Estimation of standing height in spina bifida: model development and validation.

OBJECTIVE: Childhood standing height has been estimated from arm span-related (heightAS) models. The authors aimed to develop and cross-validate a heightAS model in individuals with spina bifida (SB) and examine the accuracy of existing heightAS models. METHODS: Participants were individuals with sacral and low-lumbar SB (n = 14) and non-SB (n = 83), 7-16 years old. Arm span, age, sex, and group (SB vs. non-SB) were candidate height predictors. Sequential regression and leave-one-out cross-validation approaches were used for the model development (M1) and cross-validation (M1-M5). Existing models were: an SB-specific model from Polfuss et al. (M2) and non-SB specific models from Gauld et al. (M3), Mulu et al. (M4), and Zverev et al. (M5) studies. RESULTS: Arm span and group explained 95 % of the variance in height (R2 = 0.95; p < 0.001; SEE = 3.666 cm) and were included in the M1. Mean differences between actual and estimated height were 0.0 cm (M1), 0.4 cm (M2), and 0.5 cm (M5), all not significant (p > 0.05). However, Bland-Altman analysis revealed some variability in the predictability of the models across participants with limits of agreement ranging from 7.4 to 10.9 cm. Considerable errors were observed with M3 (mean diff: -5.58 cm, 95 % CI: -1.6, -20.2 cm), and M4 (mean diff: 10.5 cm, 95 % CI: -13.8, -27.3 cm). CONCLUSIONS: Models (M1, M2 and M5) may accurately estimate standing height in groups of children with SB. However, due to the wide limits of agreement, caution is recommended when applying these models for individual height estimations.

Brazilian growth charts for Williams-Beuren Syndrome at ages 2 to 18 years

Abstract Objective: To develop growth charts for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and body mass index (BMI)-for-age for both genders aged 2 to 18 years for Brazilian patients with Williams-Beuren Syndrome (WBS). Methods: This is a multicenter, retrospective, and longitudinal study, data were collected from the medical records of boys and girls with a confirmed diagnosis of WBS in three large university centers in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Growth charts stratified by gender and age in years were developed using LMSchartmaker Pro software. The LMS (Lambda Mu Sigma) method was used to model the charts. The quality of the settings was checked by worm plots. Results: The first Brazilian growth charts for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age stratified by gender were constructed for WBS patients aged 2 to 18 years. Conclusion: The growth charts developed in this study can help to guide family members and to improve the health care offered by health professionals.

Brazilian growth charts for Williams-Beuren Syndrome at ages 2 to 18 years.

OBJECTIVE: To develop growth charts for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and body mass index (BMI)-for-age for both genders aged 2 to 18 years for Brazilian patients with Williams-Beuren Syndrome (WBS). METHODS: This is a multicenter, retrospective, and longitudinal study, data were collected from the medical records of boys and girls with a confirmed diagnosis of WBS in three large university centers in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Growth charts stratified by gender and age in years were developed using LMSchartmaker Pro software. The LMS (Lambda Mu Sigma) method was used to model the charts . The quality of the settings was checked by worm plots. RESULTS: The first Brazilian growth charts for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age stratified by gender were constructed for WBS patients aged 2 to 18 years. CONCLUSION: The growth charts developed in this study can help to guide family members and to improve the health care offered by health professionals.

Height and body mass index distribution in children and adolescents with and without spina bifida.

OBJECTIVE: Children with spina bifida (SB) are at risk for stunting and overweight. However, height and Body Mass Index (BMI) z-score distribution in children and adolescents with SB are unclear. The aim of this study was to examine height and BMI z-score distribution in Brazilian children and adolescents with and without SB. This study further aimed to examine whether height and BMI z-scores differ between individuals with and without SB. METHOD: This study included 101 participants (SB: n = 18; non-SB: n = 83, aged 7-16 years). The World Health Organization (WHO) AnthroPlus software was used to calculate height and BMI z-scores. AnthroPlus z-score distribution graphs were used to examine individual z-scores based on the 2007 WHO normal distribution curve. Effects of the group (SB vs non-SB) on height and BMI z-scores were examined with sequential regression. RESULTS: In the WHO distribution graph analysis, height z-scores of participants with SB were slightly left-shifted compared to the WHO normal distribution curve. In the regression analysis, group (SB vs non-SB) was a significant predictor of height z-scores after controlling for sex and age (ΔR2 = 0.064, p = 0.010). BMI z-scores of participants with SB were right-shifted compared to the WHO normal curve. However, there was no contribution of the group to BMI z-scores (ΔR2 = 0.011, p = 0.301). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that Brazilian children and adolescents with SB may be at risk for reduced height and increased BMI.

