Evaluation of genotoxicity of nitrile fragrance ingredients using in vitro and in vivo assays.

Genotoxicity studies were conducted on a group of 8 fragrance ingredients that belong to the nitrile family. These nitriles are widely used in consumer products however there is very limited data in the literature regarding the genotoxicity of these nitriles. The 8 nitriles were assessed for genotoxicity using an Ames test, in vitro chromosome aberration test or in vitro micronucleus test. The positive results observed in the in vitro tests were further investigated using an in vivo micronucleus test. The results from these different tests were compared and these 8 nitriles are not considered to be genotoxic. Dodecanitrile and 2,2,3-trimethylcyclopent-3-enylacetonitrile were negative in the in vitro chromosome aberration test and in vitro micronucleus test, respectively. While citronellyl nitrile, 3-methyl-5-phenylpentanenitrile, cinnamyl nitrile, and 3-methyl-5-phenylpent-2-enenitrile revealed positive results in the in vitro tests, but confirmatory in vivo tests determined these nitriles to be negative in the in vivo micronucleus assay. The remaining two nitriles (benzonitrile and α-cyclohexylidene benzeneacetonitrile) were negative in the in vivo micronucleus test. This study aims to evaluate the genotoxicity potential of these nitriles as well as enrich the literature with genotoxicity data on fragrance ingredients.

Fragrance material review on 3-phenyl-1-propanol.

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 3-phenyl-1-propanol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. 3-Phenyl-1-propanol is a member of the fragrance structural group cinnamyl phenylpropyl compounds. The common characteristic structural element of cinnamyl phenylpropyl materials is an aryl substituted primary alcohol/aldehyde/ester. They are simple aromatic compounds with saturated propyl or unsaturated propenyl side chains containing a primary oxygenated functional group which has little toxic potential. 3-Phenyl-1-propyl derivatives participate in the same beta-oxidation pathways as do their parent cinnamic acid derivatives. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to this individual fragrance ingredient and is not intended as a stand-alone document. Available data for 3-phenyl-1-propanol was evaluated then summarized and includes physical properties, acute toxicity, skin irritation, skin sensitization, in vitro skin absorption and mutagenicity. A safety assessment of all cinnamyl phenylpropyl compounds will be published simultaneously with this document; please refer to Belsito et al. (2011) for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all cinnamyl phenylpropyl materials in fragrances (Belsito, D., Bickers, D., Bruze, M., Dagli, M.L., Fryer, A., Greim, H., Miyachi, Y., Saurat, J.H., Sipes, I.G., 2011. A toxicologic and dermatologic assessment of cinnamyl phenylpropyl compounds when used as fragrance ingredients.).

Fragrance material review on 3-phenylpropyl cinnamate.

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 3-phenylpropyl cinnamate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. 3-Phenylpropyl cinnamate is a member of the fragrance structural group cinnamyl phenylpropyl compounds. The common characteristic structural element of cinnamyl phenylpropyl materials is an aryl substituted primary alcohol/aldehyde/ester. They are simple aromatic compounds with saturated propyl or unsaturated propenyl side chains containing a primary oxygenated functional group which has little toxic potential. 3-Phenyl-1-propyl derivatives participate in the same beta-oxidation pathways as do their parent cinnamic acid derivatives. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to this individual fragrance ingredient and is not intended as a stand-alone document. Available data for 3-phenylpropyl cinnamate was evaluated then summarized and includes physical properties, acute toxicity, skin irritation and skin sensitization. A safety assessment of all cinnamyl phenylpropyl compounds will be published simultaneously with this document. Please refer to Belsito et al. (2011) for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all the cinnamyl phenylpropyl materials in fragrances. Belsito, D., Bickers, D., Bruze, M., Dagli, M.L., Fryer, A., Greim, H., Miyachi, Y., Saurat, J.H., Sipes, I.G., 2011. A toxicologic and dermatologic assessment of cinnamyl phenylpropyl compounds when used as fragrance ingredients.

Fragrance material review on 3-phenylpropyl isobutyrate.

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 3-phenylpropyl isobutyrate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. 3-Phenylpropyl isobutyrate is a member of the fragrance structural group cinnamyl phenylpropyl compounds. The common characteristic structural element of cinnamyl phenylpropyl materials is an aryl substituted primary alcohol/aldehyde/ester. They are simple aromatic compounds with saturated propyl or unsaturated propenyl side chains containing a primary oxygenated functional group which has little toxic potential. 3-Phenyl-1-propyl derivatives participate in the same beta oxidation pathways as do their parent cinnamic acid derivatives. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to this individual fragrance ingredient and is not intended as a stand-alone document. Available data for 3-phenylpropyl isobutyrate was evaluated then summarized and includes physical properties, acute toxicity, skin irritation and skin sensitization. A safety assessment of all cinnamyl phenyl propyl compounds will be published simultaneously with this document. Please refer to Belsito et al. (2011) for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all cinnamyl phenylpropyl materials in fragrances. Belsito, D., Bickers, D., Bruze, M., Dagli, M.L., Fryer, A., Greim, H., Miyachi, Y., Saurat, J.H., Sipes, I.G., 2011. A toxicologic and dermatologic assessment of cinnamyl phenylpropyl compounds when used as fragrance ingredients.

