Ultrasound-guided hydrostatic reduction of ileo-colic intussusception in childhood: first-line management for both primary and recurrent cases.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of ultrasonography-guided hydrostatic reduction in primary and recurrent ileo-colic intussusception in children. METHODS: The children (<18 years of age) who were managed for ileo-colic intussusception between January 2015 and December 2018 were evaluated retrospectively. Age, gender, presenting complaints, length of the intussuscepted segment, presence of lead point, treatment modalities, recurrence rates and duration of recurrence were evaluated. RESULTS: 108 patients with ileo-colic intussusception were enrolled in the study; 59 were male and 49 were female with a mean age of 2.04 ± 1.71 years. Two patients underwent immediate surgery without any attempt of hydrostatic reduction. Nineteen patients (18%) were managed by conservative measures initially. Seventeen (89.5%) of them have recovered with expectant management and two patients required hydrostatic enema reduction during follow-up. In total, 89 patients underwent hydrostatic reduction; 48 were male and 41were female with a mean age of 1.9 ± 1.65 years. Twelve patients (13.5%) received surgery after failed hydrostatic reduction. In the patients with successful hydrostatic reduction, one more episode of intussusception is seen in 10 patients (13%) and 2 additional episodes in 2 (2.6%). Seven patients with relapse were male and 5 were female with a mean age of 1.16 ± 1.64 years. The median duration of the first relapse episode was 67.5 days (range 18-110 days). The ultrasound-guided hydrostatic reduction was also successful in patients with recurrence. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound-guided hydrostatic reduction is a non-invasive treatment of ileo-colic intussusception with high success rates in childhood. It can be performed safely in both initial and relapse episodes of intussusception.

Ultrasonography-guided hydrostatic reduction of ileocolic intussusception in childhood: First-line option for management of primary and recurrent cases.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of ultrasonography-guided hydrostatic reduction in primary and recurrent ileo-colic intussusception in children. METHODS: The children (<18 years of age) who were managed for ileocolic intussusception between January 2015 and December 2018 were evaluated retrospectively. Age, gender, presenting complaints, length of the intussuscepted segment, presence of leading point, treatment modalities, recurrence rates and duration of recurrence were evaluated. RESULTS: 108 patients with ileocolic intussusception were enrolled in the study; 59 were male and 49 were female with a mean age of 2.04 ± 1.71 years. Two patients underwent immediate surgery without any attempt of hydrostatic reduction. Nineteen patients (18%) were managed by conservative measures initially. Seventeen (89.5%) of them have recovered with expectant management and two patients required hydrostatic enema reduction during follow-up. In total, 89 patients underwent hydrostatic reduction; 48 were male and 41were female with a mean age of 1.9 ± 1.65 years. Twelve patients (13.5%) received surgery after failed hydrostatic reduction. In the patients with successful hydrostatic reduction, one more episode of intussusception is seen in 10 patients (13%) and 2 additional episodes in 2 (2.6%). Seven patients with relapse were male and 5 were female with a mean age of 1.16 ± 1.64 years. The median duration of the first relapse episode was 67.5 days (range;18-110 days). The ultrasound-guided hydrostatic reduction was also successful in patients with recurrence. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound-guided hydrostatic reduction is a non-invasive treatment of ileocolic intussusception with high success rates in childhood. It can be performed safely in both initial and relapse episodes of intussusception.

Evaluation of the histopathological effects of salbutamol inhaler treatment in an experimentally induced rat model of pulmonary contusion