Height and body mass index distribution in children and adolescents with and without spina bifida

Abstract Objective Children with spina bifida (SB) are at risk for stunting and overweight. However, height and Body Mass Index (BMI) z-score distribution in children and adolescents with SB are unclear. The aim of this study was to examine height and BMI z-score distribution in Brazilian children and adolescents with and without SB. This study further aimed to examine whether height and BMI z-scores differ between individuals with and without SB. Method This study included 101 participants (SB: n= 18; non-SB: n= 83, aged 7-16 years). The World Health Organization (WHO) AnthroPlus software was used to calculate height and BMI z-scores. AnthroPlus z-score distribution graphs were used to examine individual z-scores based on the 2007 WHO normal distribution curve. Effects of the group (SB vs non-SB) on height and BMI z-scores were examined with sequential regression. Results In the WHO distribution graph analysis, height z-scores of participants with SB were slightly left-shifted compared to the WHO normal distribution curve. In the regression analysis, group (SB vs non-SB) was a significant predictor of height z-scores after controlling for sex and age (ΔR2= 0.064, p= 0.010). BMI z-scores of participants with SB were right-shifted compared to the WHO normal curve. However, there was no contribution of the group to BMI z-scores (ΔR2= 0.011, p= 0.301). Conclusions These findings suggest that Brazilian children and adolescents with SB may be at risk for reduced height and increased BMI.

Cross-cultural adaptation and concurrent validity of the children's OMNI scale of perceived exertion for Arm-Crank activity in Spina Bifida.

PURPOSE: To perform a cross-cultural adaptation of the OMNI verbal descriptors to Brazilian-Portuguese and examine the validity of the Brazilian version for arm-crank activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-cultural adaptation stages were: permission, translation, synthesis, back translation, expert committee review, pretesting, and submission and appraisal. For the concurrent validity, a Brazilian OMNI-Wheel scale was used to obtain rating of perceived exertion for the overall body (RPEOverall) and arms (RPEArms) in participants (n = 9, 10-17 years) with spina bifida. Cardiopulmonary exercise test was used to measure heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake (VO2). Repeated Measures Correlation (rrm) was used to examine the scale validity. RESULTS: The cross-cultural adaptation produced equivalence between English and Brazilian-Portuguese verbal descriptors based on successful translation and pretesting. The Brazilian OMNI-wheel was validated based on strong associations of RPEOverall with VO2 (rrm (35) = 0.86, 95% CI [0.93, 0.73], p < 0.001) and HR (rrm (35) = 0.89, 95% CI [0.94, 0.79], p < 0.001) and RPEArms with VO2 (rrm (33) = 0.82, 95% CI [0.91, 0.66], p < 0.001) and HR (rrm (33) = 0.82, 95% CI [0.91, 0.66], p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The OMNI scale was cross-culturally adapted to Brazilian-Portuguese. The Brazilian OMNI-Wheel was validated based on strong associations of RPE with HR and VO2. Implications For RehabilitationThe original English OMNI was cross-culturally adapted to Brazilian-Portuguese.A Brazilian wheelchair OMNI was concurrently validated for Arm-Crank Activity in adolescents with spina bifida.This OMNI scale version may aid health providers in monitoring perceived exertion in Brazil.

