Continuous and Non-Invasive Lactate Monitoring Techniques in Critical Care Patients.

Lactate, once merely regarded as an indicator of tissue hypoxia and muscular fatigue, has now gained prominence as a pivotal biomarker across various medical disciplines. Recent research has unveiled its critical role as a high-value prognostic marker in critical care medicine. The current practice of lactate detection involves periodic blood sampling. This approach is invasive and confined to measurements at six-hour intervals, leading to resource expenditure, time consumption, and patient discomfort. This review addresses non-invasive sensors that enable continuous monitoring of lactate in critical care patients. After the introduction, it discusses the iontophoresis system, followed by a description of the structural materials that are universally employed to create an interface between the integumentary system and the sensor. Subsequently, each method is detailed according to its physical principle, outlining its advantages, limitations, and pertinent aspects. The study concludes with a discussion and conclusions, aiming at the design of an intelligent sensor (Internet of Medical Things or IoMT) to facilitate continuous lactate monitoring and enhance the clinical decision-making support system in critical care medicine.

Systematic Review of Automated Diuresis Measurement in Critically Ill Patients.

The measurement of urinary flow is a vital medical indicator for critically ill patients in intensive care units. However, there is a clinical need to automate the real-time measurement of diuresis using Internet of Medical Things devices, allowing continuous monitoring of urine flow. A systematic review of scientific literature, patents, and available commercial products was conducted, leading to the conclusion that there is no suitable device to fulfill this need. We identified six characteristics that such a device should possess: minimizing contact with urine, detecting changes in flow patterns, the ability to record minute-by-minute data, capable of sending early alerts, not relying on exclusive disposable components, and being user-friendly for clinical professionals. Additionally, cost-effectiveness is crucial, encompassing the device, infrastructure, maintenance, and usage.

Development of a urinometer for automatic measurement of urine flow in catheterized patients.

Urinary flow measurement and colorimetry are vital medical indicators for critically ill patients in intensive care units. However, there is a clinical need for low-cost, continuous urinary flow monitoring devices that can automatically and in real-time measure urine flow. This need led to the development of a non-invasive device that is easy to use and does not require proprietary disposables. The device operates by detecting urine flow using an infrared barrier that returns an unequivocal pattern, and it is capable of measuring the volume of liquid in real-time, storing the history with a precise date, and returning alarms to detect critical trends. The device also has the ability to detect the color of urine, allowing for extended data and detecting problems in catheterized patients such as hematuria. The device is proposed as an automated clinical decision support system that utilizes the concept of the Internet of Medical Things. It works by using a LoRa communication method with the LoRaWAN protocol to maximize the distance to access points, reducing infrastructure costs in massive deployments. The device can send data wirelessly for remote monitoring and allows for the collection of data on a dashboard in a pseudonymous way. Tests conducted on the device using a gold standard medical grade infusion pump and fluid densities within the 1.005 g/ml to 1.030 g/ml urine density range showed that droplets were satisfactorily captured in the range of flows from less than 1 ml/h to 500 ml/h, which are acceptable ranges for urinary flow. Errors ranged below 15%, when compared to the values obtained by the hospital infusion pump used as gold standard. Such values are clinically adequate to detect changes in diuresis patterns, specially at low urine output ranges, related to renal disfunction. Additionally, tests carried out with different color patterns indicate that it detects different colors of urine with a precision in detecting RGB values <5%. In conclusion, the results suggest that the device can be useful in automatically monitoring diuresis and colorimetry in real-time, which can facilitate the work of nursing and provide automatic decision-making support to intensive care physicians.

Democratization of deep learning for segmenting cartilage from MRIs of human knees: Application to data from the osteoarthritis initiative.

