Association between air pollution and sleep disordered breathing in children.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Similar to other respiratory diseases, sleep disordered breathing (SDB) may be exacerbated by air contaminants. Air pollution may have an impact on incidence and severity of SDB in children. The aims of this study were to examine potential associations between the exposure to different air pollutants and SDB symptoms in children. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, parents from first grade children of elementary schools throughout Chile were included. Data about clinical and family-related SDB risk factors, and the pediatric sleep questionnaire (PSQ) were obtained. Air pollution and meteorological data were obtained from the Chilean online air quality database. RESULTS: A total of 564 children (44.9% males) aged (median) 6 years (5-9 year) were included. Prevalence of SDB based on PSQ was 17.7%. When examining air pollutants and conditions, only higher humidity (ß = 0.005, 95%CI 0.001-0.009, P = 0.011) was significantly associated with higher PSQ scores after adjusting for demographic and household variables. Higher ozone (O3 ) levels (OR = 1.693, 95%CI 1.409-2.035, P < 0.001), higher humidity (OR = 1.161, 95%CI 1.041-2.035, P = 0.008) and higher dioxide sulfur (SO2 ) levels (OR = 1.16, 95%CI 1.07-1.94, P < 0.001]) were associated with increased odds of wheezing-related sleep disturbances after adjusting for confounders. Lower temperature was a significant predictor of snoring at least >3 nights/week, following adjustment (OR = 0.865, 95%CI 0.751-0.997, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Sleep respiratory symptoms (wheezing and snoring) are significantly associated with air pollutants such as O3 and SO2 . In addition, meteorological conditions such as humidity and low temperatures may be also associated with SDB-related symptoms.

Trastornos respiratorios del sueño en niños escolares chilenos: prevalencia y factores de riesgo / Prevalence and risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing in chilean schoolchildren

Resumen: Objetivos: Describir la prevalencia de trastornos respiratorios del sueño (TRS) en escolares chilenos y estudiar factores de riesgo asociados. Pacientes y Método: Estudio transversal y descriptivo. Se enviaron cuestionarios a los padres de niños de 1° año básico de colegios de la Región Metropolitana (Santiago), Región del Biobío (Concepción, Chillán, Yumbel) y Región de Magallanes (Porvenir y Puerto Natales). Se consignaron datos antropométricos, desempeño escolar, características del hogar, contaminantes intradomiciliarios, antecedentes médicos y síntomas actuales de asma, rinitis alérgica y dermatitis atópica. Se determinó estado nutricional según zIMC. Se aplicó un cuestionario de sue ño pediátrico validado en español (pediatric sleep questionnaire, PSQ). Resultados: 564 encuestas fueron analizadas, la edad mediana fue 6 años (rango 5 a 9), 44,9% sexo masculino. La prevalencia de TRS fue 17,7% (n = 100): 6% en Vitacura (Metropolitana), 28,7% en Chillán (Biobío) y 36,4% en Puerto Natales (Magallanes) (p = 0,001). El grupo con TRS tuvo mayor proporción de hombres (54,5 vs 42,8%, p = 0,033), menor rendimiento académico (promedio general 6,36 ± 0,48 vs 6,56 ± 0,34, p = 0,001), menor educación superior materna (44,4 vs 69,9%, p = 0,001) y mayor exposición a contaminantes intradomiciliarios que aquellos sin TRS. Posterior al análisis multivariado se mantu vieron como predictor de TRS el haber presentado síntomas de rinitis en últimos 12 meses (OR 4,79; IC 95% 2,20-10,43) y el nivel educacional básico o medio de la madre (OR 3,51; IC 95% 1,53-8,02). Conclusiones: Los escolares chilenos presentan una alta prevalencia de TRS, con diferencias demo gráficas. Se asoció a factores de riesgo social, a factores más específicos de daño pulmonar y a peor cantidad y calidad del sueño.

Abstract: Objectives: To describe the prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in Chilean schoolchil dren and study associated risk factors. Patients and Method: We carried out a transversal and des criptive study. Questionnaires were sent to the parents of children attending first year of elementary school in the Metropolitan Region (Santiago), the Biobío Region (Concepción, Chillán, Yumbel) and the Magallanes Region (Porvenir and Puerto Natales). Anthropometric data, school performan ce, household characteristics, indoor pollutants, medical history, and current symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis were recorded. The nutritional status was determined accor ding to z-BMI. A pediatric sleep questionnaire validated in Spanish (PSQ) was applied. Results: 564 questionnaires were analyzed, the median age was six years (range 5 to 9), 44.9% male. The SDB prevalence was 17.7% (n = 100): 6% in Vitacura (Metropolitan Region), 28.7% in Chillán (Biobío Region), and 36.4% in Puerto Natales (Magallanes Region) (p = 0.001). The group with SDB had a higher proportion of men (54.5 vs 42.8%, p = 0.033), lower academic performance (overall grade point average 6.36 ± 0.48 vs 6.56 ± 0.34, p = 0.001), lower maternal higher education (44.4% vs 69.9%, p = 0.001), and higher exposure to indoor pollutants than those without SDB. After the multivariate analysis, symptoms of rhinitis in the last 12 months (OR 4.79, 95% CI 2.20-10.43) and lower maternal educational level (OR 3.51; 95% CI 1.53-8.02) remained as predictors of SDB. Con clusions: Chilean schoolchildren have a high prevalence of SDB with demographic differences. It was associated with social risk factors, more specific factors of lung damage, and worse sleep quality and quantity.

