Ethical Issues Regarding Neurosurgical Management of Penetrating Brain Injury in the French Armed Forces.

Combat penetrating brain injury (PBI) differs significantly from PBI in civilian environments. Differences include technical factors such as the weapons involved, strained resource environments, and limited medical materials and human resources available. Ethical issues regarding the management of PBI in military settings may occur. This case study examines the case of a 20-year-old member of the French Armed Forces that suffered a penetrating brain injury in a combat situation. The four-quadrant method along with the four principles of medical ethics (respect for autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice) was used to analyze this case and to apply ethics to the practice of military medicine. Nowadays, we possess the medical and surgical resources as well as the aeromedical evacuation capability to save the life of a soldier with a penetrating craniocerebral wound. Nonetheless, the functional outcome of this type of wound places military doctors in an ethical dilemma. The line of conduct and clinical protocol established by the French Medical Health Service is to manage all PBIs when the patient's life can be saved and to provide all available financial and social support for the rehabilitation of patients and their family.

Transverse subtrochanteric shortening osteotomy with double tension-band fixation during THA for Crowe III-IV developmental dysplasia: 12-year outcomes.

BACKGROUND: When performing total hip arthroplasty in patients with severe developmental dysplasia, shortening the femur facilitates reduction while also preventing sciatic or crural nerve injury and excessive length of the operated limb. No consensus exists about the optimal type of implant and best internal fixation procedure, two parameters that directly govern the risk of the most common intraoperative and postoperative complications (diaphyseal fractures, dislocation, non-union). To minimise these risks, we developed a technique combining a transverse subtrochanteric shortening osteotomy, a long ovoid-profiled, cementless stem anchored in the metaphysis, and double tension-band wiring for internal fixation. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of this technique with emphasis on (i) complications and femoral implant survival, (ii) clinical outcomes (functional scores and lower-limb length inequality [LLLI]), and time to healing. HYPOTHESIS: Our technique is associated with low rates of intraoperative and postoperative complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This single-centre retrospective cohort study included patients who underwent THA with a transverse subtrochanteric shortening osteotomy and fixation using double tension-band wiring to treat severe (Crowe III or IV) developmental hip dysplasia. The femoral implant was a long, ovoid, cementless stem fully coated with hydroxyapatite. We collected the intraoperative and postoperative complications, survival, LLLI, functional scores (Harris Hip Score [HHS] and Forgotten Joint Score [FJS]), patient satisfaction, and radiographic outcomes. RESULTS: The study included 31 hips in 25 patients. Two patients (2/31 hips, 6.5%) were lost to follow-up, leaving 29 hips for the analysis of postoperative outcomes. Mean follow-up was 13.7±4.2 years (range, 5.8-18.3 years). The four intraoperative complications (4/31, 12.9%) consisted fracture of the diaphysis (2/31, 6.5%), fracture of the greater trochanter (1/31, 3.2%), and sciatic nerve injury followed by a full recovery (1/29, 3.4%). The 8 (8/29, 27.5%) postoperative complications consisted of dislocation (2/29, 6.9%), stem subsidence (2/29, 6.9%), and non-union (4/29, 13.8%). Femoral implant survival at last follow-up was 87.1% (95% CI, 76.1-99.7). The mean HHS increased from 39.6±12.0 (range, 14-61) before surgery to 81.7±13.2 (range, 48-100) at last follow-up (p<0.01). The FJS at last follow-up indicated that the joint was forgotten in 14/29 (48.2%) cases and caused only acceptable symptoms in 9/29 (31.0%) of cases. Clinically significant (≥ 1cm) LLLI was present in 8/29 (27.6%) patients postoperatively compared to 19/29 (65.5%) preoperatively. The mean LLLI decreased from 20.8±19.7mm (range, 0-60mm) to 5.0±7.3mm (range, 0-30mm). Mean time to healing was 4.3±2.4 months (range, 2-11 months). CONCLUSION: Regarding these complex procedures, this technique was associated with low rates of intraoperative fractures and early postoperative complications. However, femoral stem survival was shorter than in earlier studies and the non-union rate was high, despite satisfactory functional and clinical outcomes.