In this study, we aimed to democratize access to convolutional neural networks (CNN) for segmenting cartilage volumes, generating state-of-the-art results for specialized, real-world applications in hospitals and research. Segmentation of cross-sectional and/or longitudinal magnetic resonance (MR) images of articular cartilage facilitates both clinical management of joint damage/disease and fundamental research. Manual delineation of such images is a time-consuming task susceptible to high intra- and interoperator variability and prone to errors. Thus, enabling reliable and efficient analyses of MRIs of cartilage requires automated segmentation of cartilage volumes. Two main limitations arise in the development of hospital- or population-specific deep learning (DL) models for image segmentation: specialized knowledge and specialized hardware. We present a relatively easy and accessible implementation of a DL model to automatically segment MRIs of human knees with state-of-the-art accuracy. In representative examples, we trained CNN models in 6-8 h and obtained results quantitatively comparable to state-of-the-art for every anatomical structure. We established and evaluated our methods using two publicly available MRI data sets originating from the Osteoarthritis Initiative, Stryker Imorphics, and Zuse Institute Berlin (ZIB), as representative test cases. We use Google Colabfor editing and adapting the Python codes and selecting the runtime environment leveraging high-performance graphical processing units. We designed our solution for novice users to apply to any data set with relatively few adaptations requiring only basic programming skills. To facilitate the adoption of our methods, we provide a complete guideline for using our methods and software, as well as the software tools themselves. Clinical significance: We establish and detail methods that clinical personal can apply to create their own DL models without specialized knowledge of DL nor specialized hardware/infrastructure and obtain results comparable with the state-of-the-art to facilitate both clinical management of joint damage/disease and fundamental research.

Comparison of machine learning algorithms for clinical event prediction (risk of coronary heart disease).

AIM: The aim of this study is to compare the utility of several supervised machine learning (ML) algorithms for predicting clinical events in terms of their internal validity and accuracy. The results, which were obtained using two statistical software platforms, were also compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data used in this research come from the open database of the Framingham Heart Study, which originated in 1948 in Framingham, Massachusetts as a prospective study of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Through data mining processes, three data models were elaborated and a comparative methodological study between the different ML algorithms - decision tree, random forest, support vector machines, neural networks, and logistic regression - was carried out. The global selection criterium for choosing the right set of hyperparameters and the type of data manipulation was the area under a curve (AUC). The software tools used to analyze the data were R-Studio® and RapidMiner®. RESULTS: The Framingham study open database contains 4240 observations. The algorithm that yielded the greatest AUC when analyzing the data in R-Studio was neural network applied to a model that excluded all observations in which there was at least one missing value (AUC = 0.71); when analyzing the data in RapidMiner and applying the same model, the best algorithm was support vector machines (AUC = 0.75). CONCLUSIONS: ML algorithms can reinforce the diagnostic and prognostic capacity of traditional regression techniques. Differences between the applicability of those algorithms and the results obtained with them were a function of the software platforms used in the data analysis.

Educación interprofesional a través de la atención domiciliaria: experiencia tras 2 años de implementación en los grados de Medicina y Enfermería de la Universidad Europea de Madrid / Interprofessional education at home care: A 2 year experience in the degrees of Medicine and Nursing at the Universidad Europea (Madrid)

INTRODUCCIÓN: La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda la educación interprofesional cuando estudiantes de 2 o más profesiones sanitarias aprenden juntos, para favorecer el desarrollo de las competencias interprofesionales que les van a permitir trabajar en equipo proporcionando la mejor asistencia sanitaria. En la Universidad Europea de Madrid existe un programa de educación interprofesional que trabaja las competencias de clarificación de roles, comunicación y autoridad, con estudiantes de diferentes titulaciones. Una de sus actividades es la de atención domiciliaria, en la que participan estudiantes de último curso de Medicina y de Enfermería. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la percepción de los estudiantes que han participado en la actividad de atención domiciliaria durante el curso 2016-2017 en relación con las 3 competencias interprofesionales. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio cualitativo descriptivo, de corte fenomenológico. Análisis de los fragmentos de texto de las reflexiones de los estudiantes acerca de la actividad de atención domiciliaria mediante el método de comparaciones constantes (codificación abierta y codificación axial). RESULTADOS: Los estudiantes refieren que la actividad les ha ayudado a conocer mejor el rol y las tareas de los médicos y los enfermeros, de una forma diferente a las prácticas clínicas. En cuanto a la comunicación, la basan en el respeto y la confianza. Por último, en cuando a la autoridad, se decantan mayoritariamente por modelos democráticos y horizontales de toma de decisiones. DISCUSIÓN: Los estudiantes perciben que la actividad resulta útil para el desarrollo de las 3 competencias interprofesionales, lo cual coincide con la literatura científica

