytotrophoblast to syncytiotrophoblast proportion decreased with increasing gestational age, and differed slightly by both maternal ethnicity (lower in white vs. non-white) and genetic ancestry (lower in higher probability European ancestry). The cohort of origin and cytotrophoblast proportion were the largest drivers of DNAme variation in this dataset, based on their associations with the first principal component. CONCLUSIONS: This work confirms that cohort, array (technical) batch, cell type proportion, self-reported ethnicity, genetic ancestry, and biological sex are important variables to consider in any analyses of Illumina DNAme data. We further demonstrate the specific utility of epiphenotyping tools developed for use with placental DNAme data, and show that these variables (i) provide an independent check of clinically obtained data and (ii) provide a robust approach to compare variables across different datasets. Finally, we present a general framework for the processing and analysis of placental DNAme data, integrating the epiphenotype variables discussed here.


Assuntos
Metilação de DNA , Placenta , Humanos , Gravidez , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Placenta/metabolismo , Epigênese Genética , Idade Gestacional , Genoma
2.
Mol Hum Reprod ; 24(10): 495-509, 2018 10 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30124911

RESUMO

STUDY QUESTION: Does A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase 8 (ADAM8) control extravillous trophoblast (EVT) differentiation and migration in early human placental development? SUMMARY ANSWER: ADAM8 mRNA preferentially localizes to invasive HLA-G-positive trophoblasts, associates with the acquirement of an EVT phenotype and promotes trophoblast migration through a mechanism requiring ß1-integrin. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Placental establishment in the first trimester of pregnancy requires the differentiation of progenitor trophoblasts into invasive EVTs that produce a diverse repertoire of proteases that facilitate matrix remodeling and activation of signaling pathways important in controlling cell migration. While multiple ADAM proteases, including ADAM8, are highly expressed by invasive trophoblasts, the role of ADAM8 in controlling EVT-related processes is unknown. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: First trimester placental villi and decidua (6-12 weeks' gestation), primary trophoblasts and trophoblastic cell lines (JEG3, JAR, Bewo, HTR8/SVNeo) were used to examine ADAM8 expression, localization and function. All experiments were performed on at least three independent occasions (n = 3). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Placental villi and primary trophoblasts derived from IRB approved first trimester placental (n = 24) and decidual (n = 4) were used to examine ADAM8 localization and expression by in situ RNAScope hybridization, flow cytometry, quantitative PCR and immunoblot analyses. Primary trophoblasts were differentiated into EVT-like cells by plating on fibronectin and were assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoblot analysis of keratin-7, vimentin, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), HLA-G and ADAM8. ADAM8 function was examined in primary EVTs and trophoblastic cell lines utilizing siRNA-directed silencing and over-expression strategies. Trophoblast migration was assessed using Transwell chambers, cell-matrix binding was tested using fibronectin-adhesion assays, and ADAM8-ß1-integrin interactions were determined by immunofluorescence microscopy, co-immunoprecipitation experiments and function-promoting/inhibiting antibodies. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Within first trimester placental tissues, ADAM8 preferentially localized to HLA-G+ trophoblasts residing within anchoring columns and decidua. Functional experiments in primary trophoblasts and trophoblastic cell lines show that ADAM8 promotes trophoblast migration through a mechanism independent of intrinsic protease activity. We show that ADAM8 localizes to peri-nuclear and cell-membrane actin-rich structures during cell-matrix attachment and promotes trophoblast binding to fibronectin matrix. Moreover, ADAM8 potentiates ß1-integrin activation and promotes cell migration through a mechanism dependent on ß1-integrin function. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: The primary limitation of this study was the use of in vitro experiments in examining ADAM8 function, as well as the implementation of immortalized trophoblastic cell lines. Histological localization of ADAM8 within placental and decidual tissue sections was limited to mRNA level analysis. Further, patient information corresponding to tissues obtained by elective terminations was not available. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The novel non-proteolytic pro-migratory role for ADAM8 in controlling trophoblast migration revealed by this study sheds insight into the importance of ADAM8 in EVT biology and placental development. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This work was supported by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC-Discovery Grant) and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR-Open Operating Grant). There are no conflicts or competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NA.