Atividade física objetiva em jovens com espinha bífida: um protocolo de revisão sistemática / Objective physical activity in youth with spina bifida: a systematic review protocol

Atividade física (AF) diária associa-se a melhora do estado de saúde de jovens. Evidências indicam que crianças com espinha bífida (EB) estão em risco para inatividade física. Este artigo apresenta um protocolo de revisão sistemática que propõe avaliar níveis de AF objetiva diária em crianças e adoles-centes com EB. Este protocolo foi desenvolvido seguindo o Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015. A revisão foi registrada no International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, CRD42022349920). Os critérios de inclu-são baseiam-se em artigos originais: 1) publicados em revistas com revisão por pares; 2) que avaliem AF objetiva diária em crianças e adolescentes com EB; e 3) que utilizem monitores para avaliação da AF (ex: acelerômetros). Palavras-chave foram baseadas no MeSH e literatura existente. As seguin-tes bases de dados serão utilizadas como fontes de informação: PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus, LILACS, CINAHL, Scopus, PsycINFO e Web of Science. Os seguintes dados serão extraídos: características do estudo e da amostra, variáveis de AF (protocolos de medição e pontos de corte de classificação de AF) e resultados dos níveis de AF. A qualidade dos estudos será avaliada com o Standard Quality Assessment Criteria for Evaluating Primary Research Papers from a Variety of Fields(ERA). A busca e seleção dos estudos, extração de dados e avaliação de qualidade serão realizadas por dois revisores independentes. Espera-se que a revisão forneça evidências para auxiliar na pre-venção e tratamento de inatividade física e guiar futuras pesquisas sobre AF objetiva em crianças e adolescentes com EB

Daily physical activity (PA) is associated with improvements in health status in youth. However, evidence indicates that children with spina bifida (SB) are at risk for physical inactivity. This paper documents a systematic review protocol that aims to examine daily objective PA levels in children and adolescents with SB. This protocol was developed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Me-ta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015. The protocol was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, CRD42022349920). The inclusion criteria are based on original articles: 1) published in peer-reviewed journals; 2) examining daily objective PA in children and adolescents with SB; and 3) using PA monitors to measure PA (e.g., accelerometers). Key words were de-termined based on MeSH and existing literature. The following databases will be used as sources of infor-mation: PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus, LILACS, CINAHL, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Study and sample characteristics, PA variables (measurement protocols and PA classification cut-points) and PA levels results will be extracted from the studies. The quality of studies will be assessed with the Standard Quality Assessment Criteria for Evaluating Primary Research Papers from a Variety of Fields (ERA). The search and selection of articles, and extraction of data and quality assessment will be performed by two in-dependent reviewers. It is expected that this study provides evidence to support prevention and treatment of physical inactivity and guide future research directions in objective PA in children and adolescents with SB

Estimation of body fat in children with intellectual disability: development and cross-validation of a simple anthropometric method

Abstract Objective Population-level monitoring of body composition requires accurate, biologically-relevant, yet feasible methods for estimating percent body fat (%BF). The aim of this study was to develop and cross-validate an equation for %BF from Body Mass Index (BMI), age, and sex among children with intellectual disability (ID). This study further aimed to examine the performance of an existing BMI-based equation (Deurenberg equation) for %BF in children with ID. Method Participants were 107 children (63 boys; aged 6-15 years) with ID randomly allocated to development (n= 81) and cross-validation (n= 26) samples. Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry provided the criterion %BF. Results The model including BMI, age, and sex (0 = male; 1 = female) had a significant goodness-of-fit in determining %BF (p< 0.001; R2= 0.69; SEE =5.68%). The equation was: %BF = - 15.416 + (1.394 × BMI) + (4.538 × age) - (0.262 × age2) + (5.489 × sex). The equation was cross-validated in the separate sample based on (i) strong correlation (r = 0.82; p< 0.001) and non-significant differences between actual and predicted %BF (28.6 ± 9.6% and 30.1 ± 7.1%, respectively); (ii) mean absolute error (MAE) = 4.4%; and (iii) reasonable %BF estimations in Bland-Altman plot (mean: 1.48%; 95% CI: 12.5, -9.6). The Deurenberg equation had a large %BF underestimation (mean: -7.1%; 95% CI: 5.3, -19.5), significant difference between actual and estimated %BF (28.6 ± 9.7% and 21.5 ± 7.0%, respectively; p< 0.001), and MAE = 8.1%. Conclusions The developed equation with BMI, sex, and age provides valid %BF estimates for facilitating population-level body fat screening among children with ID.