Early Evaluation of a New French Surgery Course in the Best Practice of Dealing With Major Incidents and Mass Casualty Events.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of a nationwide 5-month course aimed to prepare surgeons for Major Incidents through the acquisition of key knowledge and competencies. Learners' satisfaction was also measured as a secondary objective. DESIGN: This course was evaluated thanks to various teaching efficacy metrics, mainly based on Kirkpatrick's hierarchy in medical education. Gain in knowledge of participants was evaluated by multiple-choice tests. Self-reported confidence was measured with 2 detailed pre and post training questionnaires. SETTING: Creation in 2020 of a nationwide, optional and comprehensive Surgical Training in War and Disaster Situation as part of the French surgery residency program. In 2021, data was gathered regarding the impact of the course on participants' knowledge and competencies. PARTICIPANTS: The study included 26 students in the 2021 cohort (13 residents and 13 practitioners). RESULTS: Mean scores were significantly higher in the post-test compared to the pre-test, showing significant increase in participants' knowledge during the course: 73,3% vs. 47,3% respectively (p ≤ 0.001). Average learners' confidence scores to perform technical procedures showed at least a +1-point increase on the Likert scale for 65% of items tested (p ≤ 0.001). 89% of items showed at least a +1-point increase on the Likert scale when it came to average learners' confidence score on dealing with complicated situations (p ≤ 0.001). Our post-training satisfaction survey showed that 92% of all participants have noticed the impact of the course on their daily practice. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that the third level of Kirkpatrick's hierarchy in medical education was reached. This course therefore appears to be meeting the objectives set by the Ministry of Health. Being only 2 years old, it is on the road to gathering momentum and further development.

Survival and complications at a minimum 5years' follow-up of the modular Mark-2 Extreme™ cementless femoral stem: Does the reduced modularity resolve the mechanical issues of the Mark-I stem?

INTRODUCTION: The Extreme™ modular stem was developed for implant revision with metaphyseal-diaphyseal defect. Due to the high breakage rate, a new "reduced modularity" design has been introduced, but without reported results. We therefore conducted a retrospective assessment of (1) overall stem survival, (2) functional results, (3) osseointegration, and (4) the rate of complications, and notably of mechanical failure. HYPOTHESIS: Reduced modularity reduces the risk of revision surgery for mechanical failure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-five prostheses were implanted between January 2007 and December 2010 in 42 patients with severe bone defect (Paprosky≥III) or periprosthetic shaft fracture. Mean age was 69.6years (range: 44-91years). Minimum follow-up was 5years, for a mean 115.4months (range: 60-156months). The main study endpoint was femoral stem survival, counting all-cause explantation as event. Functional assessment comprised subjective rating of satisfaction, Postel Merle d'Aubigné (PMA) and Harris Hip scores, and Forgotten Joint Score (FJS). Whether the revision assembly was carried out in situ, in the patient's hip, or outside, on the operating table, was not known in 2 cases; in the other 43, assembly was in situ in 15 cases (35%) and on the operating table in 28 (65%). RESULTS: Five-year stem survival was 75.7% (95% CI: 61.9-89.5%), taking all causes of change together. Seventeen patients (45.9%) had complications, 13 (35.1%) requiring revision surgery, including 10 (27.0%) for stem replacement. Five patients (13.5%) had steam breakage at the junction between the metaphysis and the diaphyseal stem, 4 of which occurred within 2 years of implantation or of fixation of a periprosthetic fracture. Mean preoperative Harris score was 48.4 [IQR (25-75% interquartile range): 37-58] and PMA score 11.1 (IQR: 10-12), compared to respectively 74 (IQR: 67-89) and 13.6 (IQR: 12.5-16) at follow-up. Mean FJS at follow-up was 71.5 (IQR: 61-94.5). In the 15 in situ assemblies, there were 3 breakages (20%), compared to 2 (7.1%) in the 28 table assemblies (p=0.21). DISCUSSION: The stem breakage rate was high despite the reduced modularity, which concentrated all stress on a single junction but without reducing the risk of mechanical failure. Surgical technique was faulty in some cases, with in situ assembly of the metaphysis after implanting the diaphyseal stem, which does not respect the manufacturer's recommendations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV; retrospective study.