Background/aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of salbutamol inhaler treatment in an experimentally induced model of pulmonary contusion. Materials and methods: Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups: the control group (CG), sham group (SG), treatment group 1 (TG1), and treatment group 2 (TG2). Experimental contusion was established by targeting the right lung tissue. After 72 h, histopathological evaluation for the severity of edema, hemorrhage, and leukocyte infiltration was performed in both sides of the lungs. Results: Examination of right lung tissues revealed a significant difference in edema, hemorrhage, leukocyte infiltration, and total lung injury scores between the CG and SG. Both TG1 and TG2 had less edema, hemorrhage, and leukocyte infiltration and lower total lung injury scores compared with the SG. There was no significant difference in edema, hemorrhage, and total lung injury scores between the CG and TG1 or TG2. A significant difference in hemorrhage scores between the SG and TG1 and edema scores between the SG and TG2 was observed, with treatment groups having lower values. A significant difference in total lung injury score was also found between SG and TG1. Conclusion: Salbutamol inhaler therapy during pulmonary contusion may prevent complications by reducing edema, hemorrhage, leukocyte infiltration, and total lung injury score.

Isolated tubal torsion: A rare cause of acute abdomen in childhood.

Isolated fallopian tube torsion is a rare cause of acute abdomen mostly seen in women of reproductive age. It is often diagnosed during surgery. In this study we aimed to present a case of isolated fallopian tube torsion in a child. An 11-year-old girl presented with abdominal pain. With the help of radiological evaluation we diagnosed. It should be kept in mind that even if ovarian blood flow is normal in girls with abdominal pain, it may be an isolated tubular torsion and requires immediate intervention.

Laparoscopic repair in children with traumatic bladder perforation.

Here, we report two patients with a traumatic intraperitoneal bladder dome rupture repaired by laparoscopic intracorporeal sutures. The first patient was a 3-year old boy was admitted with a history of road accident. He had a traumatic lesion on his lower abdomen and a pelvic fracture. Computed tomography (CT) scan revealed free intraabdominal fluid. The urethragram showed spreading contrast material into the abdominal cavity. Laparoscopic exploration revealed a 3-cm-length perforation at the top of the bladder. The injury was repaired in a two fold fashion. Post-operative follow-up was uneventful. The second case was a 3-year-old boy fell from the second floor of his house on the ground. He had traumatic lesion on his lower abdomen and a pelvic fracture. Due to bloody urine drainage, a cystography was performed and an extravasation from the dome of the bladder into the peritoneum was detected. On laparoscopy, a 3-cm long vertical perforation at the dome of the bladder was found. The perforation was repaired in two layers with intracorporeal suture technique. The post-operative course was uneventful. Laparoscopic repair of traumatic perforation of the bladder dome is a safe, effective and minimally invasive method. The cosmetic outcome is superior.

Single port laparoscopic and open surgical accesses of chronic peritoneal dialysis in children: A single center experience over 12 years.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate patients with end stage renal failure (ESRD) who underwent chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD). The clinical outcomes of laparoscopic and open placements of catheters were compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed 49 (18 male and 31 female) children with CPD according to age, sex, cause of ESRD, catheter insertion method, kt/V rate, complications, presence of peritonitis, catheter survival rate between January 2002 and February 2014. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients were with open placement and 16 patients were with laparoscopic placement. The rate of the peritonitis is significantly less in patients with laparoscopic access than open access (n = 4 vs n = 25) (P <0.01). Patients with peritonitis were younger than those who had no attack of peritonitis (10.95 ± 0.8 years vs 13.4 ± 0.85 years). According to the development of complications, significant difference has not been found between the open (n = 9) and laparoscopic (n = 3) approaches except the peritonitis. Catheter survival rate for the first year was 95%, and for five years was 87.5%. There was no difference between open and laparoscopic group according to catheter survival rate. The mean kt/V which indicates the effectiveness of peritoneal dialysis was mean 2.26 ± 0.08. No difference was found between laparoscopic and open methods according to kt/V. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic placement of CPD results in lower peritonitis rate. Catheter survival rate was excellent in both groups. Single port laparoscopic access for CPD catheter insertion is an effective and safe method.

Different techniques for biliary diversion in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis.