Estimation of body fat in children with intellectual disability: development and cross-validation of a simple anthropometric method.

OBJECTIVE: Population-level monitoring of body composition requires accurate, biologically-relevant, yet feasible methods for estimating percent body fat (%BF). The aim of this study was to develop and cross-validate an equation for %BF from Body Mass Index (BMI), age, and sex among children with intellectual disability (ID). This study further aimed to examine the performance of an existing BMI-based equation (Deurenberg equation) for %BF in children with ID. METHOD: Participants were 107 children (63 boys; aged 6-15 years) with ID randomly allocated to development (n = 81) and cross-validation (n = 26) samples. Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry provided the criterion %BF. RESULTS: The model including BMI, age, and sex (0 = male; 1 = female) had a significant goodness-of-fit in determining %BF (p < 0.001; R2 = 0.69; SEE =5.68%). The equation was: %BF = - 15.416 + (1.394 × BMI) + (4.538 × age) - (0.262 × age2) + (5.489 × sex). The equation was cross-validated in the separate sample based on (i) strong correlation (r = 0.82; p < 0.001) and non-significant differences between actual and predicted %BF (28.6 ± 9.6% and 30.1 ± 7.1%, respectively); (ii) mean absolute error (MAE) = 4.4%; and (iii) reasonable %BF estimations in Bland-Altman plot (mean: 1.48%; 95% CI: 12.5, -9.6). The Deurenberg equation had a large %BF underestimation (mean: -7.1%; 95% CI: 5.3, -19.5), significant difference between actual and estimated %BF (28.6 ± 9.7% and 21.5 ± 7.0%, respectively; p < 0.001), and MAE = 8.1%. CONCLUSIONS: The developed equation with BMI, sex, and age provides valid %BF estimates for facilitating population-level body fat screening among children with ID.

Comparing Motor Competence of Sex- and Age-Matched Youth With Intellectual Disability From Brazil and the United States.

Youth with intellectual disabilities (IDs) demonstrate below-criteria motor competence (MC) compared with typically developing (TD) youth. Whether differences in MC exist for youth with ID from different countries is unknown. This study examined the MC of youth with ID from Brazil (BR) and the United States (US) and compared it with norms for TD youth as established by the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2). The authors measured 19 BOT-2 test items for bilateral coordination, balance, and upper limb coordination of 502 youth (BR = 252, US = 250) with ID (6-21 years). Raw scores were converted to %ceiling (percentile of highest expected scores). For all test items, no significant differences were seen between BR and US participants in %ceiling scores. Participants from both countries demonstrated equivalent to slightly below BOT-2 norms in 14 of the 19 test items, with lowest scores seen in contralateral synchronizing bilateral coordination, balancing on one leg, and ball handling.

Growth assessment in children with Williams-Beuren syndrome: a systematic review.

Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) is a rare genetic disease caused by a sporadic heterozygous microdeletion in 7q11.23. It is characterized by distinctive facial appearance, cardiopathy, short stature, intellectual disability, and endocrine abnormalities. To evaluate the growth pattern of patients with WBS and to identify the prevalence of malnutrition, overweight, and obesity in this population, a systematic review of studies published in English, between 1987 and 2018, was performed following the PRISMA protocol using the PubMed, Cochrane, and BIREME databases. Original articles and articles that evaluated growth status using weight, or height, or head circumference (HC), or body mass index (BMI) of individuals with WBS were included. Case reports, articles with data from other syndromes, and articles that did not present as a central theme the evaluation of growth were not included. WBS presented specific growth pattern, characterized by intrauterine growth restriction, low weight, length, and HC at birth. This global growth delay persisted during childhood and adolescence. BMI was not different to the reference population, and obesity was not observed in childhood. The mechanisms that determine this typical growth pattern are not totally clear; however, the typical pubertal development of these patients and the intrinsic and secondary lesions caused by microdeletion at 7q11.23 seem to be the major factors involved. Conclusion: Patients with WBS have a growth pattern different from the general reference population. The reference charts for normal population should not be used for WBS patients because it often underestimate their growth. Specific growth charts for WBS patients are necessary.

