Positive effects of antitumor drugs in combination with propolis on canine osteosarcoma cells (spOS-2) and mesenchymal stem cells.

The combination of lower concentrations of antitumor drugs (carboplatin - CARB, doxorubicin - DOX, and methotrexate - MET) with propolis was investigated against canine osteosarcoma (spOS-2) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in vitro. The mechanism of action in the combinations was analyzed. spOS-2 cells were incubated up to 72 h with propolis (50 µg/ml) alone or in combination with CARB (10-400 µmol/l), DOX (0.5-2 µmol/l) or MET (50-200 µmol/l). Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay, apoptosis/necrosis by flow cytometry, and MSC was incubated with the optimum combination. Propolis alone exerted no cytotoxic action against spOS-2 cells, whereas CARB (400, 200 and 100 µmol/l) exhibited the highest cytotoxic effects comparing to DOX and MET. The combination of propolis with the lowest concentrations of CARB led to better results comparing to CARB alone, which was not observed using DOX and MET. Apoptosis was involved in the action of propolis + CARB in spOS-2 cells. MSC were not affected by CARB/propolis, indicating that the cytotoxic action of the combination was specific to tumor cells but not to normal ones. Propolis improved the action of CARB against spOS-2 cells using lower concentrations of this drug, without affecting MSC. These findings are relevant and indicate a possible application of propolis in OSA treatment.

Influence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) supplementation at different times of in vitro maturation of canine oocytes / Influência da suplementação do fator de crescimento epidermal (EGF) em diferentes momentos da maturação in vitro de oócitos caninos

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on in vitro maturation of canine oocytes at different times of the process. Ovaries were collected from 55 bitches considered healthy and aseptically isolated, immersed in physiological solution (0.9% NaCl) and transported under refrigeration. Grade 1 cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were selected and divided into two groups: control group (CG) and treatment group (TG). In CG 698 grade I COCs were placed in 4-well plates containing TCM-199 medium supplemented with 25 mM HEPES, 100 IU/mL penicillin, 100 mg/mL streptomycin, 26 mM sodium bicarbonate, 1.5 mM sodium pyruvate, 2.9 mM sodium lactate pentahydrate, 0.6 mM cysteine, 0.03 IU/mL hCG, 0.5 µg/mL FSH, 20 µg/mL estrogen at 38.5ºC in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in times of 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. In TG 547 COCs received the same maturation medium plus 10 ηg/mL EGF. Logistic regression models (SAS, 2011) were constructed in order to estimate the chances of oocytes being observed at nuclear maturation stages in different culture times (24 h, 48 h, and 72 h). Based on the results found EGF-supplemented medium showed 2.56 times more chances of having an oocyte at metaphase I (M-I) than medium without EGF (p < 0.0001). The results of this study demonstrated that the time of 72 h showed 5.88 times more chances of having an oocyte at metaphase II (M-II) compared to time of 24 h (p = 0.0001) and 7.69 times more chance than time of 48 h (p = 0.0001). The chances of finding an oocyte at M-II were also 9.09 times higher in medium supplemented with EGF than in medium without EGF (p = 0.0001). Thus, these results demonstrated the essential importance of EGF at different moments of oocyte maturation, being a key component for the acquisition of meiotic competence in bitches, increasing the M-I and M-II rates.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do fator de crescimento epidermal (EGF) em diferentes momentos da maturação in vitro de oócitos caninos. Os ovários foram coletados de 55 cadelas consideradas sadias e isolados assepticamente, imersos em solução fisiológica e transportados refrigerados. Os complexos cumulus-oócito (COCs) grau 1 foram selecionados e divididos em dois grupos, denominados grupo controle (GC) e grupo tratamento (GT). No GC, 698 COCs grau I foram cultivados em placas de quatro poços contendo meio TCM-199 suplementado com 25 mM de HEPES, 100 UI/mL de penicilina, 100 mg/mL de estreptomicina, 26 mM de bicarbonato de sódio, 1,5 mM de piruvato de sódio, 2,9 mM de lactato de sódio penta hidratado, 0,6 mM de cisteína, 0,03 UI/mL de hCG, 0,5 µg/mL de FSH, 20 µg/mL de estrógeno em estufa úmida a 38ºC, 5% de CO2 nos períodos de 24h, 48 h e 72 h . Já no GT, 547 COCs receberam o mesmo meio de maturação acrescido de 10 ηg/mL do EGF. Modelos de regressão logística foram elaborados para estimar as chances do oócito ser observado nos estágios de maturação nuclear em diferentes tempos de cultivo. Com base nos resultados encontrados, o meio suplementado com EGF demonstrou 2,56 vezes mais chances de ter um oócito no estágio de metáfase I (M-I) do que o meio sem EGF (p < 0,0001). Os resultados desse estudo demonstraram também que o tempo de 72 h mostrou 5,88 vezes mais chances de ter um oócito no estágio de metáfase II (M-II) do que o tempo de 2 h (p = 0,0001) e 7,69 vezes mais chance do que o tempo de 48h (p = 0,0001). As chances de se encontrar um oócito em M-II também foram 9,09 vezes maiores no meio suplementado com EGF do que no meio sem EGF (p = 0,0001). Dessa forma, estes resultados demonstraram a importância essencial do EGF em diferentes momentos da maturação oocitária, sendo componente chave para a aquisição da competência meiótica nas cadelas, aumentando os índices de M-I e M-II.(AU)

