Satisfaction with justice and desire for revenge in survivors of the September 11, 2001, attacks on New York City's World Trade Center.

This study investigated gaps in existing knowledge on justice, desire for revenge, and associated factors in disaster research through data collected nearly three years post disaster on justice and revenge from survivors of the September 11, 2001 (9/11) attacks. A volunteer sample of 379 employees of eight affected businesses completed interviews and self-report questionnaires. Individual ratings on satisfaction with justice and desire for revenge were compared with demographic characteristics, disaster-related experience, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), disaster-related distress, anger, and concerns about danger and safety. High levels of desire for revenge and relatively low levels of satisfaction with accountability for perpetrators of the 9/11 attacks were endorsed. Most of the associations between the justice scores and the revenge score with the disaster response variables were directionally consistent. Dissatisfaction with perpetrator accountability was associated with greater desire for revenge. Both of these variables were associated with greater concerns about danger and endorsement of security regulations at the expense of personal freedoms.

A mixed methods study of satisfaction with justice and desire for revenge in survivors of the September 11, 2001, attacks on New York City's World Trade Center.

OBJECTIVE: This study used mixed methods to investigate satisfaction with justice and desire for revenge in a sample of employees from New York City agencies affected by the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center. METHODS: A volunteer sample of 196 employees of eight affected agencies provided a short essay about what justice means to them in relation to the 9/11 attacks, followed by 20 quantitative questions covering personal experiences and perceptions of 9/11-related justice. Wilcoxon rank sum tests were performed for bivariate comparisons of quantitative items and qualitative thematic codes. Mixed methods analysis was used to inspect the associations of the content of all text coded for themes with quantitative categories within and across domains. RESULTS: Only the revenge domain showed a significant association between the quantitative category and the qualitative theme. The quantitative revenge category was positively associated with the qualitative justice through safety theme. Examination of qualitative content provided insights into the relationships with quantitative constructs. CONCLUSION: Qualitative and mixed methods research on justice and revenge in mass casualty settings add new findings to the existing literature and have the potential to contribute to the interpretation and potential expansion of topic areas assessed by quantitative scales.

Evaluation of structural contributors in myopic eyes of preterm and full-term children.

PURPOSE: We conducted a cross-sectional study to test the hypothesis that the structural contributions to myopia in preterm and full-term born children are different. METHODS: In this study, 93 children ranging from ages 2 to 13 who had myopia ≥ -3 diopters in at least one eye were examined with A-scans. The following data was collected and analyzed: history of birth, refractive error (RE), cornea thickness (CT) and average corneal curvature (AVK), depth of anterior chamber (ACD), lens thickness (LT), and axial length (AL) of the eye. RESULTS: Eyes were tested and categorized into four groups: myopic eyes in full-term children (group 1), myopic eyes in premature children (group 2), non-myopic eyes in full-term children (group 3), and non-myopic eyes in preterm children (group 4). The RE were similar between group 1 and group2, and between group 3 and group 4. Myopic eyes in group 2 had higher AVK as compared to group 3; 45.4 ± 0.4 D vs. 43.5 ± 0.7 D, p = 0.008. The ACD in group 2 was shallower than that in group 1 (2.5 ± 0.5 vs. 3.2 ± 0.3, p = 0.01). The LT measurements in group 2 were thicker than those in group 1 (mean LT = 4.9 ± 1.0 vs 4.1 ± 0.3 mm, p = 0.001, respectively). Finally, AL of myopic eyes in group 1 was longer than that of group 2, p = 0.01. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that increased axial length plays an important role in myopia in full-term children, whereas corneal curvature and lens thickness are major contributors to myopia in preterm children.