Growth charts for Brazilian children with Down syndrome: Birth to 20 years of age.

BACKGROUND: The growth of youth with Down syndrome (DS) differs from that of youth without DS, and growth charts specific to DS have been developed. However, little is known about the growth of Brazilian youth with DS. The objective of this study was to construct growth charts for Brazilian youth with DS and compare the growth data with the Child Growth Standards of the World Health Organization (WHO) and charts for children with DS from other studies. METHODS: Mixed longitudinal and cross-sectional data were collected at University of Campinas, 48 specialized centers for people with intellectual disabilities, and two foundations for people with DS between 2012 and 2015. A total of 10,516 growth measurements from birth to 20 years of age were available from 938 youth with DS (53.7% boys) born between 1980 and 2013. The Lambda Mu Sigma method was applied to construct the curves using generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape. RESULTS: Length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, and head circumference-for-age percentile curves were generated for Brazilian boys and girls from birth to 20 years of age. Differences in growth of Brazilian youth ranged from -0.8 to -3.2 z-scores compared to WHO standards, and -1.9 to +1.3 compared to children with DS in other studies. CONCLUSIONS: These specific growth charts may guide clinicians and families in monitoring the growth of Brazilian children and adolescents with DS.

Body mass index reference charts for individuals with Down syndrome aged 2-18 years / Gráfico de referência do Índice de Massa Corporal para os indivíduos com síndrome de Down entre 2 e 18 anos de idade

Abstract: Objective: To develop Brazilian growth charts for body mass index (BMI-for-age) for individuals with Down syndrome (DS). The secondary objective was to compare the BMI-for-age with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention standards (CDC). Methods: A retrospective and cross-sectional growth study of 706 youth with DS (56.7% males) was performed in 51 centers in São Paulo state, Brazil. Weight and height were used to calculate the BMI (kg/m2). The LMS method was applied to construct the growth charts. Z-scores were based on the CDC 2000 growth standards. Results: The BMI-for-age reference charts showed excellent goodness of fit statistics for boys and girls with DS aged 2-18 years. At 2 years of age, the mean BMI Z-scores of boys and girls with DS were lower compared to those of the CDC (Z-score = −0.2). In contrast, children with DS aged 3-18 years had higher mean Z-scores for BMI-for-age when compared to those of the CDC (Z-scores = +0.2 to +1.3). Conclusions: The BMI of Brazilian youth with DS differs from those references established by CDC. These are the first Brazilian BMI-for-age charts for individuals with DS and will hopefully guide clinicians and parents in the evaluation and management of the nutritional status in children and adolescents with DS in Brazil.

Resumo: Objetivo: Desenvolver curvas específicas de índice de massa corporal (IMC-para-idade) para população brasileira com síndrome de Down (SD). O objetivo secundário foi comparar os valores de IMC-para-idade com os valores normativos dos Centros de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças dos Estados Unidos (CDC). Métodos: Estudo do tipo retrospectivo e transversal. A amostra foi constituída de 706 jovens com SD (56,7%, meninos) recrutados em 51 instituições no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Peso e estatura foram obtidos e empregados para o cálculo de IMC (Kg/m2). O método LMS foi usado para a construção das curvas. Escores Z foram calculados com base na referência do CDC 2000. Resultados: As curvas de referência de IMC-para-idade para meninos e meninas com SD na faixa entre 2-18 anos apresentaram excelente ajuste estatístico. Aos 2 anos, o escore Z médio IMC de crianças com SD apresentou-se menor quando comparado com o CDC (escore Z = -0,2). Em contraste, os escores Z médios de IMC de jovens com SD foram superiores entre 3-18 anos (escores Z = +0,2 a +1,3). Conclusões: A população brasileira com SD apresentou diferentes padrões de IMC quando comparada com as referências do CDC. As curvas desenvolvidas neste estudo representam a primeira referência nacional de IMC-para-idade para jovens com SD. Espera-se, portanto, que essas curvas possam guiar pais e profissionais na avaliação do estado nutricional de crianças e adolescentes com SD no território brasileiro.

