Influence of Garlic (Allium sativum) Clove-Based Selenium Nanoparticles on Status of Nutritional, Biochemical, Enzymological, and Gene Expressions in the Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879).

Selenium (Se) is one of the essential micronutrients for performing vital body functions. This study aims at examining the influence of dietary supplementation of garlic clove-based green-synthesized selenium nanoparticles (GBGS-SeNPs, 48-87 nm) on carcass minerals and trace elements, and growth, biochemical, enzymological, and gene expression analyses in the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii post larvae (PL). The 96 h LC50 of this GBGS-SeNPs to M. rosenbergii PL was 52.23 mg L-1. Five different artificial diets without supplementation of GBGS-SeNPs (control, 0.0 mg kg-1) and with supplementations of GBGS-SeNPs starting from 100 times lower than the LC50 value (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg kg-1) were prepared and fed to M. rosenbergii PL for 90 days. A dose-dependent accumulation of Se was observed in the carcass of experimental prawns. GBGS-SeNPs, up to 1.5 mg kg-1 significantly influenced the absorption of other trace elements (Ca, Cu, and Fe) and mineral salts (K, Mg, Na, and Zn). GBGS-SeNPs-supplemented diets showed efficient food conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.32 g against 2.71 g, and therefore enhanced the survival rate (85.6% against 78.8% in control) and weight gain (WG) of 1.41 g against 0.46 g of control prawn. GBGS-SeNPs significantly elevated the activities of protease, amylase, and lipase, and the contents of total protein, essential amino acids (EAA), total carbohydrate, total lipid, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and ash. These indicate the growth promoting potential of GBGS-SeNPs in prawn. The insignificantly altered activities of glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) up to 1.5 mg kg-1 suggest its acceptability in prawn. Moreover, a respective down- and upregulated myostatin (MSTN) and crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) genes confirmed the influence of GBGS-SeNPs on the growth of prawn. In contrast, 2.0 mg kg-1 GBGS-SeNPs supplementation starts to produce negative effects on prawn (FCR, 1.76 g; survival rate, 82.2%; WG, 0.84 g against respective values of 1.32 g, 85.6%; and 1.41 g observed in 1.5 mg kg-1 of GBGS-SeNPs-supplemented diet fed prawn). This study recommends a maximum of 1.5 mg kg-1 GBGS-SeNPs as dietary supplement to attain sustainable growth of M. rosenbergii. This was confirmed through polynomial and linear regression analyses.

Activation of Nrf2 by Esculetin Mitigates Inflammatory Responses through Suppression of NF-κB Signaling Cascade in RAW 264.7 Cells.

Inflammation is a major root of several diseases such as allergy, cancer, Alzheimer's, and several others, and the present state of existing drugs provoked researchers to search for new treatment strategies. Plants are regarded to be unique sources of active compounds holding pharmacological properties, and they offer novel designs in the development of therapeutic agents. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of esculetin in lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced macrophage cells (RAW 264.7). The relative expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO) production and COX-2 expression were intensified in LTA-induced RAW cells. The phosphorylation status of mitogen-activated protein kinases (extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, p38 MAPK, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 were detected by using Western blot assay. The nuclear translocation of p65 was assessed by confocal microscopic image analysis. Esculetin significantly and concentration-dependently inhibited LTA-induced NO production and iNOS expression, but not COX-2 expression, in RAW cells. Esculetin was not effective in LTA-induced MAPK molecules (ERK, p38 and JNK). However, esculetin recovered LTA-induced IκBα degradation and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation. Moreover, esculetin at a higher concentration of 20 µM evidently inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. At the same high concentration, esculetin augmented Nrf2 expression and decreased DPPH radical generation in RAW 264.7 cells. This study exhibits the value of esculetin for the treatment of LTA-induced inflammation by targeting NF-κB signaling pathways via its antioxidant properties.

Corrigendum to "Auraptene, a Monoterpene Coumarin, Inhibits LTA-Induced Inflammatory Mediators via Modulating NF-κB/MAPKs Signaling Pathways".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2021/5319584.].

Decreased Human Platelet Activation and Mouse Pulmonary Thrombosis by Rutaecarpine and Comparison of the Relative Effectiveness with BAY11-7082: Crucial Signals of p38-NF-κB.