Assuntos
Proteínas ADAM/metabolismo , Integrina beta1/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Placenta/metabolismo , Trofoblastos/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Movimento Celular/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Trimestres da Gravidez/metabolismo
3.
Placenta ; 55: 71-80, 2017 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28623976

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Trophoblast progenitor cell differentiation towards the extravillous trophoblast (EVT) lineage initiates within proximal regions of anchoring columns of first trimester placental villi. While molecular processes controlling the initial stages of progenitor cell differentiation along the EVT pathway have been described, much remains unknown about factors important in distal column cell differentiation into invasive EVTs. ADAMs are proteases that regulate growth factor signaling, cell-matrix adhesion, and matrix proteolysis, and thus impact many processes relevant in placentation. Global gene expression studies identified the ADAM subtype, ADAM28, to be highly expressed in EVT-like trophoblasts, suggesting that it may play a role in EVT function. This study aims to test the functional importance of ADAM28 in column cell outgrowth and maintenance. METHODS: ADAM28 mRNA levels and protein localization were determined by qPCR and immunofluorescence microscopy analyses in purified placental villi cell populations and tissues. ADAM28 function in trophoblast column outgrowth was examined using ADAM28-targetting siRNAs in Matrigel-imbedded placental explant cultures. RESULTS: Within placental villi, ADAM28 mRNA levels were highest in HLA-G+ column trophoblasts, and consistent with this, ADAM28 was preferentially localized to HLA-G+ trophoblasts within distal anchoring columns and decidual tissue. siRNA-directed loss of ADAM28 impaired trophoblast column outgrowth and resulted in increased apoptosis in matrix-invading trophoblasts. DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that ADAM28 promotes column outgrowth by providing survival cues within anchoring column cells. This study also provides insight into a possible role for ADAM28 in driving differentiation of column trophoblasts into invasive HLA-G+ EVT subsets.


Assuntos
Proteínas ADAM/metabolismo , Placenta/enzimologia , Adulto , Feminino , Antígenos HLA-G/metabolismo , Humanos , Placenta/imunologia , Gravidez , Adulto Jovem
4.
Cell Death Differ ; 22(12): 1970-84, 2015 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25909890

RESUMO

Trophoblasts, placental cells of epithelial lineage, undergo extensive differentiation to form the cellular components of the placenta. Trophoblast progenitor cell differentiation into the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast is a key developmental process required for placental function, where defects in syncytiotrophoblast formation and turnover associate with placental pathologies and link to poor pregnancy outcomes. The cellular and molecular processes governing syncytiotrophoblast formation are poorly understood, but require the activation of pathways that direct cell fusion. The protease, A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 12 (ADAM12), controls cell fusion in myoblasts and is highly expressed in the placenta localizing to multiple trophoblast populations. However, the importance of ADAM12 in regulating trophoblast fusion is unknown. Here, we describe a function for ADAM12 in regulating trophoblast fusion. Using two distinct trophoblast models of cell fusion, we show that ADAM12 is dynamically upregulated and is under the transcriptional control of protein kinase A. siRNA-directed loss of ADAM12 impedes spontaneous fusion of primary cytotrophoblasts, whereas overexpression of the secreted variant, ADAM12S, potentiates cell fusion in the Bewo trophoblast cell line. Mechanistically, both ectopic and endogenous levels of ADAM12 were shown to control trophoblast fusion through E-cadherin ectodomain shedding and remodeling of intercellular boundaries. This study describes a novel role for ADAM12 in placental development, specifically highlighting its importance in controlling the differentiation of villous cytotrophoblasts into multinucleated cellular structures. Moreover, this work identifies E-cadherin as a novel ADAM12 substrate, and highlights the significance that cell adhesion molecule ectodomain shedding has in normal development.


Assuntos
Proteínas ADAM/metabolismo , Caderinas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas ADAM/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas ADAM/genética , Proteína ADAM12 , Fosfatase Alcalina/genética , Fosfatase Alcalina/metabolismo , Antígenos CD , Caderinas/genética , Fusão Celular , Células Cultivadas , Vilosidades Coriônicas/metabolismo , Vilosidades Coriônicas/patologia , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Regulação para Baixo , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Proteínas de Membrana/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Gravidez , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Interferência de RNA , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Trofoblastos/citologia , Trofoblastos/metabolismo
5.
Oncogene ; 34(9): 1160-73, 2015 Feb 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24662820

RESUMO

Protein kinase A (PKA) hyperactivation causes hereditary endocrine neoplasias; however, its role in sporadic epithelial cancers is unknown. Here, we show that heightened PKA activity in the mammary epithelium generates tumors. Mammary-restricted biallelic ablation of Prkar1a, which encodes for the critical type-I PKA regulatory subunit, induced spontaneous breast tumors characterized by enhanced type-II PKA activity. Downstream of this, Src phosphorylation occurs at residues serine-17 and tyrosine-416 and mammary cell transformation is driven through a mechanism involving Src signaling. The phenotypic consequences of these alterations consisted of increased cell proliferation and, accordingly, expansion of both luminal and basal epithelial cell populations. In human breast cancer, low PRKAR1A/high SRC expression defines basal-like and HER2 breast tumors associated with poor clinical outcome. Together, the results of this study define a novel molecular mechanism altered in breast carcinogenesis and highlight the potential strategy of inhibiting SRC signaling in treating this cancer subtype in humans.