Body mass index reference charts for individuals with Down syndrome aged 2-18 years.

OBJECTIVE: To develop Brazilian growth charts for body mass index (BMI-for-age) for individuals with Down syndrome (DS). The secondary objective was to compare the BMI-for-age with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention standards (CDC). METHODS: A retrospective and cross-sectional growth study of 706 youth with DS (56.7% males) was performed in 51 centers in São Paulo state, Brazil. Weight and height were used to calculate the BMI (kg/m2). The LMS method was applied to construct the growth charts. Z-scores were based on the CDC 2000 growth standards. RESULTS: The BMI-for-age reference charts showed excellent goodness of fit statistics for boys and girls with DS aged 2-18 years. At 2 years of age, the mean BMI Z-scores of boys and girls with DS were lower compared to those of the CDC (Z-score=-0.2). In contrast, children with DS aged 3-18 years had higher mean Z-scores for BMI-for-age when compared to those of the CDC (Z-scores=+0.2 to +1.3). CONCLUSIONS: The BMI of Brazilian youth with DS differs from those references established by CDC. These are the first Brazilian BMI-for-age charts for individuals with DS and will hopefully guide clinicians and parents in the evaluation and management of the nutritional status in children and adolescents with DS in Brazil.

Growth curves for girls with Turner syndrome.

The objective of this study was to review the growth curves for Turner syndrome, evaluate the methodological and statistical quality, and suggest potential growth curves for clinical practice guidelines. The search was carried out in the databases Medline and Embase. Of 1006 references identified, 15 were included. Studies constructed curves for weight, height, weight/height, body mass index, head circumference, height velocity, leg length, and sitting height. The sample ranged between 47 and 1,565 (total = 6,273) girls aged 0 to 24 y, born between 1950 and 2006. The number of measures ranged from 580 to 9,011 (total = 28,915). Most studies showed strengths such as sample size, exclusion of the use of growth hormone and androgen, and analysis of confounding variables. However, the growth curves were restricted to height, lack of information about selection bias, limited distributional properties, and smoothing aspects. In conclusion, we observe the need to construct an international growth reference for girls with Turner syndrome, in order to provide support for clinical practice guidelines.

Growth curves in Down syndrome: implications for clinical practice.

Growth curves have been developed for individuals with Down syndrome (DS) in several countries. However, in order to facilitate the preparation of clinical guidelines it is necessary to verify the eligibility of these curves. The search was conducted according to the PRISMA method (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses). It was conducted between July 2012 and June 2013 in MEDLINE/PubMed and BIREME. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to identify the studies and a total of 16 relevant articles were selected. The aspects analyzed in the articles consisted of sample size, number of observations, age group, anthropometric variables, standard deviation scores (SDS), type of study, collection and analysis of data, participants, inclusion/exclusion criteria and outcomes. The mean, standard deviations (SDs) and percentiles for sex and age were used to develop the curve of weight, height, and head circumference. The individuals with DS presented growth between -0.4 and -4.0 SDS in comparison to healthy controls. The variation in these observations can be explained by genetic differences, secular trends in growth and disease status. Regarding the limitations identified, it was observed that most of the studies did not provide data concerning the number of individuals and observations, mean values and respective SDs by sex and age. In addition, most studies did not use LMS methods to evaluate asymmetry, the median and data variability. In conclusion, the results of this review demonstrated that in order to avoid false diagnoses in children and adolescents with DS new growth curves must be developed.