Secondary intramedullary nailing for open tibial shaft fractures. Comparison of a one-stage versus two-stage surgical procedure.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to compare the rates of radiological and clinical complications after sequential treatment of a tibial shaft fracture by external fixation followed by secondary nailing with an early-stage conversion (C1S) versus a two-stage late conversion (C2S). The hypothesis of this work was that treatment with C1S does not increase the risk of surgical site infections compared to C2S, and allows faster healing with a lower malunion rate. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out a retrospective and comparative study based on the files of the traumatology department of the Édouard Herriot University Hospital in Lyon. We reviewed the records of patients who presented with a Gustilo grade 1, 2 or 3a open tibial fracture treated with external fixation with conversion by intramedullary nailing within 6 months from January 2010 to December 2020. We assessed the occurrence of Surgical Site Infections (SSI), consolidation time, time until resumption of weight bearing and the malunion rate. RESULTS: Of the 55 patients included, a C1S procedure was performed in 25 cases (45.5%) versus 30 cases (54.5%) for C2S. No significant difference was found concerning the occurrence of SSI after intramedullary nailing between the two groups (p=0.81). A significant difference was observed in terms of bone healing (p=0.036) and the malunion rate (0.0013) in favor of nailing in one stage. DISCUSSION: The strategy of converting an open leg fracture early, in one stage (C1S), after initial external fixator placement allows for faster healing and weight bearing, while ensuring a lower malunion rate compared to that of a late two-stage conversion. In the absence of a scar at the time of intramedullary nailing, C1S does not increase the risk of surgical site infections. While the choice of a late and sequential two-stage operation is likely related to the surgeon's apprehension around conversion of an open leg fracture by intramedullary nailing, this study could promote the use of C1S in a greater number of situations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with short hamstring grafts: the choice of femoral fixation device matters in controlling overall lengthening.

PURPOSE: The purpose was to conduct an independent biomechanical study comparing the main types of femoral fixation adapted to short hamstring grafts in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery and to validate their performance. METHODS: The ACLip® Femoral, ToggleLoc™ Ziploop (TLZ), and Tape Locking Screw (TLS®) implants were tested in tension in the following three different configurations: implant alone, implant fixed on the femur without graft, and implant fixed on the femur with graft. Grafts alone were also tested. The femurs and the 4-strand semi-tendinosus grafts were derived from porcine and human models, respectively. Each set-up was subjected to the same protocol of creep (50 N for 30 s), cycling (1000 cycles between 50 and 250 N, 1 Hz), and load to failure (50 mm/min). RESULTS: A total of 93 tests were performed (30 ACLip®, 30 TLZ, 20 TLS®, and 13 ST4 alone). For the implants tested with femur and graft, the mean ± standard deviation (SD) overall elongation at 250 N after cycling was 5.2 ± 0.2 mm, 8.4 ± 2.1 mm, and 5.3 ± 0.8 mm, the mean ± SD ultimate load to failure was 736 ± 116 N, 830 ± 204 N, and 640 ± 242 N, and the mean ± SD stiffness at the 1000th cycle was 185 ± 15 N/mm, 172 ± 19 N/mm, and 178 ± 21 N/mm for ACLip®, ToggleLoc™, and TLS® devices, respectively. There was no significant difference between the implants except for post-cycling elongation between TLZ and the other two implants (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The choice of femoral fixation device plays a decisive role in controlling the overall lengthening of an ACL reconstruction using a short hamstring graft. All implants validated the specifications in terms of ultimate load to failure, the TLS® system had, however, a low performance limit. ToggleLoc™ with adjustable loop should no longer be used on the femur side; instead the other types of fixation should be used to improve the overall elongation control.

Rotating Hinge Knee Arthroplasty for Revision Prosthetic-Knee Infection: Good Functional Outcomes but a Crucial Need for Superinfection Prevention.