Effect of transport temperature of ovaries on in vitro maturation of canine oocytes collected in different stages of the estrous cycle / Influência da temperatura de transporte de ovários na maturação in vitro de oócitos caninos coletados em diferentes estágios do ciclo estral

This study evaluated the influence of estrous cycle stage and transport temperature of ovaries on in vitro maturation of canine oocytes. The bitches were categorized into two groups based on stage of estrus cycle: diestrus or anestrus. One ovary of each pair collected was transported in saline solution at 4°C while the other was transported at 37°C. Thus, ovarian tissue was sliced in PBS to release cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs). A total of 345 COCs (n = 186 oocytes from ovaries of bitches in anestrus and 159 in diestrus) were cultivated in TCM 199 supplemented with HEPES, sodium pyruvate, cysteine, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), estrogen (E2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF). After 72h of maturation, the COCs were denuded, fixed and stained to assess nuclear maturation. The Fisher test was applied to examine the differences between the groups. The significance level adopted was 0.05. The oocytes obtained from the ovaries from bitches in diestrus transported at 4°C shown increased frequency of oocytes in metaphase II stage than those maintained at 37°C (p 0.01). Similarly, there was increased frequency of oocytes in metaphase II (11.1%) stage from the ovaries of bitches in anestrus and transported at 4°C, than those maintained at 37°C (p 0.05). It was concluded that transport temperature influences the results of canine oocyte viability and in vitro maturation, regardless of reproductive stage of the female.

Foi avaliada a influencia do ciclo estral e temperatura de transporte de ovários na maturação in vitro de oócitos caninos. As cadelas foram categorizadas em dois grupos baseados no estagio do ciclo estral anestro ou diestro. Um ovário por par coletado foi transportado em solução fisiológica 0,9% a 4°C enquanto o outro foi transportado a 37°C. Então, os ovários foram seccionados em PBS para a liberação dos complexos cumulus oocito (COCs). Um total de 345 COCs (n = 186 oocitos obtidos de cadelas em anestro e 159 em diestro) foi cultivado em TCM 199 suplementado com HEPES, piruvato de sódio, cisteina, hormônio folículo estimulante (FSH), gonadotrofina coriônica humana (hCG), estrógeno (E2) e fator de crescimento epidermal (EGF). Apos 72h de maturação, os COCs foram desnudados, fixados e corados para avaliação da maturação nuclear. O teste de Fisher foi utilizado para avaliar as diferenças entre os grupos. O nível de significância adotado foi de 0,05. Os oócitos obtidos de cadelas em diestro transportados a 4°C apresentaram maior frequência de oócitos no estagio de metáfase II (21,1%) que os mantidos na temperatura de 37°C (p 0,01). De forma similar, houve maior frequência de oócitos nos estágios de metáfase II (11,2%) nos ovários obtidos de cadelas em anestro e transportados a 4°C que nos ovários mantidos a 37°C (p 0,05). Concluiu-se que a temperatura de transporte influencia os resultados de viabilidade oocitária canina e a maturação in vitro, independentemente do estagio reprodutivo da fêmea.

Anticancer effects of geopropolis produced by stingless bees on canine osteosarcoma cells in vitro.

Geopropolis is produced by indigenous stingless bees from the resinous material of plants, adding soil or clay. Its biological properties have not been investigated, such as propolis, and herein its cytotoxic action on canine osteosarcoma (OSA) cells was evaluated. OSA is a primary bone neoplasm diagnosed in dogs being an excellent model in vivo to study human OSA. spOS-2 primary cultures were isolated from the tumor of a dog with osteosarcoma and incubated with geopropolis, 70% ethanol (geopropolis solvent), and carboplatin after 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours. Cell viability was analyzed by the crystal violet method. Geopropolis was efficient against canine OSA cells in a dose- and time-dependent way, leading to a distinct morphology compared to control. Geopropolis cytotoxic action was exclusively due to its constituents since 70% ethanol (its solvent) had no effect on cell viability. Carboplatin had no effect on OSA cells. Geopropolis exerted a cytotoxic effect on canine osteosarcoma, and its introduction as a possible therapeutic agent in vivo could be investigated, providing a new contribution to OSA treatment.