Prevalência de obesidade e topografia da gordura corporal em crianças e adolescentes com Síndrome de Down / Prevalence of obesity and the body fat topography in children and teenagers with Down Syndrome

Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de obesidade e topografia da gordura corporal em crianças e adolescentes com idade entre 6 e 19 anos de idade de ambos os sexos com síndrome de Down no município de Campinas, São Paulo. Método: Foram realizadas nove medidas antropométricas, incluindo peso, estatura, dobras cutâneas tricipital, bicipital, subescapular, supra-ilíaca, abdominal, coxa e perna. Para determinação do percentual de gordura foram utilizadas as equações de predição de Slaughter et al. O tratamento estatístico foi realizado através do pacote computadorizado R Commander 1.6-3, sendo utilizada estatística descritiva (mediana e percentis 25 e 75), teste de Mann-Whitney e teste t para comparação entre grupos etários, ao nível de 5 por cento (p dõ 0,05).Resultados: A maioria dos indivíduos apresentou excesso de gordura corporal, sendo encontrados valores superiores no sexo feminino. A obesidade entre os meninos não foi uma característica proeminente, diferentemente dos demais grupos etários que apresentaram quadros elevados deobesidade. Quanto à topografia da gordura, a maioria apresentou maior concentração de gordura na coxa e menor depósito na região do bíceps. Na transição entre a infância e a adolescência, foi possível verificar que meninos e rapazes diferem quanto às quantidades de tecido adiposo. Com relação às meninas e moças, não foram observadas diferenças significativas. Conclusão: A avaliação da prevalência de obesidade e topografia da gordura subcutânea são recursos importantes para subsidiar pesquisadores e profissionais que atuam diretamente na melhora da qualidade de vida decrianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down.

Proporção corporal em crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de down / Body proportions in children and adolescents with down syndrome

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as proporções corporais entre estatura tronco-cefálicae comprimento de pernas de crianças e adolescentes com Síndrome de Down (SD). Para tanto, a amostra foi composta por 99 pessoas SD (40 meninas com idade média de 11,45±2,6 anos e 59 meninos com 12,07±3,0 anos). Os seguintes parâmetros foram coletados: idade cronológica, estatura, estatura tronco-cefálica e comprimento de pernas. As proporções corporais dos segmentos foram calculadas através dos índices corpóreos e modelo Phantom. Para a análise estatística recorreu-se ao teste de normalidade e análises descritivas de tendência central e dispersão, posteriormente, foi adotado o teste t de Student. Para todos os tratamentos utilizou-se o programa estatístico SPSS 13.0 e nível de significância de p<0,05. Observou-se que, a proporção corporal entre os segmentos superiores e inferiores de crianças e adolescentes com SD apresenta diferença quando comparado a população típica. Sendo esta diferença para comprimento de pernas, e a proporção de estatura tronco-cefálica atingiu valores próximos aos intervalos da população sem SD.

The present study aimed to evaluate the body proportions of sitting height and leg length in children and adolescents with Down's syndrome (DS). The sample consisted of 99 individuals with DS (40 girls with an average age of 11.45 ± 2.6 years and 59 boys with an average age of 12.07 ± 3.0 years). The following parameters were studied: chronological age, height, sitting height and leg length. The body proportions of each segment were calculated using body indices and the Phantom model. For the statistical analysis, the normality test and descriptive analyses of central tendency and dispersion were performed, and Student's t-test was used. For all treatments, the statistical software program SPSS version 13.0 was used, and a significance level of p < 0.05 was set. The body proportion of the upper and lower segments of children and adolescents with DS differed from those of the typical population in terms of leg length, whereas the seated height values of individuals with DS †were similar to those of individuals without DS.

Prevalence of obesity and the body fat topography in children and teenagers with down syndrome / Prevalência de obesidade e topografia da gordura corporal em crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de down

