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1.
Psychophysiology ; : e14604, 2024 Jun 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38873876

RESUMO

This Committee Report provides methodological, interpretive, and reporting guidance for researchers who use measures of heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) in psychophysiological research. We provide brief summaries of best practices in measuring HR and HRV via electrocardiographic and photoplethysmographic signals in laboratory, field (ambulatory), and brain-imaging contexts to address research questions incorporating measures of HR and HRV. The Report emphasizes evidence for the strengths and weaknesses of different recording and derivation methods for measures of HR and HRV. Along with this guidance, the Report reviews what is known about the origin of the heartbeat and its neural control, including factors that produce and influence HRV metrics. The Report concludes with checklists to guide authors in study design and analysis considerations, as well as guidance on the reporting of key methodological details and characteristics of the samples under study. It is expected that rigorous and transparent recording and reporting of HR and HRV measures will strengthen inferences across the many applications of these metrics in psychophysiology. The prior Committee Reports on HR and HRV are several decades old. Since their appearance, technologies for human cardiac and vascular monitoring in laboratory and daily life (i.e., ambulatory) contexts have greatly expanded. This Committee Report was prepared for the Society for Psychophysiological Research to provide updated methodological and interpretive guidance, as well as to summarize best practices for reporting HR and HRV studies in humans.

2.
Soc Neurosci ; 16(1): 18-25, 2021 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33442999

RESUMO

Traditional disciplines have frequently dealt with complex phenomena from a given level of analysis, be that molecular, cellular, organ system, or organismic level. This can yield highly valuable information on biological and psychological processes. There is an explanatory value added, however, by an integrative multilevel approach, in which different levels of analysis and different levels of the neural organization are considered in the models and theories of psychological functions. This is the essence of the emerging discipline of social neuroscience, promoted by John Cacioppo and Gary Berntson, which seeks to inform the interactions between social psychological and biological processes.

3.
Trends Neurosci ; 44(1): 17-28, 2021 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33378653

RESUMO

The present paper considers recent progress in our understanding of the afferent/ascending neural pathways and neural circuits of interoception. Of particular note is the extensive role of rostral neural systems, including cortical systems, in the recognition of internal body states, and the reciprocal role of efferent/descending systems in the regulation of those states. Together these reciprocal interacting networks entail interoceptive circuits that play an important role in a broad range of functions beyond the homeostatic maintenance of physiological steady-states. These include the regulation of behavioral, cognitive, and affective processes across conscious and nonconscious levels of processing. We highlight recent advances and knowledge gaps that are important for accelerating progress in the study of interoception.


Assuntos
Interocepção , Conscientização , Homeostase , Humanos , Vias Neurais
4.
Psychophysiology ; 56(2): e13287, 2019 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30357862

RESUMO

Metrics of heart period variability are widely used in the behavioral and biomedical sciences, although somewhat confusingly labeled as heart rate variability (HRV). Despite their wide use, HRV metrics are usually analyzed and interpreted without reference to prevailing levels of cardiac chronotropic state (i.e., mean heart rate or mean heart period). This isolated treatment of HRV metrics is nontrivial. All HRV metrics routinely used in the literature exhibit a known and positive relationship with the mean duration of the interval between two beats (heart period): as the heart period increases, so does its variability. This raises the question of whether HRV metrics should be "corrected" for the mean heart period (or its inverse, the heart rate). Here, we outline biological, quantitative, and interpretive issues engendered by this question. We provide arguments that HRV is neither uniformly nor simply a surrogate for heart period. We also identify knowledge gaps that remain to be satisfactorily addressed with respect to assumptions underlying existing HRV correction approaches. In doing so, we aim to stimulate further progress toward the rigorous use and disciplined interpretation of HRV. We close with provisional guidance on HRV reporting that acknowledges the complex interplay between the mean and variability of the heart period.


Assuntos
Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/fisiologia , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Neurofisiologia/normas , Nervo Vago/fisiologia , Animais , Humanos , Neurofisiologia/métodos
5.
Psychophysiology ; 56(1): e13306, 2019 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30556212