INTRODUCTION: The World Health Organization recommends implementing interprofessional education programs, where students from 2 or more health professions learn together, to improve interprofessional competency development that will help them to improve collaboration and the quality of care and services. At the Universidad Europea from Madrid there is a program on interprofessional education that develops the following competences: role, communication and authority, with students from several degrees. Home care is one of those activities, undertaken by students from the last years of medicine and nursing. The purpose of this research is to analyze the perception of the students about the interprofessional competences after taken the home care activity during the 2016-17 academic year. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Phenomenological qualitative design. Student's written comments were analyzed using the constant comparative method (open and axial coding). RESULTS: They got to know better the roles played by each other (doctors and nurses) thanks to the fact of working together. In relation to the way they communicate, they mentioned that adequate communication is based in respect and trust to each other. In relation to the different authority models, most of them tended to use and feel better in more horizontal and democratic ways of decision making. DISCUSSION: Students reported that the activity is useful for improving their interprofessional competencies. It is coincident with other studies

Impact of the first interprofessional education undergraduate program in Spain.

In 2015, the Universidad Europea de Madrid started the first interprofessional education program in Spain. Nursing students undergo different interprofessional education activities in all four academic years, covering various aspects of the following competencies: interprofessional communication, role clarification (definition, interaction and defense), and authority models and decision making. In second year, they integrate these activities with students from psychology, pharmacy and medicine. We assessed the self-perception of second year nursing students with an adapted and validated IPEC (Interprofessional Education Collaborative) questionnaire, in four different transversal moments of the academic year 2015-16. Differences in mean values were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test and post-hoc Mann-Whitney tests with Bonferroni corrections in case of statistical significance. Results showed that this IPE program improves the self-perception second year students have about their competence in interprofessional communication, especially in the dimensions of oral expression, active listening, communication tools and interprofessional conflict resolution.

Mediterranean Alcohol-Drinking Pattern and the Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiovascular Mortality: The SUN Project.

BACKGROUND: We assessed the still unclear effect of the overall alcohol-drinking pattern, beyond the amount of alcohol consumed, on the incidence of cardiovascular clinical disease (CVD). METHODS: We followed 14,651 participants during up to 14 years. We built a score assessing simultaneously seven dimensions of alcohol consumption to capture the conformity to a traditional Mediterranean alcohol-drinking pattern (MADP). It positively scored moderate alcohol intake, alcohol intake spread out over the week, low spirit consumption, preference for wine, red wine consumption, wine consumed during meals and avoidance of binge drinking. RESULTS: During 142,177 person-years of follow-up, 127 incident cases of CVD (myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular mortality) were identified. Compared with the category of better conformity with the MADP, the low-adherence group exhibited a non-significantly higher risk (HR) of total CVD ((95% CI) = 1.55 (0.58-4.16)). This direct association with a departure from the traditional MADP was even stronger for cardiovascular mortality (HR (95% CI) = 3.35 (0.77-14.5)). Nevertheless, all these associations were statistically non-significant. CONCLUSION: Better conformity with the MADP seemed to be associated with lower cardiovascular risk in most point estimates; however, no significant results were found and more powered studies are needed to clarify the role of the MADP on CVD.

[Eating habits and attitudes towards change in Spanish university students and workers]. / Hábitos alimentarios y actitudes hacia el cambio en alumnos y trabajadores universitarios españoles.

INTRODUCTION: Universities and workplaces are important targets for the promotion of the nutritional interventions in adult population. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the dietary habits and attitudes towards change in workers and university students from different academic fields. METHODS: The study data came from a cross-sectional study of a Spanish University population of 1,429 participants. We analyzed the dietary habits and the attitudes toward dietary change. RESULTS: The mean age of workers and students was 37 and 23 years, respectively. Both groups reported eating four meals per day. Among students, the consumption of vegetables, wine, fish and nuts was less frequent whereas carbonated beverages, commercial bakery, fast food and red meat was higher. On the other hand, overall dietary pattern of science students was healthier than other students. Although no significant differences were found between students and workers in attitudes towards change, 32% of employees and 39% of students said they were seriously considering changing them. CONCLUSIONS: The dietary pattern was healthier among workers than among students, particularly those participants that studied social sciences degrees. They constituted the most vulnerable segment of the university population from a nutritional point of view. About a third of workers and students considered changing their habits.