Introduction: Management of chronic infection following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is challenging. Rotating hinged prostheses are often required in this setting due to severe bone loss, ligamentous insufficiency, or a combination of the two. The nature of the mechanical and septic complications occurring in this setting has not been well-described. The aim of this study was to evaluate patient outcomes using a hinge knee prosthesis for prosthetic knee infections and to investigate risk factors for implant removal. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study that included all patients treated in our tertiary level referral center between January 2009 and December 2016 for prosthetic knee infection with a hinge knee prosthesis. Only patients with a minimum 2-year of follow-up were included. Functional evaluation was performed using international knee society (IKS) "Knee" and "Function" scores. Survival analysis comparing implant removal risks for mechanical and septic causes was performed using Cox univariate analysis and Kaplan-Meier curves. Risk factors for implant removal and septic failure were assessed. Results: Forty-six knees were eligible for inclusion. The majority of patients had satisfactory functional outcomes as determined by mean IKS scores (mean knee score: 70.53, mean function score: 46.53 points, and mean knee flexion: 88.75°). The 2-year implant survival rate was 89% but dropped to 65% at 7 years follow-up. The risk of failure (i.e., implant removal) was higher for septic etiology compared to mechanical causes. Patients with American society of anesthesiologists (ASA) score>1, immunosuppression, or with peripheral arterial diseases had a higher risk for septic failure. Patients with acute infection according to the Tsukayamaclassification had a higher risk of failure. Of the 46 patients included, 19 (41.3%) had atleast one infectious event on the surgical knee and most of these were superinfections (14/19) with new pathogens isolated. Among pathogens responsible for superinfections (i) cefazolin and gentamicin were both active in six of the cases but failed to prevent the superinfection; (ii) cefazolin and/or gentamicin were not active in eight patients, leading to alternative systemic and/or local antimicrobial prophylaxis consideration. Conclusions: Patients with chronic total knee arthroplasty (TKA) infection, requiring revision using rotating hinge implant, had good functional outcomes but experienced a high rate of septic failure, mostly due to bacterial superinfection. These patients may need optimal antimicrobial systemic prophylaxis and innovative approaches to reduce the rate of superinfection.

Risk factors for complications after primary intramedullary nailing to treat tibial shaft fractures: A cohort study of 184 consecutive patients.

BACKGROUND: Intramedullary nailing is the standard of care for tibial shaft fractures. The risk factors for infectious and/or mechanical complications, notably non-union, remain incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate risk factors for complications, notably non-union. HYPOTHESIS: Active smoking and an initial open wound are independent risk factors for complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively included consecutive patients managed for open or closed tibial shaft fractures by primary intramedullary nailing between 2013 and 2018. We collected data on preoperative factors related to the patient and to the mechanism of injury (age, sex, smoking history, energy of the trauma, open wound), on intraoperative factors (residual interfragmentary gap), and on postoperative factors (early or delayed weight-bearing). We evaluated the associations between these factors and the occurrence of complications, notably non-union, by performing a univariate analysis followed by a multivariate analysis. RESULTS: We included 184 patients [mean age, 38.5±17.6 (range, 15-91), 72.2% of males]. One or more complications developed in 28 (15.2%) patients and non-union occurred in 15 (8.1%) patients. There were three significant risk factors for complications: active smoking (OR, 7.93; 95%CI, 2.76-22.7), a residual interfragmentary gap >5mm (OR, 4.92; 95%CI, 1.72-14.02), and an initial open wound (OR,5.16; 95%CI, 1.62-16.43) (p<0.05). The same three factors were significant risk factors for non-union. Energy of the trauma, age, sex, and early or delayed weight bearing were not significantly associated with an excess risk of complications. DISCUSSION: Active smoking, a residual interfragmentary gap >5mm, and an initial open wound are risk factors for postoperative complications after intramedullary nailing to treat a tibial shaft fracture. Preventive strategies and specific information could be implemented for these patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV; single-centre retrospective cohort study.

Extremity soft tissue coverage in the combat zone: use of pedicled flap transfers by the deployed orthopedic surgeon.