BACKGROUND: Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) is a cholestatic liver disease of childhood. Pruritus resulting from increased bile salts in serum might not respond to medical treatment, and internal or external biliary drainage methods have been described. In this study, we aimed to evaluate different internal drainage techniques in patients with PFIC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 2009 and 2014, seven children (4 male, 3 female, 3months-5years old), (median 2years of age) with PFIC were evaluated. The patients were reviewed according to age, gender, complaints, surgical technique, laboratory findings and outcome. In each two patients, cholecystoileocolonic anastomosis, cholecystojejunocolonic anastomosis and cholecystocolostomy were performed. Cholecysto-appendico-colonic anastomosis was the technique used in one patient. RESULTS: Jaundice and excessive pruritus were the main complaints. One of the patients with cholecystoileocolonic anastomosis died of comorbid pathologies (cirrhosis, adhesive obstruction and severe sepsis). Temporary rectal bleeding was observed in all the patients postoperatively. Regardless of the surgical technique, pruritus was dramatically decreased in all the patients in the postoperative period. CONCLUSION: Regardless of the technique, internal biliary diversion methods are beneficial for the relief of pruritus in PFIC patients. Selection of the surgical method might vary depending on the surgeon's preference and the surgical anatomy of the gastrointestinal system of the patient.

The comparison of the intestinal adaptation effects of subcutaneous and oral insulin in a rats with short bowel syndrome.

AIM: Insulin has been reported to have positive effects on intestinal adaptation after short bowel syndrome when applicated oral or subcutaneously. The purpose of this study is to compare the intestinal adaptation effects of subcutaneous and oral routes of insulin in rats with short bowel syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The short bowel syndrome (SBS) was performed through 70-75% of small intestinal resection and an end-to-end anastomosis. The control group rats underwent SBS only. In the second group, oral insulin (1 U/ml) was administrated twice-daily. In the last group, the insulin was administrated subcutaneously (1 U/kg) as in the control group. All rats were killed on day 15. Outcome parameters were weight of small intestine, the crypt length, villous depth, the blood levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and granolocyt-monocyst colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF). RESULTS: Intestinal weight was significantly more in oral insulin group and subcutaneous insulin group than in the control group (72.6 ± 4.3, 78.6 ± 4.8 and 59.7 ± 4.8) (P < 0.05). There was no difference between the groups according to villus length, crypt depth, and villous/crypt ratio both in proximal and distal parts of the resected bowel (P > 0.05). VEGF values were not statistically significant between the groups (200.3 ± 41.6, 178.9 ± 30.7 and 184.3 ± 52.2) (P > 0.05). GMCSF was statistically higher in the control group than in other groups (3.34 ± 1.34, 1.56 ± 0.44 and 1.56 ± 0.44) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Insulin has positive effects on intestinal adaptation in short bowel syndrome. Subcutaneous administration is slightly more effective than the oral route.

Temporary peritoneal dialysis in newborns and children: a single-center experience over five years.

AIM: To evaluate the indications, complications, and outcomes of temporary peritoneal dialysis (TPD) in children with acute renal failure (ARF). PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients undergoing TPD between February 2006 and January 2011 in a children's hospital were included in the study. Patient characteristics, indications, complications, and duration of TPD (DPD), requirement of re-operation, length of stay, presence of sepsis, and outcome were recorded. RESULTS: There were 21 newborns (14 prematures), 9 infants, and 9 children. The main nephrotoxic agents were gentamicin (n = 7), netilmisin (n = 5), vancomycin (n = 3), and ibuprophen (n = 3). Patients with multiorgan failure (n = 9) had significantly higher blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels than those without multiorgan failure (n = 30) [BUN: 94 ± 27.3 vs. 34.3 ± 4.9) and creatinine: 4.1 ± 0.8 vs. 1.9 ± 0.2)]. The mean DPD was longer in mature patients than in prematures (newborn: 3.7; children: 7.1). Nine complications were observed (23%) (leakage in three and poor drainage in six patients). Twenty-five patients (64.1%) responded to TPD treatment and were discharged, and 14 patients (10 newborns and 7 of them were premature) died (35.9%). Mortality rate was higher in prematures (n = 7) and patients with a history of nephrotoxic agent (n = 10). CONCLUSION: TPD is effective especially in neonates with ARF and it is a reliable alternative to the hemodialysis or other continuous renal replacement therapies but it is not free of complications. It has limited effects, particularly in patients with multiorgan failure.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: a very rare cause of jejunoileal intussusception in a 6-year-old girl.