RESUMO

Understanding psychosomatic relations, and their implications for heath, is importantly dependent on our conceptual and measurement models. The historical view of reciprocal control of the autonomic branches is applicable in some contexts, but not others. Control of the autonomic branches can vary reciprocally, independently, and even coactively. Assessment of sympathovagal balance, based on a reciprocal model of regulation of the autonomic branches, may have applications in orthostatic contexts and in insulin resistance in diabetes. However, it does not adequately capture the pattern of autonomic control that is relevant for myocardial infarction (MI; in humans) and experimental cardiac arrest (in mice). A measure of sympathovagal balance (cardiac autonomic balance) was predictive and informative of the autonomic contributions to diabetes but was blind to autonomic contributions to cardiac arrest and its sequelae. However, a metric designed to capture the coactivity dimension of cardiac autonomic regulation (CAR) was predictive of MI and its sequelae. Both human and animal model studies revealed that low CAR (low sympathetic and especially low parasympathetic control) predicted the occurrence of MI and the neuroinflammatory consequences of cardiac arrest. These effects were importantly modulated by social support in both humans and animals, via an apparent oxytocinergic pathway that impacts parasympathetic cardiac control and CAR, and thus neuroinflammation. Results indicate the importance of a physiologically meaningful model of autonomic control in understanding health implications of the modes of autonomic control.


Assuntos
Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/fisiologia , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Animais , Humanos
6.
Psychophysiology ; 55(8): e13200, 2018 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29888795
7.
Int J Psychophysiol ; 120: 136-147, 2017 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28778397

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output are important measures in the clinical evaluation of cardiac patients and are also frequently used in research applications. This study was aimed to improve SV scoring derived from spot-electrode based impedance cardiography (ICG) in a pediatric population of healthy volunteers and patients with a corrected congenital heart defect. METHODS: 128 healthy volunteers and 66 patients participated. First, scoring methods for ambiguous ICG signals were optimized to improve agreement of B- and X-points with aortic valve opening/closure in simultaneously recorded transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Building on the improved scoring of B- and X-points, the Kubicek equation for SV estimation was optimized by testing the agreement with the simultaneously recorded SV by TTE. Both steps were initially done in a subset of the sample of healthy children and then validated in the remaining subset of healthy children and in a sample of patients. RESULTS: SV assessment by ICG in healthy children strongly improved (intra class correlation increased from 0.26 to 0.72) after replacing baseline thorax impedance (Z0) in the Kubicek equation by an equation (7.337-6.208∗dZ/dtmax), where dZ/dtmax is the amplitude of the ICG signal at the C-point. Reliable SV assessment remained more difficult in patients compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: After proper adjustment of the Kubicek equation, SV assessed by the use of spot-electrode based ICG is comparable to that obtained from TTE. This approach is highly feasible in a pediatric population and can be used in an ambulatory setting.


Assuntos
Cardiografia de Impedância/métodos , Cardiopatias Congênitas/fisiopatologia , Volume Sistólico/fisiologia , Adolescente , Débito Cardíaco/fisiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Ecocardiografia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Análise de Ondaletas
8.
Int J Psychophysiol ; 94(1): 25-34, 2014 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24956027

RESUMO

An approach for monitoring eccrine sweat gland activity using high resolution Mid-Wave Infrared (MWIR) imaging (3-5 µm wave band) is described. This technique is non-contact, passive, and provides high temporal and spatial resolution. Pore activity was monitored on the face and on the volar surfaces of the distal and medial phalanges of the index and middle fingers while participants performed a series of six deep inhalation and exhalation exercises. Two metrics called the Pore Activation Index (PAI) and Pore Count (PC) were defined as size-weighted and unweighted measures of active sweat gland counts respectively. PAI transient responses on the finger tips were found to be positively correlated to Skin Conductance Responses (SCRs). PAI responses were also observed on the face, although the finger sites appeared to be more responsive. Results indicate that thermal imaging of the pore response may provide a useful, non-contact, correlate measure for electrodermal responses recorded from related sites.


Assuntos
Glândulas Écrinas/fisiologia , Resposta Galvânica da Pele/fisiologia , Raios Infravermelhos , Sudorese/fisiologia , Adulto , Processamento Eletrônico de Dados , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Dedos/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estatística como Assunto
9.
Int J Psychophysiol ; 88(3): 334-8, 2013 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23305944

RESUMO

Over a million children are subjected to some form of trauma in the United States every year. Early trauma has been shown to have deleterious effects on cardiovascular health in adulthood. However, the presence of strong social relationships as an adult can buffer an individual against many of the harmful effects of early trauma. Furthermore, the perception of social isolation has been shown to be a significant risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and is a strong predictor of all cause mortality. One likely mechanism thought to underlie the influence of perceived isolation on health is changes in arterial stiffness. One of the more widely used measures of arterial stiffness in older individuals is pulse pressure. The goal of the present study was to determine whether early childhood trauma is associated with elevations on pulse pressure. Furthermore, this study sought to determine whether perceived social isolation moderates the relationship between early trauma and pulse pressure. Results revealed that individuals with low perceived social isolation displayed no significant relationship between early trauma and pulse pressure. However, individuals who reported higher levels of perceived isolation showed a significant positive association between early trauma and pulse pressure. Therefore, the detrimental effects of early trauma may be partially dependent upon the quality of social relationships as an adult.


Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Acontecimentos que Mudam a Vida , Percepção/fisiologia , Vigilância da População , Isolamento Social/psicologia , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vigilância da População/métodos , Inquéritos e Questionários
10.
Front Physiol ; 3: 131, 2012.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22590459

RESUMO

This study examines the relationship between autonomic functioning and neuropathology following cardiac arrest (CA) in mice. Within 24 h of CA, parasympathetic cardiac control, as indexed by high frequency (HF) heart rate variability, rapidly decreases. By day 7 after CA, HF heart rate variability was inversely correlated with neuronal damage and microglial activation in the hippocampus. Thus, by virtue of its sensitivity to central insult, HF heart rate variability may offer an inexpensive, non-invasive method of monitoring neuropathological processes following CA. The inverse linear relationships between heart rate variability and brain damage after CA also may partially explain why low heart rate variability is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in myocardial infarction patients.

11.
Prog Neurobiol ; 98(1): 38-48, 2012 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22580447

RESUMO

In mammals, empathy is crucial for living in social groups and caring for others. In this paper, we consider the structural and functional organization of empathy. We propose that empathy subsumes a variety of neurobiological processes and partially dissociable information processing subsystems, each of which has a unique evolutionary history. Even the most advanced and flexible forms of empathy in humans are built on more basic forms and remain connected to core subcortical and neurohormonal mechanisms associated with affective communication, parental care and social attachment processes. Considering empathy within a framework that recognizes both the continuities and the changes within a phylogenetic perspective provides a richer understanding of empathy and related neurobehavioral processes.


Assuntos
Evolução Biológica , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Córtex Cerebral/fisiologia , Neurônios/fisiologia , Comportamento Social , Animais , Encéfalo/anatomia & histologia , Córtex Cerebral/anatomia & histologia , Empatia , Feminino , Humanos , Sistema Límbico/anatomia & histologia , Sistema Límbico/fisiologia , Masculino , Mamíferos , Comportamento Materno , Neuropeptídeos/metabolismo , Comportamento Paterno , Filogenia , Receptores de Neuropeptídeos/metabolismo
12.
Interface Focus ; 2(1): 65-73, 2012 Feb 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23386961

RESUMO

Evolution has sculpted the incredibly complex human nervous system, among the most complex functions of which extend beyond the individual to an intricate social structure. Although these functions are deterministic, those determinants are legion, heavily interacting and dependent on a specific evolutionary trajectory. That trajectory was directed by the adaptive significance of quasi-random genetic variations, but was also influenced by chance and caprice. With a different evolutionary pathway, the same neural elements could subserve functions distinctly different from what they do in extant human brains. Consequently, the properties of higher level neural networks cannot be derived readily from the properties of the lower level constituent elements, without studying these elements in the aggregate. Thus, a multi-level approach to integrative neuroscience may offer an optimal strategy. Moreover, the process of calibrative reductionism, by which concepts and understandings from one level of organization or analysis can mutually inform and 'calibrate' those from other levels (both higher and lower), may represent a viable approach to the application of reductionism in science. This is especially relevant in social neuroscience, where the basic subject matter of interest is defined by interacting organisms across diverse environments.

13.
Soc Neurosci ; 7(1): 18-29, 2012.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21714746

RESUMO

Complex social behaviors allow various social organisms to create emergent organizations that extend beyond the individual. Social neuroscience is a burgeoning field that strives to understand the genetic, hormonal, and neural mechanisms responsible for these social structures and behaviors. Consequently, social neuroscience is highly interdisciplinary in nature and embraces the application of methods ranging from the molecular to the molar to investigate the reciprocal interactions between biological, cognitive, and social levels of analysis. The broad scope of such an endeavor introduces particular challenges associated with the integration of multiple levels of analysis. In the present mini-review, we highlight some recent findings in the field of social neuroscience and demonstrate the potential benefits of applying multilevel integrative analysis to the study of social behavior and its influence on physiology and health.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/fisiologia , Nível de Saúde , Ocitocina/metabolismo , Comportamento Social , Animais , Humanos , Neurociências/métodos
14.
Horm Behav ; 61(1): 134-9, 2012 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22146101