Platelets play a critical role in arterial thrombosis. Rutaecarpine (RUT) was purified from Tetradium ruticarpum, a well-known Chinese medicine. This study examined the relative activity of RUT with NF-κB inhibitors in human platelets. BAY11-7082 (an inhibitor of IκB kinase [IKK]), Ro106-9920 (an inhibitor of proteasomes), and RUT concentration-dependently (1-6 µM) inhibited platelet aggregation and P-selectin expression. RUT was found to have a similar effect to that of BAY11-7082; however, it exhibits more effectiveness than Ro106-9920. RUT suppresses the NF-κB pathway as it inhibits IKK, IκBα, and p65 phosphorylation and reverses IκBα degradation in activated platelets. This study also investigated the role of p38 and NF-κB in cell signaling events and found that SB203580 (an inhibitor of p38) markedly reduced p38, IKK, and p65 phosphorylation and reversed IκBα degradation as well as p65 activation in a confocal microscope, whereas BAY11-7082 had no effects in p38 phosphorylation. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay shows that RUT and BAY11-7082 did not exhibit free radical scavenging activity. In the in vivo study, compared with BAY11-7082, RUT more effectively reduced mortality in adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced acute pulmonary thromboembolism without affecting the bleeding time. In conclusion, a distinctive pathway of p38-mediated NF-κB activation may involve RUT-mediated antiplatelet activation, and RUT could act as a strong prophylactic or therapeutic drug for cardiovascular diseases.

Rutaecarpine, an Alkaloid from Evodia rutaecarpa, Can Prevent Platelet Activation in Humans and Reduce Microvascular Thrombosis in Mice: Crucial Role of the PI3K/Akt/GSK3ß Signal Axis through a Cyclic Nucleotides/VASP-Independent Mechanism.

The role of activated platelets in acute and chronic cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is well established. Therefore, antiplatelet drugs significantly reduce the risk of severe CVDs. Evodia rutaecarpa (Wu-Chu-Yu) is a well-known Chinese medicine, and rutaecarpine (Rut) is a main bioactive component with substantial beneficial properties including vasodilation. To address a research gap, we investigated the inhibitory mechanisms of Rut in washed human platelets and experimental mice. At low concentrations (1-5 µM), Rut strongly inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation, whereas it exerted only a slight or no effect on platelets stimulated with other agonists (e.g., thrombin). Rut markedly inhibited P-selectin expression; adenosine triphosphate release; [Ca2+]i mobilization; hydroxyl radical formation; and phospholipase C (PLC)γ2/protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK3ß) phosphorylation stimulated by collagen. SQ22536 (an adenylate cyclase inhibitor) or ODQ (a guanylate cyclase inhibitor) did not reverse Rut-mediated antiplatelet aggregation. Rut was not directly responding to vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation. Rut significantly increased the occlusion time of fluorescence irradiated thrombotic platelet plug formation. The findings demonstrated that Rut exerts a strong effect against platelet activation through the PLCγ2/PKC and PI3K/Akt/GSK3ß pathways. Thus, Rut can be a potential therapeutic agent for thromboembolic disorders.

The Antithrombotic Agent Pterostilbene Interferes with Integrin αIIbß3-Mediated Inside-Out and Outside-In Signals in Human Platelets.

Platelets play a crucial role in the physiology of primary hemostasis and pathological processes such as arterial thrombosis; thus, developing a therapeutic target that prevents platelet activation can reduce arterial thrombosis. Pterostilbene (PTE) has remarkable pharmacological activities, including anticancer and neuroprotection. Few studies have reported the effects of pterostilbene on platelet activation. Thus, we examined the inhibitory mechanisms of pterostilbene in human platelets and its role in vascular thrombosis prevention in mice. At low concentrations (2-8 µM), pterostilbene strongly inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Furthermore, pterostilbene markedly diminished Lyn, Fyn, and Syk phosphorylation and hydroxyl radical formation stimulated by collagen. Moreover, PTE directly hindered integrin αIIbß3 activation through interfering with PAC-1 binding stimulated by collagen. In addition, pterostilbene affected integrin αIIbß3-mediated outside-in signaling, such as integrin ß3, Src, and FAK phosphorylation, and reduced the number of adherent platelets and the single platelet spreading area on immobilized fibrinogen as well as thrombin-stimulated fibrin clot retraction. Furthermore, pterostilbene substantially prolonged the occlusion time of thrombotic platelet plug formation in mice. This study demonstrated that pterostilbene exhibits a strong activity against platelet activation through the inhibition of integrin αIIbß3-mediated inside-out and outside-in signaling, suggesting that pterostilbene can serve as a therapeutic agent for thromboembolic disorders.