Introducción: El entorno educativo y laboral ha adquirido protagonismo como ámbito prometedor para llevar a cabo intervenciones nutricionales en población adulta. Objetivos: El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar los hábitos alimentarios y actitudes hacia el cambio en trabajadores y alumnos universitarios con distinto perfil académico. Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico descriptivo de tipo transversal en población universitaria española de 1.429 sujetos. Se analizaron los hábitos alimentarios y las actitudes hacia el cambio de hábitos. Resultados: La edad media de los trabajadores fue de 37 años y en los estudiantes de 23 años. En ambos grupos el fraccionamiento de la ingesta más frecuente fue de cuatro tomas al día. En los alumnos se observó menor frecuencia de consumo de verdura, vino, pescado y frutos secos y mayor de bebidas carbonatadas, repostería comercial, fast-food y carnes rojas. Por otro lado, en general los hábitos alimentarios de los estudiantes de ciencias fueron más saludables que los de letras. Aunque no se observaron diferencias significativas en las actitudes hacia el cambio entre estudiantes y trabajadores, el 32% de los empleados y el 39% de los estudiantes afirmaron estar planteándose seriamente cambiar sus costumbres. Conclusiones: El patrón alimentario fue más saludable entre los trabajadores que entre los alumnos, especialmente en aquellos que cursan grados de letras, que constituyen el grupo más vulnerable desde el punto de vista nutricional. Además, aproximadamente un tercio de los trabajadores y alumnos se planteaba modificar sus hábitos.

Hábitos alimentarios y actitudes hacia el cambio en alumnos y trabajadores universitarios españoles / Eating habits and attitudes towards change in Spanish university students and workers

Introducción: El entorno educativo y laboral ha adquirido protagonismo como ámbito prometedor para llevar a cabo intervenciones nutricionales en población adulta. Objetivos: El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar los hábitos alimentarios y actitudes hacia el cambio en trabajadores y alumnos universitarios con distinto perfil académico. Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico descriptivo de tipo transversal en población universitaria española de 1.429 sujetos. Se analizaron los hábitos alimentarios y las actitudes hacia el cambio de hábitos. Resultados: La edad media de los trabajadores fue de 37 años y en los estudiantes de 23 años. En ambos grupos el fraccionamiento de la ingesta más frecuente fue de cuatro tomas al día. En los alumnos se observó menor frecuencia de consumo de verdura, vino, pescado y frutos secos y mayor de bebidas carbonatadas, repostería comercial, fast-food y carnes rojas. Por otro lado, en general los hábitos alimentarios de los estudiantes de ciencias fueron más saludables que los de letras. Aunque no se observaron diferencias significativas en las actitudes hacia el cambio entre estudiantes y trabajadores, el 32% de los empleados y el 39% de los estudiantes afirmaron estar planteándose seriamente cambiar sus costumbres. Conclusiones: El patrón alimentario fue más saludable entre los trabajadores que entre los alumnos, especialmente en aquellos que cursan grados de letras, que constituyen el grupo más vulnerable desde el punto de vista nutricional. Además, aproximadamente un tercio de los trabajadores y alumnos se planteaba modificar sus hábitos (AU)

INTRODUCTION: Universities and workplaces are important targets for the promotion of the nutritional interventions in adult population. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the dietary habits and attitudes towards change in workers and university students from different academic fields. METHODS: The study data came from a cross-sectional study of a Spanish University population of 1,429 participants. We analyzed the dietary habits and the attitudes toward dietary change. RESULTS: The mean age of workers and students was 37 and 23 years, respectively. Both groups reported eating four meals per day. Among students, the consumption of vegetables, wine, fish and nuts was less frequent whereas carbonated beverages, commercial bakery, fast food and red meat was higher. On the other hand, overall dietary pattern of science students was healthier than other students. Although no significant differences were found between students and workers in attitudes towards change, 32% of employees and 39% of students said they were seriously considering changing them. CONCLUSIONS: The dietary pattern was healthier among workers than among students, particularly those participants that studied social sciences degrees. They constituted the most vulnerable segment of the university population from a nutritional point of view. About a third of workers and students considered changing their habits (AU)

