Peculiarities of the regional dynamics of the prevalence and incidence of cystitis in children.

In a child, cystitis (non-specific microbial inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder) is considered to be a dangerous disease; the prolongation of the process is usually associated with a delayed diagnosis. The aim of this work was to analyze the health status of the child population of the Chernivtsi region, especially the dynamics of the prevalence and incidence of cystitis. The official statistical data have been studied (reports on the state of medical care for children in the Chernivtsi region and data from the Center of Medical Statistics of the Ministry of Healthcare from 2006 to 2017); information-analytical and statistical methods have been used for the purpose of this study. Attention should be drawn to the significantly high prevalence of cystitis among children aged 15-17 years, especially in the Chernivtsi region as during period I (8.7±0.6 vs. 4.3±0.3 in Ukraine) and II (11.7±1.0 and 5.7±0.4, respectively, per 1000 people). Moreover, over the years, the growth of indicators acquires intensity, while this process is more than twice as pronounced in Chernivtsi. Thus, the growth rate was 65.0% in 2006-2011 and 90.3% in 2012-2017 vs. 27.2% and 32.8% in Ukraine, respectively. The identified data indicate the need to provide specialized care to children with infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urinary system of the Chernivtsi region and the need to improve regional clinical routes of patients with infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urinary system.

The Influence of Metformin to the Transcriptional Activity of the mTOR and FOX3 Genes in Parapancreatic Adipose Tissue of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

The mammalian target of rapamycin is not only a central regulator of lipid metabolism that controls the processes of adipogenesis and lipolysis but also a regulator of the immunometabolism of immune cells that infiltrate adipose tissue. In turn, the level of progression of diabetes is significantly influenced by the Treg subpopulation, the complexity and heterogeneity of which is confirmed by the detection of numerous tissue-specific Tregs, including the so-called VAT Tregs (visceral adipose tissue CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells). Therefore, the purpose of the study was to determine the mRNA expression levels of mTOR, Foxp3, IL1ß, and IL17A genes in rat parapancreatic adipose tissue with experimental streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, with or without metformin administration. The experiments were performed on male Wistar rats with induced diabetes as a result of streptozotocin administration. Molecular genetic studies were performed using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The development of diabetes caused transcriptional activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin protein kinase gene, as well as increased mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1ß and IL17A, but did not affect Foxp3 mRNA expression. The intervention with metformin in diabetic rats inhibited the mammalian target of rapamycin mRNA expression and caused an increase in the transcriptional activity of the Foxp3 gene in parapancreatic adipose tissue.

Association of the blood serum cytokines' rate and lymphocytes' apoptosis with polymorphic variants of the BCL-2 (rs17759659), CTLA-4 (rs231775) and APO-1÷FAS (rs2234767) genes in patients with nodular goiters in autoimmune thyroiditis and thyroid adenoma.

The paper analyses results of serum cytokines and lymphocyte apoptosis study in patients with nodular goiter against the background of autoimmune thyroiditis (NGAIT) and thyroid adenoma (TA) based on the cell preparedness to apoptosis (content of lymphocytes carrying apoptosis marker - CD95+-receptor), the number of apoptotic lymphocytes (annexin V+-lymphocytes) and the content of proapoptotic tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-6, as well as anti-inflammatory IL-4 cytokine in serum, considering the polymorphism of BCL-2 (rs17759659), CTLA-4 (rs231775) and APO-1÷FAS (rs2234767) genes. The results show that under the damaging action of peroxidation products in the thyroid structures, activation of Fas- and caspase-dependent mechanisms of influence on pro- and anti-apoptotic targets, the induced hyperproduction and release of TNF-α from thyroid-stimulated lymphocytes stimulate an additional synthesis of other pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß and IL-6, as well as compensatory anti-inflammatory proteins including IL-4. There is a synchronized increase in secretion of the soluble form of TNF-α receptor (sTNFR), which prevents binding the corresponding cytokine to a specific membranous shedding of a number of receptors and separates the apoptotic signals. The above-mentioned changes associate with the polymorphic variants of BCL-2 (rs17759659), CTLA-4 (rs231775) genes and only for some figures, they are almost three times weaker with FAS (rs2234767).