A 6-year-old girl was admitted to the emergency department with abdominal pain and bilious vomiting of 3 days in duration. Abdominal ultrasound examination showed an 8-cm-long intussuscepted intestinal segment with a target sign. There was a 26 × 28 × 23 mm nonperistaltic anechoic cystic mass suggestive of a duplication cyst. At laparotomy, the ileocecal region was normal with many enlarged lymph nodes from which biopsies were taken. There was a 20-cm-long intussuscepted segment at the proximal ileum close to the jejunum. After manual reduction, a 2-cm-long edematous segment resembling a duplication cyst served as the lead point. The segment was excised, and a primary bowel anastomosis was performed. She was discharged on the fifth postoperative day. The histopathologic examination revealed that the excised segment contained a gastrointestinal stromal tumor measuring 2.5 cm, with a mitotic rate of 2 to 3 mitoses per 50 high-power fields (low-risk group) showing an infiltrative growth pattern. On immunohistochemistry assay, some of the tumor cells were CD117 and CD34 positive, whereas all of them were smooth muscle actin and S-100 positive but CD10 negative. Staining index with Ki-67 was 5%. Surgical margins were free of tumor. The lymph nodes showed reactive hyperplasia. She was referred to the pediatric oncology department for further evaluation. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are common in adults and may lead to intussusception. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first childhood case of gastrointestinal stromal tumor causing jejunoileal intussusception in the literature.

Effects of intraperitoneal nitroglycerin on the strength and healing attitude of anastomosis of rat intestines with ischemia-reperfusion injury.

BACKGROUND: Ischemic conditions in the intestine result in deterioration of anastomosis healing process. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the possible effects of intraperitoneal nitroglycerin on the intestinal anastomosis healing and anastomosis burst pressures in rats with ischemia and reperfusion injury (I/R). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty four Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups. In the first two groups, the rats underwent I/R. In the Group 1, the rats had normal saline (S) and in Group 2, the rats had nitroglycerin (N) injection. In the 3 rd and 4 th groups, an intestinal anastomosis was made at the 10 cm proximally to the ileocecal valve. In Group 3, S and in Group 4, N were injected. In Group 5, the rats received I/R, intestinal anastomosis and intraperitoneal S injection. I/R, intestinal anastomosis and intraperitoneal N injection were made in Group 6 rats. All nitroglycerin (50 µg/kg) injections were made at postoperative days of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 consecutively. On the sixth day, all rats were killed. In all rats with anastomosis, anastomotic burst pressure (ABP) was measured. Histopathological specimens were collected from all rats and evaluated under light microscopy. RESULTS: Serious tissue damage was only detected in the Group 1 histopathologically (8 rats had grade 4 damage). In Group 2, there was a decrease in tissue damage according to histopathologic examination (5 rats had grade 1 damage). The effect onto the healing was similar in S and N groups. Nitroglycerin was noted to have a positive effect on collagen production. Nitroglycerin increased the ABP levels in rats both with and without I/R (the means are 17.93, 21.10, 14.67, and 17.63 in Groups 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively). CONCLUSION: I/R may weaken the strength of intestinal anastomosis. Intraperitoneal application of nitroglycerin may prevent the histopathologic changes within a limited degree. Intraperitoneal nitroglycerin has also positive effects on the healing of intestinal anastomosis of rats with and without I/R. It may increase the fibroblast proliferation and the strength of the anastomosis.

Gastric serosal tear due to congenital pyloric atresia: a rare anomaly, a rare complication.