Association between sleeping hours and siesta and the risk of obesity: the SUN Mediterranean Cohort.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to investigate the association between sleeping hours at night and during the siesta and the incidence of obesity in a Mediterranean cohort. METHODS: After a median of 6.5 years of follow-up, we included 10,532 or 9,470 participants without chronic disease or obesity at baseline for analyzing the association between the incidence of obesity and nocturnal sleep duration or having siesta. Sleeping hours and siesta were assessed at baseline. Weight was recorded at baseline and every 2 years during the follow-up. The outcome was the incidence of obesity during follow-up among participants with initial BMI <30 kg/m(2). RESULTS: During follow-up we observed 446 new cases of obesity in the analysis of nocturnal sleep duration. Sleeping less than 5 h at night was associated with a higher risk of becoming obese compared to sleeping between 7 and <8 h (HR 1.94; 95% CI 1.19-3.18; p for quadratic trend = 0.06) after adjusting for potential confounders. During follow-up, we observed 396 incident cases of obesity in the analysis of siesta. Those who took a siesta for 30 min/day had a 33% lower risk of becoming obese (HR 0.67; 95% CI 0.46-0.96; p for quadratic trend = 0.13) compared to those who did not take siesta. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that short nocturnal sleep duration could be a modifiable risk factor for obesity. It is possible that this association may be stronger among men and subjects who experienced previous weight gain. Additionally, siesta might be a novel and independent protective factor for obesity; however, confirmatory studies are needed.

Egg consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in a Mediterranean cohort; the sun project.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: The prevalence of diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate in nearly all countries. Some studies from non-Mediterranean populations suggest that higher egg consumption is associated with an increased risk of diabetes. The aim of our study was to prospectively assess the association between egg consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in a large cohort of Spanish university graduates. METHODS: In this prospective cohort including 15,956 participants (mean age: 38.5 years) during 6.6 years (median), free of diabetes mellitus at baseline. Egg consumption was assessed at baseline through a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire repeatedly validated in Spain. Incident diabetes mellitus diagnosed by a doctor was assessed through biennial follow-up questionnaires and confirmed subsequently by medical reports or records, according to the American Diabetes Association criteria. Analyses were performed through multivariable non-conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: After adjustment for confounders, egg consumption was not associated with the development of diabetes mellitus, comparing the highest versus the lowest quartile of egg consumption (<4 eggs/week vs >1 egg/week): odds ratio = 0.7; 95% CI 0.3-1.7. CONCLUSION: Egg consumption was not associated with the development of diabetes mellitus in this Mediterranean cohort.

Introducción y Objetivo: La prevalencia de la diabetes está aumentando a un ritmo alarmante en casi todos los países. Algunos estudios en poblaciones no mediterráneas sugieren que un mayor consumo de huevo se asocia con un mayor riesgo de diabetes. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue evaluar prospectivamente la asociación entre el consumo de huevo y la incidencia de diabetes tipo 2 en una gran cohorte de graduados universitarios esp2013les. Métodos: Un total de 15.956 participantes (edad media: 38,5 2013s) seguidos durante 6,6 2013s (mediana), y libres de la diabetes mellitus al inicio del estudio fueron incluidos en este estudio. El consumo de huevos se evaluó al inicio del estudio a través de un cuestionario semicuantitativo de frecuencia de alimentos repetidamente validado en España. Los casos de diabetes mellitas incidente fueron diagnosticados por un médico a través de cuestionarios de seguimiento bianuales y posteriormente confirmados por los informes médicos o registros, de acuerdo con los criterios de la American Diabetes Association. Los análisis se realizaron a través de modelos de regresión logística no condicional multivariable. Resultados: Después de ajustar por los factores de confusión, el consumo de huevo no se asoció con el desarrollo de diabetes mellitus. Odds Ratio de aquellos participantes con mayores consumos frente a los del cuartel más bajo de consumo de huevos (< 4 huevos/semana frente a >1 huevo/semana) fue 0,7, IC del 95% CI 0.3-1.7. Conclusión: El consumo de huevos no se asoció con el desarrollo de diabetes mellitus en esta cohorte mediterránea.

A randomized trial of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training for medical students: voice advisory mannequin compared to guidance provided by an instructor.