RESUMO

Oxytocin (OT) is a nonapeptide neurohormone that is involved in a broad array of physiological and behavioral processes related to health including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning, autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity and social behaviors. The present study sought to explore the influence of genetic variation in the oxytocin receptor (SNP; rs53576) on autonomic and neurohormonal functioning across both resting and psychological stress conditions in a population based sample of older adults. Results revealed that A carrier males showed higher levels of resting sympathetic cardiac control as compared to their G/G counter parts. However, G/G participants displayed significantly higher levels of sympathetic reactivity to psychological stress with G/G males showing the highest levels of sympathetic response to stress. Although no significant effects were detected for heart rate or parasympathetic cardiac control across resting and stress conditions, results revealed that G/G participants generally displayed heightened stroke volume and cardiac output reactivity to the psychological stressor. Furthermore, analysis of diurnal fluctuations in salivary cortisol revealed that G/G participants displayed lower awakening cortisol levels and less variation in salivary cortisol across the day as compared to A carrier individuals.


Assuntos
Variação Genética , Coração/fisiologia , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/fisiologia , Sistema Hipófise-Suprarrenal/fisiologia , Receptores de Ocitocina/genética , Estresse Psicológico/genética , Débito Cardíaco/fisiologia , Ritmo Circadiano/genética , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Feminino , Coração/inervação , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/análise , Hidrocortisona/fisiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sistema Nervoso Parassimpático/fisiologia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Saliva/química , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologia , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/fisiologia
15.
Ann N Y Acad Sci ; 1231: 17-22, 2011 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21651565

RESUMO

Social species, by definition, form organizations that extend beyond the individual. These structures evolved hand in hand with behavioral, neural, hormonal, cellular, and genetic mechanisms to support them because the consequent social behaviors helped these organisms survive, reproduce, and care for offspring sufficiently long that they too reproduced. Social isolation represents a lens through which to investigate these behavioral, neural, hormonal, cellular, and genetic mechanisms. Evidence from human and nonhuman animal studies indicates that isolation heightens sensitivity to social threats (predator evasion) and motivates the renewal of social connections. The effects of perceived isolation in humans share much in common with the effects of experimental manipulations of isolation in nonhuman social species: increased tonic sympathetic tonus and HPA activation; and decreased inflammatory control, immunity, sleep salubrity, and expression of genes regulating glucocorticoid responses. Together, these effects contribute to higher rates of morbidity and mortality in older adults.


Assuntos
Saúde Mental , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Isolamento Social/psicologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Comportamento Animal , Humanos , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/fisiopatologia , Relações Interpessoais , Solidão/psicologia , Sistema Hipófise-Suprarrenal/fisiopatologia
16.
Psychophysiology ; 48(8): 1134-45, 2011 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21342206

RESUMO

Low socioeconomic status (SES) has been associated with higher levels of allostatic load (AL). Posited mechanisms for this association include stress, personality, psychosocial variables, coping, social networks, and health behaviors. This study examines whether these variables explain the SES-AL relationship in a population-based sample of 208 51- to 69-year-old White, Black, and Hispanic adults in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study. AL was based on nine markers of physiological dysregulation. SES was inversely associated with a composite measure of AL; hostility and poor sleep quality helped to explain the association between AL and SES. Factor analyses revealed four AL components corresponding to the bodily systems of interest. SES was significantly associated with two AL components, suggesting that the effects of SES on physiological dysregulation are specific to certain systems in a middle to early old-age population.


Assuntos
Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Alostase/fisiologia , Sono/fisiologia , Classe Social , Meio Social , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Adaptação Psicológica , Idoso , Envelhecimento/psicologia , Chicago , Feminino , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores Socioeconômicos
17.
J Psychopharmacol ; 25(10): 1313-9, 2011 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20498133

RESUMO

The neuropeptide oxytocin has been implicated in a wide range of social processes, such as pair bonding, affiliation, and social judgments that may contribute to normal adjustment and psychiatric states. The present experimental study sought to elucidate potential underlying mechanisms by which oxytocin may impact social processes by examining the effects of intranasal oxytocin on basic evaluative processes. Subjects rated slide stimuli from the International Affective Picture System, varying across multiple categories (pleasant, neutral, unpleasant) and social content. Separate ratings for arousal and for the positive and negative components of valence were obtained in the context of a bivariate evaluative space model. Oxytocin did not have an independent significant effect on positivity or negativity ratings, but instead oxytocin treatment altered the interaction between these component processes for social, relative to non-social stimuli regardless of valence conditions. Specifically, oxytocin, relative to vehicle, significantly decreased arousal ratings to threatening human stimuli without altering ratings of threatening animal stimuli. These results indicate that oxytocin may exert its effects through dynamic alterations in the partially separable neural substrates mediating arousal as well as positive and negative evaluations of social stimuli.