BACKGROUND: In theaters of operation, military orthopedic surgeons have to deal with complex open extremity injuries and perform soft-tissue reconstruction on local patients who cannot be evacuated. Our objective was to evaluate the outcomes and discuss practical issues regarding the use of pedicled flap transfers performed in the combat zone on local national patients. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on data from patients treated by a single orthopedic surgeon during four tours in Chad, Afghanistan and Mali between 2010 and 2017. All pedicled flap transfers performed on extremity soft-tissue defects were included, and two groups were analyzed: combat-related injuries (CRIs) and non-combat related injuries (NCRIs). RESULTS: Forty-one patients with a mean age of 25.6 years were included. In total, 46 open injuries required flap coverage: 19 CRIs and 27 NCRIs. Twenty of these injuries were infected. The mean number of prior debridements was significantly higher in the CRIs group. Overall, 63 pedicled flap transfers were carried out: 15 muscle flaps, 35 local fasciocutaneous flaps and 13 distant fasciocutaneous flaps. The flap types used did not differ for CRIs or NCRIs. Complications included one flap failure, one partial flap necrosis and six deep infections. At the mean follow-up time of 71 days, limb salvage had been successful in 38 of the 41 cases. There were no significant differences between CRIs and NCRIs in terms of endpoint assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Satisfying results can be achieved by simple pedicled flaps performed by orthopedic surgeons deployed in forward surgical units. Most complications were related to failure of bone infection treatment. The teaching of such basic reconstructive procedures should be part of the training for any military orthopedic surgeon. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Retrospectively registered on January 2019 (n°2019-090 1-001).

Evaluation of containment measures' effect on orthopaedic trauma surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective comparison between 2019 and 2020.

BACKGROUND: There is no available information about the effect of containment measures on trauma surgery activity. The aim of this study was to analyse and report the containment measures' impact on trauma surgery activity during the COVID-19 pandemic in order to quickly react and adjust in case of a new sanitary crisis and containment. METHODS: An original epidemiological study was performed in our trauma centre in France. Data from trauma surgeries performed during the pre-containment (from March 1 to March 16, 2020), containment (from March 17 to April 17, 2020) and reference (from March 1 to April 17, 2019) periods were compared. The primary outcome was the number of patients operated on daily and the daily operating room time. Clinical data, delay for surgery, mechanism of injury and injury pattern were also reviewed. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant decrease in the number of patients operated upon daily (- 39,8%, p value < 0.001) and daily operating room time (- 35.5%, p value < 0.001) between the reference and containment periods and between the pre-containment and containment periods (respectively, - 35.0%, p value < 0.001 and - 28.7%, p value 0.002). No differences were reported between the reference and pre-containment periods for daily-operated patients (p value 0.359). CONCLUSION: Containment measures had a direct impact on trauma surgery activity with a decrease of a third of trauma surgery activity. Those results could be useful if a new containment occurred.

ACL reconstruction using a quadruple semitendinosus graft with cortical fixations gives suitable isokinetic and clinical outcomes after 2 years.