INTRODUCTION: Current European Resuscitation Guidelines 2010 recommend the use of prompt/feedback devices when training for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). We aimed to assess the quality of CPR training among second-year medical students with a voice advisory mannequin (VAM) compared to guidance provided by an instructor. METHODS: Forty-three students received a theoretical reminder about CPR followed by a 2-minute pretest on CPR (compressions/ventilations cycle) with Resusci Anne SkillReporter (Laerdal Medical). They were then randomized into a control group (n = 22), trained by an instructor for 4 minutes per student, and an intervention group (n = 21) trained individually with VAM CPR mannequin for 4 minutes. After training, the students performed a 2-minute posttest, with the same method as the pretest. RESULTS: Participants in the intervention group (VAM) performed more correct hand position (73% vs. 37%; P = 0.014) and tended to display better compression rate (124 min vs. 135 min; P = 0.089). In a stratified analyses by sex we found that only among women trained with VAM was there a significant improvement in compression depth before and after training (36 mm vs. 46 mm, P = 0.018) and in the percentage of insufficient compressions before and after training (56% vs. 15%; P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: In comparison to the traditional training method involving an instructor, training medical students in CPR with VAM improves the quality of chest compressions in hand position and in compression rate applied to mannequins. Only among women was VAM shown to be superior in compression depth training. This technology reduces costs in 14% in our setup and might potentially release instructors' time for other activities.

Egg consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in a Mediterranean cohort: the SUN project / Consumo de huevo y riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 en una cohorte mediterránea; el proyecto SUN

Introduction & Aim: The prevalence of diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate in nearly all countries. Some studies from non-Mediterranean populations suggest that higher egg consumption is associated with an increased risk of diabetes. The aim of our study was to prospectively assess the association between egg consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in a large cohort of Spanish university graduates. Methods: In this prospective cohort including 15,956 participants (mean age: 38.5 years) during 6.6 years (median), free of diabetes mellitus at baseline. Egg consumption was assessed at baseline through a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire repeatedly validated in Spain. Incident diabetes mellitus diagnosed by a doctor was assessed through biennial follow-up questionnaires and confirmed subsequently by medical reports or records, according to the American Diabetes Association criteria. Analyses were performed through multivariable non-conditional logistic regression. Results: After adjustment for confounders, egg consumption was not associated with the development of diabetes mellitus, comparing the highest versus the lowest quartile of egg consumption (>4 eggs/week vs <1 egg/week): odds ratio= 0.7; 95% CI 0.3-1.7. Conclusion: Egg consumption was not associated with the development of diabetes mellitus in this Mediterranean cohor (AU)

Introducción y Objetivo: La prevalencia de la diabetes está aumentando a un ritmo alarmante en casi todos los países. Algunos estudios en poblaciones no mediterráneas sugieren que un mayor consumo de huevo se asocia con un mayor riesgo de diabetes. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue evaluar prospectivamente la asociación entre el consumo de huevo y la incidencia de diabetes tipo 2 en una gran cohorte de graduados universitarios españoles. Métodos: Un total de 15.956 participantes (edad media: 38,5 años) seguidos durante 6,6 años (mediana), y libres de la diabetes mellitus al inicio del estudio fueron incluidos en este estudio. El consumo de huevos se evaluó al inicio del estudio a través de un cuestionario semicuantitativo de frecuencia de alimentos repetidamente validado en España. Los casos de diabetes mellitas incidente fueron diagnosticados por un médico a través de cuestionarios de seguimiento bianuales y posteriormente confirmados por los informes médicos o registros, de acuerdo con los criterios de la American Diabetes Association. Los análisis se realizaron a través de modelos de regresión logística no condicional multivariable. Resultados: Después de ajustar por los factores de confusión, el consumo de huevo no se asoció con el desarrollo de diabetes mellitus. Odds Ratio de aquellos participantes con mayores consumos frente a los del cuartil más bajo de consumo de huevos (> 4 huevos/semana frente a <1 huevo/semana) fue 0,7, IC del 95% CI 0.3-1.7. Conclusión: El consumo de huevos no se asoció con el desarrollo de diabetes mellitus en esta cohorte mediterránea (AU)