Congenital pyloric atresia (CPA) is a very rare malformation with unknown aetiology. It has has numerous complications including gastric perforation, aspiration pneumonia. Gastric perforations in newborns occur by three mechanisms: trauma, ischaemia, or spontaneous. Here, we report a newborn with CPA presenting with gastric serosal tearing without full-cut gastric perforation. The diagnosis was confirmed with the help of plain abdominal radiograph, ultrasound, contrast-study, and at operation. Treatment of CPA is surgery irrespective of the type of atresia. We performed serosa repair and then the solid, cord-like atretic pylorus was excised with accompanying gastroduodenostomy. Our patient had an uneventful course and was discharged at the end of the second postoperative week.

Alterations of Cajal cells in patients with small bowel atresia.

PURPOSE: Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are regarded as the pacemaker cells of the gastrointestinal tract. There are some well-designed studies investigating the structure and function of ICC subsequent to experimentally induced intestinal obstructions. However, it remains unclear whether reduction of number of ICC primarily leads to mechanical obstruction of the bowel such as seen in intestinal atresia. We aimed to investigate the number of ICC in proximal and distal parts of the atresias of patients with small bowel atresia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-one patients (13 male and 8 female; median age, 3 days; median gestation age, 38 weeks) with jejunal or ileal atresia underwent primary repair between 2001 and 2009. The demographic data were reviewed. The specimen of the distal and proximal parts of the atretic segments was investigated according to presence and number of ICC in the myenteric plexus using immunohistochemical methods. The jejunum segments of 14 newborns who died from causes other than bowel disease were examined as a control. Scoring and count systems were developed for the evaluation of ICC. A continuous layer of CD-117 immunoreactive Cajal cells around the myenteric plexus was scored as 3, whereas discontinuous and diminished Cajal cells were scored as 2. Few and sparse Cajal cells around the myenteric ganglia and in the muscle layer were scored as 1. If there was no Cajal cell at all, it was scored as zero. In addition, the number of ICC per field was counted. The scores and the numbers of ICC per field were compared in patients with small bowel atresia and control group. RESULTS: All patients but one survived. One patient was lost because of congenital cardiac anomalies. The median score of control subjects was 3 (range, 1-3). Both the proximal and distal segments of the atretic bowel had a median score of 1 in patients with atresia. Twenty patients' score of proximal (95%) and 19 patients' score of distal bowel segment (90%) had an ICC score of 2 or less. Only 1 control subject (7%) had an ICC score of less than 2. Results were statistically significant in controls and patients. The mean number of ICC in the control group was 5.36 +/- 2.36; in distal segments of patients with atresia, it was 1.03 +/- 1.4; and in proximal segments, it was 0.82 +/- 1.56. The difference between the control group and the patients was statistically significant (P < .05). CONCLUSION: We demonstrated a remarkable decrease of ICC in small bowel wall of patients with intestinal atresia; but we could not show whether the reduction of ICC is a primary event, which also participates in the pathogenesis of intestinal atresia, or whether the mechanical obstruction caused by any unknown etiology (eg, ischemia) leads to decrease in number of ICC.

Minimally invasive management of children with caustic ingestion: less pain for patients.

PURPOSE: Management of caustic ingestion in children is still controversial. In this study, we evaluate a minimally invasive management consisting of flexible endoscopy, balloon dilatation and intralesional steroid injection in children, with a history of caustic ingestion. METHODS: Between April 2002 and January 2009, 350 (206 males and 144 females) children with a history of caustic ingestion were admitted. Enteral feeding was discontinued for 24 h. Parenteral feeding was started in patients with inadequate oral intake. No patient underwent an early esophagoscopy or gastrostomy. A contrast study of upper gastrointestinal tract was performed in all patients with persistent dysphagia within 3 weeks after injury. In case of an esophageal stricture, a dilatation program was initiated. For this purpose, a flexible esophagoscopy was performed. A guidewire was placed through the narrowed segment into the stomach and a balloon dilatator was inserted with the assistance of the guidewire. Balloon dilatations were performed every 1-3 weeks. In intractable strictures, triamcinolone acetonide (TAC) was injected into the narrowed segment via flexible endoscopy. RESULTS: Seventeen patients (8 males, 9 females, median 3 years old) required esophageal dilatation. All of the patients completed dilatation program with complete relief of symptoms. None of the patients required any stent application nor esophageal replacement or gastrostomy. Ten patients underwent intralesional TAC injection. No patient had an esophageal perforation or any other complication related to dilatation. In all patients, the symptoms have been alleviated completely and no further dilatation was necessary after a median of five dilatation sessions (1-19 dilatations). CONCLUSION: Minimally invasive management of caustic ingestion consisting of flexible endoscopy, guidewire-assisted esophageal balloon dilatation and intralesional TAC injection without any gastrostomy or esophageal stent/placement is effective and leads to relief of dysphagia in almost all patients. This method of dilatation is also safe and iatrogenic esophageal perforation is very unlikely.