Fragrance material review on isotridecan-1-ol (isomeric mixture).

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of isotridecan-1-ol (isomeric mixture) when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. Isotridecan-1-ol (isomeric mixture) is a member of the fragrance structural group branched chain saturated alcohols. The common characteristic structural elements of the alcohols with saturated branched chain are one hydroxyl group per molecule, and a C(4)-C(12) carbon chain with one or several methyl side chains. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to this individual fragrance ingredient and is not intended as a stand-alone document. A safety assessment of the entire branched chain saturated alcohol group will be published simultaneously with this document; please refer to Belsito et al. (2010) for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all other branched chain saturated alcohols in fragrances.

Fragrance material review on 7-octen-2-ol, 2-methyl-6-methylene-, dihydro derivative.

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 7-octen-2-ol, 2-methyl-6-methylene-, dihydro derivative when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Psychiatric morbidity among elderly in Chandigarh.

OBJECTIVE: To find out the prevalence of Psychiatric Morbidity Among Elderly in the age-group of 65 years and above. METHODOLOGY: This community based study was conducted by house to house visit after selecting a sample by stratified random technique from the 47 sectors in urban areas and 27 villages in Chandigarh. A total of 250 households in urban and 50 households in rural areas were covered which consisted of 362 elderly (313 urban and 49 rural) who were enrolled and psychiatric morbidity was assessed by using R Kellner & B F Shaffield (1979) scale. RESULTS: All study subjects had at least one symptom related to psychiatric morbidity. Over two-third elderly were having somatic (72.1%) and depression (68.2%) related symptoms of anger - hostility, cognition and anxiety. Paranoid and psychotic symptoms were noticed among 6.9% and 6.6% of elderly, respectively. Anxiety, depression, somatic, cognitive symptoms were more prevalent in females while anger hostility was more common in males. Some of the common symptom from each of the 7 groups were : Anxiety : Nervousness (37.3%), Depression : Feeling tired lack of energy (57.2%), Somatic : Irritable (48.3%), Anger Hostility: Angry (55.8%), Cognitive : Poor memory (45.6%), Paranoid : Feeling that people do not like you (7.5%) and Psychotic : Strange experiences which other people do not have (4.4%). CONCLUSION: Prevalence of high morbidity related to psychiatric symptoms among elderly in Chandigarh, India highlights the significance and need to develop comprehensive mental health care program for elderly.

Fragrance material review on alpha-methylcyclohexylmethyl acetate.

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of alpha-methylcyclohexylmethyl acetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on 1-ethynylcyclohexyl acetate.

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 1-ethynylcyclohexyl acetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[4.4.0]dec-3-yl acetate.

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[4.4.0]dec-3-yl acetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on myraldyl acetate.

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of myraldyl acetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on (3aalpha,4alpha,6alpha,7alpha,7aalpha)-3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3-methyl-5-methylene-4,7-methano-1H-inden-6-yl acetate.

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of (3aalpha,4alpha,6alpha,7alpha,7aalpha)-3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3-methyl-5-methylene-4,7-methano-1H-inden-6-yl acetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on 2-(1-methylpropyl)-1-vinylcyclohexyl acetate.

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 2-(1-methylpropyl)-1-vinylcyclohexyl acetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on 4-methyl-8-methylenetricyclo[3.3.1.(3,7)]decan-2-yl acetate.

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 4-methyl-8-methylenetricyclo[3.3.1.(3,7)]decan-2-yl acetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on cyclohexyl cyclopent-2-ene-1-acetate.

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of Cyclohexyl cyclopent-2-ene-1-acetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on 3-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate.

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 3-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on d-cyclocitronellene acetate.

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of d-cyclocitronellene acetate when used as a fragrance material is presented.

Fragrance material review on 4-(isopropyl)-1-methylcyclohexyl acetate.

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 4-(isopropyl)-1-methylcyclohexyl acetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on octahydro-4,7-methano-1H-indenemethyl acetate.

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of octahydro-4,7-methano-1H-indenemethyl acetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on tricyclodecanyl acetate.

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of tricyclodecanyl acetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.