Influence of family history of colorectal cancer on health behavior and performance of early detection procedures: the SUN Project.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between family history of colorectal cancer and both health behavior and screening procedures in a population cohort. METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional analysis of 15,169 participants belonging to a prospective cohort study (the SUN Project) based on two self-reported questionnaires: one of them related to lifestyle and the other a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. We explored the influence of family history of colorectal cancer in lifestyles (consumption of alcohol, weight, and diet) and medical management behaviors (screening of chronic diseases). RESULTS: People with family history of colorectal cancer increased their number of colorectal cancer screening tests (adjusted odds ratio for fecal occult blood test: 1.98, 95% confidence interval: 1.48-2.65; and adjusted odds ratio for colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy: 3.42, 2.69-4.36); nevertheless, health behavior changes in diet of relatives of colorectal cancer patients were undetectable. CONCLUSIONS: We show that individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer increase their compliance with screening tests, although they exhibit no better health-related behaviors than people without family history of colorectal cancer. Further prospective studies are required to confirm these results and to identify tools to empower the subjects to change their risk profile.

Validation of metabolic syndrome using medical records in the SUN cohort.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of self reported criteria of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in the SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) cohort using their medical records as the gold standard. METHODS: We selected 336 participants and we obtained MS related data according to Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Then we compared information on the self reported diagnosis of MS and MS diagnosed in their medical records. We calculated the proportion of confirmed MS, the proportion of confirmed non-MS and the intraclass correlation coefficients for each component of the MS. RESULTS: From those 336 selected participants, we obtained sufficient data in 172 participants to confirm or reject MS using ATP III criteria. The proportion of confirmed MS was 91.2% (95% CI: 80.7- 97.1) and the proportion of confirmed non-MS was 92.2% (95% CI: 85.7-96.4) using ATP III criteria. The proportion of confirmed MS using IDF criteria was 100% (95% CI: 87.2-100) and the proportion of confirmed non-MS was 97.1% (95% CI: 85.1-99.9). Kappa Index was 0.82 in the group diagnosed by ATP III criteria and 0.97 in the group diagnosed by IDF criteria. Intraclass correlation coefficients for the different component of MS were: 0.93 (IC 95%:0.91- 0.95) for BMI; 0.96 (IC 95%: 0.93-0.98) for waist circumference; 0.75 (IC 95%: 0.66-0.82) for fasting glucose; 0.50 (IC 95%:0.35-0.639) for HDL cholesterol; 0.78 (IC 95%: 0.70-0.84) for triglycerides; 0.49 (IC 95%:0.34-0.61) for systolic blood pressure and 0.55 (IC 95%: 0.41-0.65) for diastolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported MS based on self reported components of the SM in a Spanish cohort of university graduates was sufficiently valid as to be used in epidemiological studies.

Increasing Trend in the Prevalence of Morbid Obesity in Spain: From 1.8 to 6.1 per Thousand in 14 Years

La obesidad, especialmente la obesidad mórbida, incrementa el riesgo cardiovascular y de otras enfermedades. Nuestro objetivo es valorar las tendencias de la obesidad mórbida en España de 1993 a 2006 usando datos representativos de 106.048 participantes (Encuestas Nacionales de Salud). Se realizó un modelo de regresión de Poisson usando la presencia de obesidad mórbida como variable dependiente, estratificando por sexo y ajustando por edad.Se observó un incremento de la prevalencia de obesidad mórbida de más del 200%, pues se pasó de 1,8 a 6,1/1.000 habitantes. La prevalencia de obesidad mórbida es superior en mujeres. Tras ajustar por edad, en ambos sexos se incrementó significativamente la prevalencia de obesidad mórbida: el incremento relativo anual fue del 4% en mujeres y el 12% en varones. Estos incrementos hacen que las medidas preventivas resulten prioritarias (AU)

Obesity, and especially morbid obesity, increases the risk of cardiovascular as well as non-cardiovascular diseases. Our objective was to ascertain the trends in morbid obesity in Spain from 1993 to 2006 using representative data from 106,048 participants in the National Health Surveys. An age-adjusted Poisson regression model stratified by sex was fitted using morbid obesity as the dependent variable.An increasing trend in prevalent morbid obesity from 1.8 to 6.1 per thousand participants was found (increase>200%). Morbid obesity prevalence was higher in women. After adjusting for age, a monotonically increasing prevalence of morbid obesity was apparent for both men and women: the relative increase was 4% per year in women and 12% per year in men. These trends highlight the importance of preventive actions (AU)