The right-sided aortic arch in children with esophageal atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistula: a repair through the right thoracotomy.

PURPOSE: The management of the esophageal atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistula (EA/TEF) with right-sided aortic arch (RAA) is controversial. The preoperative diagnostic techniques may fail to show RAA associated with EA/TEF. Surgeon may need to make a decision to change the side of thoracotomy. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the possibility of preoperative diagnosis of RAA and the primary anastomosis through right chest. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed in EA/TEF patients between February 2001 and 2008. A total of 79 patients (35 female, 44 male) with EA/TEF were reviewed. Eleven (13%) patients (5 female, 6 male) had an RAA. Echocardiography was performed in 10 of 11 patients with RAA. The chest was accessed through the right side in all patients. RESULTS: The incidence of RAA was found to be higher in our study than previous studies (13%). Right thoracotomy was performed successfully in all patients. Three patients died due to multiple congenital anomalies and 1 patient due to bleeding postoperatively. Five of 10 had normal echocardiography findings. Only one patient with RAA has been successfully diagnosed by preoperative echocardiographic examination. Seven patients had no complication after operation. Their follow-up was uneventful. CONCLUSION: Preoperative recognition of RAA with echocardiography is unlikely in patients with EA/TEF but the presence of RAA does not decrease the success rate of EA/TEF repair through the right thoracotomy.

Coin ingestion in children: which size is more risky?

AIM: Because of economic inflation, different-sized coins are in circulation in our country. The coin ingestion and retention in the esophagus are common problems in childhood. We evaluated the patients with coins retained in the esophagus and the impact of the size of the coins on lodgment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-two children with a history of coin ingestion and a chest X-ray with retained coin in the esophagus were evaluated. Patients' age, sex, type of the ingested coin, and localization of coin were recorded. The size of all coins was measured. All coins were removed either directly with a Magill forceps or with the aid of an esophagoscope from the esophagus under general anaesthesia. RESULTS: There were 27 male and 35 female patients with coin lodgment (median age, 4 years; range, 1-13). Forty-five patients (73%) ingested a coin with a diameter between 23.45 and 26.00 mm. In the remaining 17 patients (27%), the coins had a diameter between 17.00 and 20.90 mm or between 26.85 and 28.00 mm. Fifty coins were at the upper esophagus, eight coins were in the middle esophagus, and 4 patients had a coin in the distal esophagus. There was a positive correlation between the diameter of coin and age of the patient (r = 0.415 and P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Coin ingestion is rather common among childhood and its treatment may require an endoscopic approach. Most retained coins had a diameter between 23.45 and 26.00 mm. We think we could redesign our coins so that they would either be too big to ingest or so small they would always pass spontaneously.

Protective effects of vitamin E and omeprazole on the hypoxia/reoxygenation induced intestinal injury in newborn rats.