PURPOSE: The objective of this single-center randomized single-blinded trial was to assess the hypothesis that anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) using a four-strand semitendinosus (ST) graft with adjustable femoral and tibial cortical fixation produced good outcomes compared to an ST/gracilis (ST/G) graft with femoral pin transfixation and tibial bioscrew fixation. Follow-up was 2 years. METHODS: Patients older than 16 years who underwent primary isolated ACLR included for 1 year until August 2017 were eligible. The primary outcome measures were the subjective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, isokinetic muscle strength recovery, and return to work within 2 years. The study was approved by the ethics committee. RESULTS: Of 66 eligible patients, 60 completed the study and were included, 33 in the 4ST group and 27 in the ST/G group. Mean age was 30.5 ± 8.9 years in the 4ST group and 30.3 ± 8.5 in the ST/G group (n.s.). No significant between-group differences were found for mean postoperative subjective IKDC (4ST group, 80.2 ± 12.5; ST/G group, 83.6 ± 13.6; n.s.), side-to-side percentage deficits in isokinetic hamstring strength (at 60°/s: ST group, 17% ± 16%; ST/G group, 14% ± 11%; n.s.) or quadriceps strength (at 60°/s: ST group, 14% ± 12%; ST/G group, 19% ± 17%; n.s.), return to work, pain during physical activities, side-to-side differential laxity, balance, loss of flexion/extension, or surgical complications. CONCLUSION: This trial demonstrates that functional outcomes after 4ST for ACLR with cortical fixations could be as good, although not better, than those obtained using ST/G. The 4ST technique spares the gracilis tendon, which thus preserves the medial sided muscle and thereby could improve function and limit donor-side morbidity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level I.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Emergency Physician-Performed Ultrasound for Acute Appendicitis in a Remote Location.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative imaging for suspected acute appendicitis (AA), such as ultrasonography (US), was shown to improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes. Criteria for diagnosis of AA by US are well established and reliable. In previous studies, US assessments were always performed by skilled radiologist physicians. However, a radiologist and computed tomography scanning equipment are not always available in the community hospitals or remote sites of developing countries. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess a diagnostic pathway using clinical evaluation, routine US performed by an emergency physician, and clinical re-evaluation for patients suspected of having AA. METHODS: Patients suspected of having AA admitted to the emergency department in a developing country were prospectively enrolled between November 2010 and January 2011. Clinical and US data were studied. A noncompressible appendix with a diameter ≥6 mm was the main US diagnosis criterion. RESULTS: Among the 104 included patients, surgery was performed on 28. Of the 25 patients with positive US, 22 actually had AA, matching the surgical report. The remaining 76 patients without US appendicitis criteria underwent clinical follow-up and had medical conditions. Sensitivity of US was 88%, specificity was 96%, positive predictive value was 88%, and negative predictive value was 96%. The likelihood ratios for our US assessment highlight the need for a test with enhanced diagnostic accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: A diagnostic strategy using clinical evaluations, routine US performed by emergency physicians, and clinical re-evaluation of patients with acute abdominal pain is appropriate to provide positive results for the diagnosis and treatment of appendicitis in remote locations.

[Hospital care for war casualties: forward surgery]. / Le choix tactique de gestes incomplets mais rapides, efficaces et salvateurs.

Hospital care for war casualties: forward surgery. War casualties in today's conflicts are often multiple injuries although fatal injuries of the trunk is limited by the use of ballistic protection. The initial surgery procedures (forward surgery) are based on a genuine therapeutic strategy in the context of war and meets the three priorities that are life saving, save the organ or member, and preserve function. The initial surgical treatment is performed on the theater of operations. Procedures are simple, rapid but incomplete. Damage control surgery is used for trunk, vascular lesions or lesions of the members. The definitive treatment will be done once the patient resuscitated, stabilized and sometimes after evacuation.

Prise en charge hospitalière des blessés de guerre : la chirurgie de l'avant. Les blessés de guerre dans les conflits actuels sont souvent des polytraumatisés bien que les lésions mortelles du tronc soient limitées par l'utilisation de protections balistiques. La prise en charge chirurgicale initiale ou chirurgie de l'avant de ces patients blessés nécessite une véritable stratégie thérapeutique en contexte de guerre et répond aux trois priorités que sont sauver la vie, sauver l'organe ou le membre et préserver la fonction. Le traitement chirurgical initial est réalisé sur le théâtre d'opérations. Il consiste à effectuer des gestes initiaux simples, rapides, mais incomplets, principe même du damage control aussi bien pour les lésions du tronc que pour les lésions vasculaires ou des membres. Le traitement définitif sera réalisé une fois le patient réanimé, stabilisé et parfois après son évacuation.

Humanitarian Surgical Care Provided by a French Forward Surgical Team: Ten Years of Providing Medical Support to the Population of the Ivory Coast.

INTRODUCTION: The aims of this study were as follows: first to quantify and review the types of surgical procedures performed by military surgeons assigned to a Forward Surgical Team (FST) providing medical support to the population (MSP) in the Ivory Coast (IC), and second to analyze how this MSP was achieved. METHODS: Between 2002 and 2012, all of the local nationals operated on by the different FSTs deployed in the IC were included in the study. The surgical activity was analyzed and divided into surgical specialties, war wounds, nonwar emergency trauma, nontrauma emergencies, and elective surgery. Demographics, circumstances of health care management, wounded organs, and types of surgical procedures were described. RESULTS: Over this period, surgeons operated on 2,315 patients and performed 2,556 procedures. Elective surgery accounted for 78.7% of the surgical activity, nontrauma emergencies accounted for 12.7%, nonwar emergency trauma accounted for 8%, and war wounds accounted for 0.6%. The main surgical activities were visceral (43.8%) and orthopedic (including soft tissues) surgeries (38.5%). CONCLUSION: The FSTs contributed widely to MSP in the IC. This MSP required limited resources, standardization of the procedures and specific skills beyond the original surgical specialties of military surgeons to fulfill the needs of the local population.