Assuntos
Transformação Celular Neoplásica/metabolismo , Subunidade RIalfa da Proteína Quinase Dependente de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/patologia , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/patologia , Quinases da Família src/metabolismo , Androstadienos/farmacologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/patologia , Subunidade RIalfa da Proteína Quinase Dependente de AMP Cíclico/genética , Dasatinibe , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/metabolismo , Camundongos , Fosforilação , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais , Tiazóis/farmacologia , Wortmanina , Quinases da Família src/genética
6.
Mol Hum Reprod ; 20(7): 677-89, 2014 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24623739

RESUMO

Increasingly, placental DNA methylation is assessed as a factor in pregnancy-related complications, yet the transcriptional impact of such findings is not always clear. Using a proliferative in vitro placental model, the effect of DNA methylation loss on gene activation was evaluated at a number of genes selected for being differentially methylated in pre-eclampsia-associated placentae in vivo. We aimed to determine whether reduced DNA methylation at specific loci was associated with transcriptional changes at the corresponding gene, thus providing mechanistic underpinnings for previous clinical findings and to assess the degree of transcriptional response amongst our candidate genes. BeWo and JEG3 choriocarcinoma cells were exposed to 1 µM 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) or vehicle control for 48 h, and re-plated and cultured for a further 72 h in normal media before cells were harvested for RNA and DNA. Bisulphite pyrosequencing confirmed that DNA methylation was reduced by ∼30-50% points at the selected loci studied in both cell lines. Gene activation, measured by qRT-PCR, was highly variable and transcript specific, indicating differential sensitivity to DNA methylation. Most notably, loss of DNA methylation at the leptin (LEP) promoter corresponded to a 200-fold and 40-fold increase in LEP expression in BeWo and JEG3 cells, respectively (P < 0.01). Transcripts of steroidogenic pathway enzymes CYP11A1 and HSD3B1 were up-regulated ∼40-fold in response to 5-Aza-CdR exposure in BeWo cells (P < 0.01). Other transcripts, including aromatase (CYP19), HSD11B2, inhibin (INHBA) and glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) were more moderately, although significantly, affected by loss of associated DNA methylation. These data present a mixed effect of DNA methylation changes at selected loci supporting cautionary interpretation of DNA methylation results in the absence of functional data.


Assuntos
Coriocarcinoma/genética , Metilação de DNA/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Placenta/metabolismo , Neoplasias Uterinas/genética , 11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenase Tipo 2/genética , Aromatase/genética , Azacitidina/análogos & derivados , Azacitidina/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Coriocarcinoma/metabolismo , Ilhas de CpG , Metilação de DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Decitabina , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Leptina/genética , Placenta/efeitos dos fármacos , Gravidez , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/genética , Fatores de Transcrição de Domínio TEA , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Neoplasias Uterinas/metabolismo
7.
Mol Hum Reprod ; 20(3): 235-49, 2014 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24243624

RESUMO

During pregnancy, stromal- and vascular-remodeling trophoblasts serve critical roles in directing placental development acquiring pro-invasive characteristics. The A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase (ADAM) family of multifunctional proteins direct cellular processes across multiple organ systems via their intrinsic catalytic, cell adhesive and intracellular signaling properties. ADAM12, existing as two distinct splice variants (ADAM12L and ADAM12S), is highly expressed in the human placenta and promotes cell migration and invasion in several tumor cell lines; however, its role in trophoblast biology is unknown. In this study, ADAM12 was localized to anchoring trophoblast columns in first trimester placentas and to highly invasive extracellular matrix-degrading trophoblasts in placental villous explants. The importance of ADAM12 in directing trophoblast invasion was tested using loss-of and gain-of-function strategies, where siRNA-directed knockdown of ADAM12 inhibited trophoblast cell invasion while over-expression promoted migration and invasion in two trophoblastic cell models. In placental villous explant cultures, siRNA-directed loss of ADAM12 significantly dampened trophoblast column outgrowth. Additionally, we provide functional evidence for the ADAM12S variant in promoting trophoblast invasion and column outgrowth through a mechanism requiring its catalytic activity. This is the first study to assign a function for ADAM12 in trophoblast biology, where ADAM12 may play a central role regulating the behavior of invasive trophoblast subsets in early pregnancy. This study also underlines the importance of ADAM12L and ADAM12S in directing cell motility in normal developmental processes outside of cancer, specifically highlighting a potentially important function of ADAM12S in directing early placental development.


Assuntos
Proteínas ADAM/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Placentação/genética , Trofoblastos/metabolismo , Proteínas ADAM/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas ADAM/metabolismo , Proteína ADAM12 , Processamento Alternativo , Movimento Celular , Feminino , Humanos , Isoenzimas/antagonistas & inibidores , Isoenzimas/genética , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Gravidez , Primeiro Trimestre da Gravidez , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Trofoblastos/citologia
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