Evaluation of prophylactic effects of omeprazole and/or vitamin E on the formation of free oxygen radicals (FOR) and bowel histopathology in the newborn rat model of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) that resembles human necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Eighty newborn rats were randomly divided into eight groups. H/R was done using airtight chamber. Rats were exposed to 100% CO2 for 15 min followed by a reoxygenation for the next 15 min with 100% O2. Group 1 (n = 10) was the control group. Group 2 (n = 10) rats received vitamin E. In Group 3 (n = 10) omeprazole was administrated. Group 4 (n = 10) rats received omeprazole and vitamin E. Group 5 (n = 10) rats were subjected to H/R two times for 2 days and one time for 3 days. Group 6 (n = 10) received vitamin E in addition to H/R for 5 days and in Group 7 (n = 10) omeprazole in addition to H/R for 5 days. In Group 8 (n = 10), vitamin E and omeprazole and H/R were applied for 5 days. Rats were killed at the end of the each process and bowel specimens were harvested for histopathological and biochemical investigations. We administrated vitamin E intramuscularly 300 unit/kg per day and omeprazole orally 20 mg/kg per day. Malondialdehyde (MDA), xanthine oxidase (XO), xanthine dehydogenase (XDH) and XO/(XO + XDH) were measured. Vitamin E and/or omeprazole treated rats had significantly less XO% levels than H/R only group (0.36, 0.38 and 0.57, respectively). Similarly, the MDA levels were significantly lower in vitamin E and/or omeprazole received rats than H/R only rats (88.8, 97.9 and 122.6, respectively). All rats treated with omeprazole and/or vitamin E had better biochemical and histopathological levels compared to H/R rats (p < 0.05). Histopathological results show that Group 5 (H/R only) had significantly more intestinal damage when compared with Group 6 (vitamin E + H/R), Group 7 (omeprazole + R/H) and Group 8 (vitamin E + omeprazole + H/R) (p < 0.001). Grade 2 and 3 intestinal damages were only in Group 5 and there were no statistical difference between in Groups 6, 7 and 8 (p > 0.001). Omeprazole and/or vitamin E may protect the biochemical and histopathological intestinal damage of H/R injury in rats. These drugs may be beneficial in the prophylaxis of NEC in humans as well.

Biochemical and histopathologic effects of omeprazole and vitamin E in rats with corrosive esophageal burns.

The aim of the study reported here was to evaluate the biochemical and histopathologic effects of omeprazole and vitamin E in rats with corrosive esophageal burns. A total of 144 Wistar Albino rats were divided into 12 experimental groups (12 rats per group) and used in an animal study. Group I rats were given a laparotomy and received no treatment (control group), while groups II, III and IV received a laparotomy and were treated with omeprazole, vitamin E or omeprazole/vitamin E, respectively. Groups V-XII rats received a laparotomy and were given a caustic acid burn through acid instillation (1 ml caustic 10% sulphuric acid; groups V-VIII) or alkali instillation (corrosive 10% sodium hydroxide solution; groups IX-XII) into the isolated esophageal segment via a 22-Fr cannula for 2 min. Each group of rats subjected to caustic burn received either no treatment (groups V and IX) or were treated with omeprazole, vitamin E or omeprazole/vitamin E, respectively (remaining six groups). Omeprazole (20 mg/kg) or vitamin E (10 mg/kg) was administered to the rats intraperitoneally or intramuscularly, respectively. Seventy-two rats (50% of each group, n = 6) were killed immediately after the experimental treatment (acute phase). The remaining rats were kept under standard conditions for 21 days (late phase) before being killed. The distal esophageal segments were harvested from all animal and used in histopathologic and biochemical analyses. Compared to the controls (no caustic burn), rats receiving only the acid or alkali installation (and no subsequent treatment) had the highest mean malondialdehyde (16.9 and 15.8 micromol MDA/g protein, respectively) and hydroxyproline (5.9 and 5.7; mg HP/g wet tissue) levels of all groups. In comparison, rats treated with acid + omeprazole and/or vitamin E had relatively lower MDA (12.9 and 11.6 micromol/g protein, respectively) and HP levels (4.3 and 4.08 mg/g wet tissue, respectively). Similarly, rats treated with alkali + omeprazole and/or vitamin E had low levels of MDA (13.9 and 11.7 micromol/g protein, respectively) and HP (4.3 and 4.4 mg/g wet tissue, respectively). The glutathione (GSH) levels of acid-only- or alkali-only-treated rats were lower than those found in omeprazole- and/or vitamin E-treated rats. Based on these results, we conclude that vitamin E and omeprazole affect the biochemical and histopathologic parameters in rats receiving corrosive esophageal burn from acid and alkali. The effect of both substances was slightly greater in the acid-treated groups.

