RESUMO
Mammography screening is a profit-driven technology posing risks compounded by unreliability. In striking contrast, annual clinical breast examination (CBE) by a trained health professional, together with monthly breast self-examination (BSE), is safe, at least as effective, and low in cost. International programs for training nurses how to perform CBE and teach BSE are critical and overdue.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Autoexame de Mama , Mamografia/efeitos adversos , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , American Cancer Society , Autoexame de Mama/normas , Conflito de Interesses , Reações Falso-Negativas , Reações Falso-Positivas , Feminino , Humanos , Mamografia/economia , Mamografia/normas , Programas de Rastreamento/efeitos adversos , Programas de Rastreamento/economia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , National Institutes of Health (U.S.) , Palpação , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores de Risco , Segurança , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Research on medical X-ray exposure sheds light on the health effects expected for workers exposed to ionizing radiation. Factual information confirming this relationship and also demonstrating the need for reviewing permissible exposure levels for workers is given. Suggestions for more sophisticated health monitoring of workers exposed to hazardous technologies are made, and the question of occupational hazards which threaten the worker's family is raised.
Assuntos
Serviços de Saúde do Trabalhador/normas , Efeitos da Radiação , Monitoramento de Radiação/normas , Radiação de Fundo , Humanos , Concentração Máxima Permitida , Neoplasias Induzidas por Radiação , Medicina Nuclear , Reatores Nucleares , Serviços de Saúde do Trabalhador/organização & administração , Doses de Radiação , Estados UnidosRESUMO
An hypothesis of an aging effect of exposure to ionizing radiation in humans is proposed and given precise mathematical expression. The assumption is made that the biological changes which occur when humans are exposed to ionizing radiation from medical x ray are comparable to those occuring through the natural aging process, since both factors are known to increase the relative risk of nonlymphatic leukemia. This assumption focuses on this one aspect of aging only. The hypothesis that aging and exposure to ionizing radiation are comparable for increasing the relative risk of non-lymphatic leukemia is tested against the data from the Tri-State Leukemia Survey. It is shown to explain the data in a statistically acceptable way, giving an estimate of 1 rad skin dose exposure to the trunk as comparable to 1 year natural aging. This research raises further questions concerning the effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and presents a new methodology by which these questions may be researched.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/efeitos da radiação , Leucemia/etiologia , Neoplasias Induzidas por Radiação/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Leucemia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Maryland , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Minnesota , New York , Doses de Radiação , Estudos Retrospectivos , Risco , Estatística como Assunto , Fatores de Tempo , Raios XAssuntos
Epidemiologia , Probabilidade , Risco , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Animais , Animais Domésticos , Biometria , Doenças das Aves , Aves , Vetores de Doenças , Exposição Ambiental , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Matemática , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Biológicos , Morbidade , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Projetos de Pesquisa , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
Methodological problems involved in the use of the standard Woolf-Haldane analysis of epidemiological retrospective studies are examined and an alternate method of analysis is proposed. This alternate method involves a population constructed to match the cases in numerical size and to match the controls in proportion of exposures. This method allows for finer subclassification of the data and provides a meaningful summary estimate of the relative risk. The proposed method is contrasted with the Woolf-Haldane method in the analysis of the relative risk of exposure to sick pet bird versus no pet bird for adult leukemia cases versus controls. Data is from the Tri-State Leukemia Survey. Mathematical considerations involved are contained in the appendices.