Wartime paediatric extremity injuries: experience from the Kabul International Airport Combat support hospital.

Since the beginning of Operation Enduring Freedom, management of Afghan military or civilian casualties including children is a priority of the battlefield medical support. The aim of this study is to describe the features of paediatric wartime extremities injuries and to analyse their management in the Kabul International Airport Combat Support Hospital. A retrospective review was carried out using the French surgical database OPEX (Service de Santé des Armées) from June 2009 to January 2013. Paediatric patients were defined as those younger than 16 years old. Of the 220 injured children operated on, 155 (70%) sustained an extremity injury and were included. The mean age of the children was 9.1 ± 3.8 years. Among these children, 77 sustained combat-related injuries (CRIs) and 78 sustained noncombat-related injuries (NCRIs), with a total of 212 extremities injuries analysed. All CRIs were open injuries, whereas NCRIs were dominated by blunt injuries. Multiple extremities injuries and associated injuries were significantly more frequent in children with CRIs, whose median Injury Severity Score was higher than those with NCRIs. Debridement and irrigation was significantly predominant in the CRIs group, as well as internal fracture fixation in the NCRIs group. There were four deaths, yielding a global mortality rate of 2.6%. This study is the first to analyse specifically paediatric extremities trauma and their management at level 3 of battlefield medical facilities in recent conflicts. Except for severe burns and polytrauma, treatment of paediatric extremities injuries can be readily performed in Combat Support Hospitals by orthopaedic surgeons trained in paediatric trauma.

Modern teaching of military surgery: why and how to prepare the orthopaedic surgeons before deployment? The French experience.

PURPOSE: Improved survival of combat casualties in modern conflicts is especially due to early access to damage control resuscitation and surgery in forward surgical facilities. In the French Army, these small mobile units are staffed with one general surgeon and one orthopaedic surgeon who must be able to perform any kind of trauma or non trauma emergency surgery. METHODS: This concept of forward surgery requires a solid foundation in general surgery which is no longer provided by the current surgical programs due to an early specialization of the residents. Obviously a specific training is needed in war trauma due to the special pathology and practice, but also in humanitarian care which is often provided in military field facilities. RESULTS: To meet that demand the French Military Health Service Academy created an Advanced Course for Deployment Surgery (ACDS), also called CACHIRMEX (Cours Avancé de CHIRurgie en Mission EXtérieure). Since 2007 this course is mandatory for young military surgeons before their first deployment. Orthopaedic trainees are particularly interested in learning war damage control orthopaedic tactics, general surgery life-saving procedures and humanitarian orthopaedic surgery principles in austere environments. CONCLUSION: Additional pre-deployment training was recently developed to improve the preparation of mobile surgical teams, as well as a continuing medical education for any active-duty or reserve surgeon to be deployed.

Multiple blast extremity injuries: is definitive treatment achievable in a field hospital for local casualties?

PURPOSE: The objective of this report was to analyse injury patterns and definitive management of local casualties with multiple blast extremity injuries in the Kabul International Airport Combat Support Hospital. METHODS: A clinical prospective study was performed from July 2012 to January 2013. Afghan victims of a blast trauma with a minimum of two extremities injured and an Injury Severity Score (ISS) greater than 8 were included. Two groups were considered for analysis: group A including patients with amputations and group LS including patients with limb salvage procedures. RESULTS: During this period 19 patients were included with a total of 57 extremity injuries. There were six patients in group A and 13 patients in group LS, with a mean number of injuries of 3.5 and 2.8, respectively. The ISS, blood products utilization and overall time of surgery were significantly greater in group A. CONCLUSION: Reconstruction of multiple blast extremity injuries may be achieved in a field hospital despite limited resources and operational constraints. However, this activity requires the utilization of significant supplies and major investment from the caregivers deployed.