Balloon-assisted single-port thoracoscopic debridement in children with thoracic empyema.

PURPOSE: In this study, we evaluated the results of a balloon-aided single-port thoracoscopic debridement of late-stage thoracic empyema in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed age, gender, duration of prehospital illness, physical findings, surgical interventions, and the morbidity in 12 children with late-stage parapneumonic empyema. The diagnosis of pleural effusion was confirmed by a thoracocentesis before thoracoscopy. A balloon connected to a 12 F feeding tube was inserted into the thoracic cavity and inflated with air before the enterance of the thoracoscope. By this maneuver, a cavity was formed just under the enterance point. Thereafter, a routine debridement and chest irrigation was performed by thoracoscopy. Only one port was inserted in all but 1 patient, and the telescope was used as a dissecting tool. A thorax tube was inserted through the port site at the end of the procedure and left for the drainage. RESULTS: The main symptoms of the patients were dyspnea, cough, and fever. The empyema was located on the right hemithorax in 5 patients and on the left side in 7 patients. A second port was necessary to enhance the dissection in 1 case. The chest tube was removed within 3-30 days (median, 11 days) after the surgical approach. No complication directly related to the procedure was seen. The only problems postoperatively were a self-limited and spontaneously resolved bronchopleural fistula in 4 patients, and we had to perform an additional thoracoscopy to resolve the remaining intrapleural adhesions in 1 child. CONCLUSIONS: Thoracoscopic debridement in patients with late-stage thoracic empyema may be very beneficial, and this treatment method may provide any further thoracotomy. A balloon inflated in the thoracic cavity may achieve a wider field of vision for thorascopic surgery, and single-port thoracoscopy is sufficient and safe for the dissection.

Antiadhesive effects of mitomycin C and streptopeptidase A in rats with intraperitoneal adhesions.

Intraabdominal adhesion formation is a frequent problem after major abdominal surgery. For many years, there have been various attempts to decrease adhesions by using systemic and local drugs and mechanical barriers. In this study we aimed to evaluate the antifibrinolytic antiadhesive effects of mitomycin C (MMC) and streptopeptidase A (SA) against intraabdominal adhesions. Forty-eight rats were divided into six groups, each with eight rats. Group 1 (sham group) rats were laparotomized by transverse incision only. In Group 2 (laparotomy and talcum powder), 2 ml talcum powder was scattered equally onto the intestinal surface after laparotomy. Group 3 (SA only), 2 g SA was introduced onto the intestinal surface. Group 4 (talcum powder and SA), 2 ml talcum powder was scattered onto the intestinal surface and then 2 g SA was applied on the same area. Group 5 (MMC only), 2 ml MMC was introduced onto the intestinal surface. Group 6 (talcum powder and MMC), 2 ml talcum powder was scattered onto intestinal surface and then MMC was applied onto same area. We assessed adhesion grades macroscopically, as well as, hydroxproline levels biochemically. Macroscopicaly, the number of rats with moderate or severe adhesions was significantly higher in the control group than all other groups (P < 0.05). SA and MMC groups had only mild adhesions. No intraabdominal problem was detected in rats with SA or MMC. Hydroxyproline (HP) levels were significantly higher in control group than all other groups (P < 0.05). There was no statistical significance between the rats with SA and MMC (P > 0.05) according to the HP measurements. MMC and SA may have potential antiadhesive effects. Both substances could be beneficial against adhesion formation after laparotomies.