Assuntos
Nível de Alerta/efeitos dos fármacos , Ocitocina/farmacologia , Administração Intranasal , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Comportamento Social , Adulto Jovem
18.
Psychol Sci ; 22(1): 80-6, 2011 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21148459

RESUMO

The insula has been implicated as a component of central networks subserving evaluative and affective processes. This study examined evaluative valence and arousal ratings in response to picture stimuli in patients with lesions of the insula and two contrast groups: a control-lesion group (the primary contrast group) and an amygdala-lesion group. Patients rated the positivity and negativity of picture stimuli (from very unpleasant to very pleasant) and how emotionally arousing they found the pictures to be. Compared with patients in the control-lesion group, patients with insular lesions reported reduced arousal in response to both unpleasant and pleasant stimuli, as well as marked attenuation of valence ratings. In contrast, the arousal ratings of patients with amygdala lesions were selectively attenuated for unpleasant stimuli, and these patients' positive and negative valence ratings did not differ from those of the control-lesion group. Results support the view that the insular cortex may play a broad role in integrating affective and cognitive processes, whereas the amygdala may have a more selective role in affective arousal, especially for negative stimuli.


Assuntos
Nível de Alerta , Córtex Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Cognição , Julgamento , Afeto , Tonsila do Cerebelo/fisiopatologia , Análise de Variância , Emoções , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estimulação Luminosa/métodos
19.
Biol Psychol ; 86(3): 174-80, 2011 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21126557

RESUMO

The current study examined the role of perceived social isolation in moderating the effects of oxytocin on cardiac autonomic control in humans. Intranasal administration of 20 IU oxytocin resulted in a significant increase in autonomic (parasympathetic and sympathetic) cardiac control. Specifically, oxytocin increased high frequency heart rate variability, a relatively pure measure of parasympathetic cardiac control, and decreased pre-ejection period, a well-validated marker of enhanced sympathetic cardiac control. Derived metrics of autonomic co-activity and reciprocity revealed that oxytocin significantly increased overall autonomic cardiac control. Furthermore, the effects of oxytocin on cardiac autonomic control were significantly associated with loneliness ratings. Higher levels of loneliness were associated with diminished parasympathetic cardiac reactivity to intranasal oxytocin. The effects of OT on autonomic cardiac control were independent of any effects on circulating pro-inflammatory cytokine or stress hormone levels. Thus, lonely individuals may be less responsive to the salubrious effects of oxytocin on cardiovascular responsivity.


Assuntos
Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/efeitos dos fármacos , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Solidão/psicologia , Ocitócicos/farmacologia , Ocitocina/farmacologia , Adulto , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/fisiologia , Catecolaminas/sangue , Citocinas/sangue , Eletrocardiografia/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Masculino , Modelos Biológicos , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto Jovem
20.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 107(37): 16342-7, 2010 Sep 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20805484

RESUMO

Psychological factors, including depression and social isolation, are important determinants of cardiovascular health. The current study uses a well-validated mouse model of cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR) to examine the effect of social environment on several pathophysiological and behavioral responses to cerebral ischemia. Male experimental mice were either housed in pairs with an ovariectomized female or socially isolated for the duration of the experiment. Cardiac arrest increased the mRNA expression of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6, as well as the microglia marker MAC-1; expression of each of these factors, except IL-6, was further increased among socially isolated mice. Furthermore, socially isolated animals exposed to the CA/CPR procedure displayed significantly higher levels of neuronal cell death and microglia staining within the hippocampus at 7 d following surgery. Social isolation also exacerbated CA/CPR-induced depressive-like behavior and cardiac autonomic dysregulation. In the absence of ischemic damage, social environment had no significant effect on the expression of neuronal cell death, autonomic cardiac control, or behavior. Together, these data suggest that social factors influence the pathophysiological trajectory following cardiac arrest.


Assuntos
Depressão/fisiopatologia , Parada Cardíaca/fisiopatologia , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Comportamento Social , Animais , Reanimação Cardiopulmonar , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Depressão/metabolismo , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Parada Cardíaca/genética , Parada Cardíaca/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Ovariectomia , RNA Mensageiro/genética
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