Growth characteristics and influence of antibiotics on rough/smooth phenotypic variants of Helicobacter pylori.

Helicobacter pylori shows a rather high variability of several biochemical markers including lipopolysaccharide structures. This study aimed to determine whether Helicobacter pylori has a potential for phenotypic variability and to describe its effects on bacterial pathogenesis. From colonies of three clinical strains of Helicobacter pylori with rough (R) colony morphology, spontaneous phenotypic variants with smooth (S) colony morphology were isolated that occurred with a frequency of 10(-2) to 10(-3), irrespective of growth conditions. R-variant bacteria produced exclusively low-molecular-mass lipopolysaccharide. They exhibited increased lysis in the presence of plain air. In contrast, the S variants produced low- and high-molecular-mass lipopolysaccharide and did not exhibit increased lysis in the presence of plain air. Cocultivation of bacterial cells with AGS stomach cancer cells revealed that R-variant bacteria but not S-variant bacteria effected an inhibition of high molecular-weight glycoprotein biosynthesis and secretion by the host cells. Skirrow supplement added as selective agent to liquid and/or solid media was tolerated to a similar extent among R- and S-variant bacteria, while all variants proved sensitive to metronidazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin except for the R and S isolates of strain Hp57, which showed resistance to the latter compound. It was concluded that R- and S-variants of Helicobacter pylori may have distinct roles in pathogenesis; nevertheless, these bacteria may be isolated by traditional methods and eradicated by conventional anti-infective therapy.

The Sinorhizobium meliloti MucR protein, which is essential for the production of high-molecular-weight succinoglycan exopolysaccharide, binds to short DNA regions upstream of exoH and exoY.

Sinorhizobium meliloti (Rhizobium meliloti) is able to produce two different exopolysaccharides, succinoglycan and galactoglucan. Mutations in the mucR gene of S. meliloti result in the stimulation of galactoglucan synthesis, while the type of succinoglycan produced is modified. In culture supernatants of a mucR mutant, low-molecular-weight succinoglycan is present, whereas no high-molecular-weight succinoglycan could be detected. The biosynthesis of succinoglycan is directed by the products of the exo gene cluster. Two DNA fragments from this cluster, one located in front of the exoH gene and one in the intergenic region between the divergently transcribed genes exoX and exoY, were shown to represent effective binding sites for MucR. Whereas the latter binding site contains an inverted repeat motif, the former does not. However, the binding of MucR did not strongly modify the transcription of the exo genes involved. In the mucR mutant the expression levels of exoH-lacZ and exoX-lacZ transcriptional fusions were found to be increased 1.5- and 1.7-fold, respectively. On the other hand, the expression level of an exoY-lacZ transcriptional fusion was found to be 1.5-fold lower in the mucR mutant than in the wild-type background. Comparison of the DNA sequences of MucR-binding sites provides insight into the structural requirements for binding of MucR.

The regulatory protein MucR binds to a short DNA region located upstream of the mucR coding region in Rhizobium meliloti.

The Rhizobium meliloti MucR protein is known to regulate the biosynthesis of the two exopolysaccharides, succinoglycan and galactoglucan. The mucR gene was successfully overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 cells by heat shock induction using a two-plasmid system. Cell extracts of the production strain contained about 20% of a polypeptide of 17 kDa apparent molecular mass, corresponding to the size expected for MucR. As shown by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, these extracts were active in the specific retardation of a 219-bp DNA fragment including 134-bp of the non-coding region upstream of the mucR gene. Primer extension analysis showed that this DNA fragment was located within the transcribed region upstream of the mucR gene. Competition experiments revealed that a 44-bp sequence present within the 134-bp upstream of the mucR gene contained the MucR binding site. Although binding of MucR to this site exhibited a moderate dissociation constant of Kd approximately 1.4 x 10(-7) M, the reaction was highly specific since fragments containing binding sites for the homologous Ros protein from Agrobacterium tumefaciens were not able to compete for MucR binding.