[Prevalence and risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing in chilean schoolchildren]. / Trastornos respiratorios del sueño en niños escolares chilenos: prevalencia y factores de riesgo.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in Chilean schoolchil dren and study associated risk factors. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We carried out a transversal and des criptive study. Questionnaires were sent to the parents of children attending first year of elementary school in the Metropolitan Region (Santiago), the Biobío Region (Concepción, Chillán, Yumbel) and the Magallanes Region (Porvenir and Puerto Natales). Anthropometric data, school performan ce, household characteristics, indoor pollutants, medical history, and current symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis were recorded. The nutritional status was determined accor ding to z-BMI. A pediatric sleep questionnaire validated in Spanish (PSQ) was applied. RESULTS: 564 questionnaires were analyzed, the median age was six years (range 5 to 9), 44.9% male. The SDB prevalence was 17.7% (n = 100): 6% in Vitacura (Metropolitan Region), 28.7% in Chillán (Biobío Region), and 36.4% in Puerto Natales (Magallanes Region) (p = 0.001). The group with SDB had a higher proportion of men (54.5 vs 42.8%, p = 0.033), lower academic performance (overall grade point average 6.36 ± 0.48 vs 6.56 ± 0.34, p = 0.001), lower maternal higher education (44.4% vs 69.9%, p = 0.001), and higher exposure to indoor pollutants than those without SDB. After the multivariate analysis, symptoms of rhinitis in the last 12 months (OR 4.79, 95% CI 2.20-10.43) and lower maternal educational level (OR 3.51; 95% CI 1.53-8.02) remained as predictors of SDB. Con clusions: Chilean schoolchildren have a high prevalence of SDB with demographic differences. It was associated with social risk factors, more specific factors of lung damage, and worse sleep quality and quantity.

Calidad microbiológica del agua en dos instituciones de salud del eje cafetero, Colombia 2015 / Microbiological quality of water in two health institutions in the Eje Cafetero, Colombia 2015

Objetivo: analizar la calidad microbiológica del agua de los servicios de hospitalización, Unidad de cuidados intensivos y Cirugía pre y pos desinfección de grifos de dos instituciones de salud del Eje Cafetero durante el tercer trimestre del 2015. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo observacional, transversal, Se tomaron muestras de agua de tres puntos críticos como son área de quirófanos, hospitalización y unidad de cuidados intensivos. Se realizó una toma de muestras antes de realizar la desinfección del grifo, y otra después de la desinfección para de esta manera determinar si el filtro instalado en los grifos influía en los resultados microbiológicos, las muestras se analizaron por filtración por membrana. Resultados: se encontró que en una de las instituciones existen gran presencia de mohos y levaduras, aerobios mesófilos, en concentraciones mayores e inviables sanitariamente antes de realizar desinfección del grifo. Y con presencia en menor concentración pos-desinfección posiblemente debido a la ausencia de desinfección de grifos y almacenamiento en tanques. En la segunda institución no se presentaron recuentos significativos de microorganismos.Conclusiones: una de las instituciones cuenta con agua inviablemente sanitaria en uno de sus puntos críticos, debido a la alta presencia de Mohos y Levaduras, y aerobios mesófilos, el cual imposibilita su consumo según el decreto 2115 de 2007, y normas internacionales...(AU)

Objective: analyze the microbiological quality of water services hospitalization, ICU and surgery two health institutions in the Eje Cafetero during the third quarter of 2015.Materials and methods: observational, cross-sectional study water samples were taken three critical points as are operating rooms, hospital and intensive care unit.One sample was performed prior to disinfection tap and another after disinfection to thereby determine if the filter installed on the taps influenced microbiological results, the samples were analyzed by membrane filtration. Results: we found that in one of the institutions there are large presences of molds and yeasts, mesophilic aerobic; in older and unviable before performing disinfection sanitary tap concentrations. And present in lower concentration post-disinfection possibly due to the lack of disinfection of storage tanks and faucets. In the second institution no significant counts of microorganisms were presented. Conclusions: an institution has health unfeasibly water in one of its critical points due to the high presence of molds and yeasts, and mesophilic aerobic, which precludes their consumption by decree 2115 of 2007, and international standards...(AU)