Polycystic ovary syndrome and its management: In view of oxidative stress.

In the past two decades, oxidative stress (OS) has drawn a lot of interest due to the revelation that individuals with many persistent disorders including diabetes, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), cardiovascular, and other disorders often have aberrant oxidation statuses. OS has a close interplay with PCOS features such as insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and chronic inflammation; there is a belief that OS might contribute to the development of PCOS. PCOS is currently recognized as not only one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders but also a significant contributor to female infertility, affecting a considerable proportion of women globally. Therefore, the understanding of the relationship between OS and PCOS is crucial to the development of therapeutic and preventive strategies for PCOS. Moreover, the mechanistic study of intracellular reactive oxygen species/ reactive nitrogen species formation and its possible interaction with women's reproductive health is required, which includes complex enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. Apart from that, our current review includes possible regulation of the pathogenesis of OS. A change in lifestyle, including physical activity, various supplements that boost antioxidant levels, particularly vitamins, and the usage of medicinal herbs, is thought to be the best way to combat this occurrence of OS and improve the pathophysiologic conditions associated with PCOS.

Room-Temperature Spin Polariton Diode Laser.

A spin-polarized laser offers inherent control of the output circular polarization. We have investigated the output polarization characteristics of a bulk GaN-based microcavity polariton diode laser at room temperature with electrical injection of spin-polarized electrons via a FeCo/MgO spin injector. Polariton laser operation with a spin-polarized current is characterized by a threshold of ∼69 A/cm^{2} in the light-current characteristics, a significant reduction of the electroluminescence linewidth and blueshift of the emission peak. A degree of output circular polarization of ∼25% is recorded under remanent magnetization. A second threshold, due to conventional photon lasing, is observed at an injection of ∼7.2 kA/cm^{2}. The variation of output circular and linear polarization with spin-polarized injection current has been analyzed with the carrier and exciton rate equations and the Gross-Pitaevskii equations for the condensate and there is good agreement between measured and calculated data.

Optical constants of In(x)Ga(1-x)N (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.73) in the visible and near-infrared wavelength regimes.

Complex refractive indices of In(x)Ga(1-x)N epitaxial layers have been determined from analysis of data obtained by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The measurements were made in the wavelength range of 400-1687 nm. The samples were grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on (001) silicon substrate and are of the wurtzite crystalline form. A comparison of the fundamental absorption edge derived from analysis of measured data and the measured photoluminescence peak emission energy indicates a Stokes shift present in the alloys.

Post-irradiation angiosarcoma of bone.

Radiation therapy is extensively used for treatment of malignancies, but angiosarcomas occurring in an irradiated area are uncommon. We report a rare case of high-grade epithelioid angiosarcoma of upper end of right humerus in a 67-year-old male occurring ten years following irradiation for giant cell tumor of the same anatomical site. The patient presented with progressive painful swelling over right shoulder and his X-ray showed erosion of medial cortex with lytic areas at upper end of humerus. He underwent excision of affected part of humerus followed by cemented hemiarthroplasty and bone grafting. After initial histopathological diagnostic dilemma the final report was given as post-radiation angiosarcoma. Disease recurred at the end of one-year follow-up period where upon he underwent wide resection with prosthesis replacement. He received four cycles of combination chemotherapy with doxorubicin and ifosfamide and currently is free of recurrence after six months follow-up.