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the prevalence of obesity and the body fat topography in children and adolescents from both sexes aged 6 to 19 years old with Down syndrome, residents in the city of Campinas, São Paulo. METHODS: there were nine anthropometric measurements taken, including weight, height, and tricipital, bicipital, subscapular, suprailiac, abdominal, thigh, and calf skin folds. The fat percentage was determined by employing the prediction equations from Slaughter et al. Statistical analysis was performed using the computer package R Commander 1.6-3, with the descriptive statistics (median and 25th and 75th percentiles), the Mann-Whitney test, and the t-test for comparison between age groups, at the 5 percent (p 0.05) level. RESULTS: most subjects had excess body fat, with the higher values being found among the females. The obesity was not a prominent characteristic among the boys, unlike the other age groups who had manifestations of elevated obesity. Regarding the body fat topography, most showed higher concentration of fat in the thigh, and smaller deposits in the biceps region. In the transition from childhood to adolescence, it was verifiable that boys and young men differ in the amounts of adipose tissue. However, no significant differences were observed among the girls, and the young women. CONCLUSION: the assessment of the prevalence of obesity and subcutaneous fat topography are important resources to support researchers, and practitioners who work directly on improving the quality of life of children and adolescents with Down syndrome.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de obesidade e topografia da gordura corporal em crianças e adolescentes com idade entre 6 e 19 anos de idade de ambos os sexos com síndrome de Down no município de Campinas, São Paulo. MÉTODO: Foram realizadas nove medidas antropométricas, incluindo peso, estatura, dobras cutâneas tricipital, bicipital, subescapular, supra-ilíaca, abdominal, coxa e perna. Para determinação do percentual de gordura foram utilizadas as equações de predição de Slaughter et al. O tratamento estatístico foi realizado através do pacote computadorizado R Commander 1.6-3, sendo utilizada estatística descritiva (mediana e percentis 25 e 75), teste de Mann-Whitney e teste t para comparação entre grupos etários, ao nível de 5 por cento (p d" 0,05). RESULTADOS: A maioria dos indivíduos apresentou excesso de gordura corporal, sendo encontrados valores superiores no sexo feminino. A obesidade entre os meninos não foi uma característica proeminente, diferentemente dos demais grupos etários que apresentaram quadros elevados de obesidade. Quanto à topografia da gordura, a maioria apresentou maior concentração de gordura na coxa e menor depósito na região do bíceps. Na transição entre a infância e a adolescência, foi possível verificar que meninos e rapazes diferem quanto às quantidades de tecido adiposo. Com relação às meninas e moças, não foram observadas diferenças significativas. CONCLUSÃO: A avaliação da prevalência de obesidade e topografia da gordura subcutânea são recursos importantes para subsidiar pesquisadores e profissionais que atuam diretamente na melhora da qualidade de vida de crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down.(AU)

Proporção corporal em crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de down / Body proportions in children and adolescents with down syndrome

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as proporções corporais entre estatura tronco-cefálicae comprimento de pernas de crianças e adolescentes com Síndrome de Down (SD). Para tanto, a amostra foi composta por 99 pessoas SD (40 meninas com idade média de 11,45±2,6 anos e 59 meninos com 12,07±3,0 anos). Os seguintes parâmetros foram coletados: idade cronológica, estatura, estatura tronco-cefálica e comprimento de pernas. As proporções corporais dos segmentos foram calculadas através dos índices corpóreos e modelo Phantom. Para a análise estatística recorreu-se ao teste de normalidade e análises descritivas de tendência central e dispersão, posteriormente, foi adotado o teste t de Student. Para todos os tratamentos utilizou-se o programa estatístico SPSS 13.0 e nível de significância de p<0,05. Observou-se que, a proporção corporal entre os segmentos superiores e inferiores de crianças e adolescentes com SD apresenta diferença quando comparado a população típica. Sendo esta diferença para comprimento de pernas, e a proporção de estatura tronco-cefálica atingiu valores próximos aos intervalos da população sem SD.(AU)

The present study aimed to evaluate the body proportions of sitting height and leg length in children and adolescents with Down's syndrome (DS). The sample consisted of 99 individuals with DS (40 girls with an average age of 11.45 ± 2.6 years and 59 boys with an average age of 12.07 ± 3.0 years). The following parameters were studied: chronological age, height, sitting height and leg length. The body proportions of each segment were calculated using body indices and the Phantom model. For the statistical analysis, the normality test and descriptive analyses of central tendency and dispersion were performed, and Student's t-test was used. For all treatments, the statistical software program SPSS version 13.0 was used, and a significance level of p < 0.05 was set. The body proportion of the upper and lower segments of children and adolescents with DS differed from those of the typical population in terms of leg length, whereas the seated height values of individuals with DS †were similar to those of individuals without DS.(AU)