Green Synthesis of Chromium Nanoparticles and Their Effects on the Growth of the Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii Post-larvae.

This study deals with synthesis of chromium nanoparticles (CrNPs) from potassium dichromate using the aqueous extract of Allium sativum. They were characterized through UV-VIS light, FE-SEM, EDX, XRD, and FT-IR, which revealed uniform, mono-dispersive, and highly stable CrNPs of 31-64-nm size. The Artemia nauplii was enriched with 4.94 mg/L of CrNPs (24-h LC50) at different durations (½, 1, 2, and 4 h) and then fed to Macrobrachium rosenbegii post-larvae (PL) for 30 days as live feed. The results showed that ½- and 1-h enriched Artemia nauplii led to significant improvements in nutritional indices including growth and survival, and concentrations of tissue biochemical constituents, such as total protein, amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid of M. rosenbergii PL (P < 0.05), which suggests that this concentration of CrNPs was non-toxic to M. rosenbergii PL. This was confirmed by the insignificant alterations recorded in activities of SOD and CAT (P > 0.05) in M. rosenbergii PL fed with ½- and 1-h enriched Artemia nauplii as live feed. After that, SOD and CAT activities started to increase. Therefore, this optimized concentration of CrNPs (4.94 mg/L) is recommended for enrichment of Artemia nauplii for ½-1-h duration as a sustainable material in the nursery of M. rosenbergii.

Dietary Supplementation of Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Nanoparticles for Better Survival and Growth of the Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii Post-larvae.

This study was performed to assess the growth-promoting potential of dietary magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) in Macrobrachium rosenbergii post-larvae (PL). MgO NPs were supplemented at 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg kg-1 with the basal diet (containing 0.95 g Mg kg-1); the concentrations of Mg in MgO NP-supplemented diets were increased correspondingly (1.07, 1.15, 1.24, 1.37 and 1.46 g Mg kg-1 respectively). MgO NP-supplemented diets were fed to M. rosenbergii PL (initial weight 0.11 ± 0.04 g) for a period of 90 days. In the carcasses of experimental prawns, the content of Mg was found to be elevated significantly with respect to the individual diet (102.14, 183.29, 205.46, 221.03, 237.10 and 254.36 µg Mg g-1 respectively) when compared with that of the control. The contents of Cu, Zn, Fe, Ca, Na and K levels were also found to be elevated in the carcasses of experimental prawns. Significant (P < 0.05) improvements were observed in nutritional indices [survival rate (SR), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER)], activities of digestive enzymes (protease, amylase and lipase), concentrations of basic biochemical constituents (total protein, amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid, profiles of amino acids and fatty acids) and population of haemocytes [total and differential (hyalinocytes, semigranulocytes and granulocytes)] in all the test PL. Maximum performance was recorded in 500 mg kg-1 MgO NP-supplemented-feed-fed PL. There were no significant elevations recorded in activities of antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)], lipid peroxidation (LPO) and metabolic enzymes [glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT)] recorded in any of the MgO NP-supplemented-feed-fed PL when compared with the control. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed increases in the staining intensity of polypeptide bands resolved in 500 mg kg-1 MgO NP-supplemented-feed-fed PL when compared with the control. Based on the gradual improvement in attaining survival, growth, FCR, biochemical constituents and haemocyte population, this study recommends MgO NP supplementation of 500 mg kg-1 for sustainable maintenance of M. rosenbergii PL. As the studied highest concentration of MgO NPs showed the best performance, it is necessary to study with beyond 500 mg kg-1 of MgO NPs to optimize the actual concentration.

Dietary supplementation of green synthesized manganese-oxide nanoparticles and its effect on growth performance, muscle composition and digestive enzyme activities of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii.

The green synthesized Mn3O4 nanoparticles (manganese-oxide nanoparticles) using Ananas comosus (L.) peel extract was characterized by various techniques. HR-SEM photograph showed that manganese-oxide nanoparticles (Mn-oxide NPs) were spherical in shape, with an average size of 40-50 nm. The Zeta potential revealed the surface charge of Mn-oxide NPs to be negative. Further, the Mn-oxide NPs were dietary supplemented for freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The experimental basal diets were supplemented with Mn-oxide NPs at the rates of 0 (control), 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12, 15 and 18 mg/kg dry feed weight. The as-supplemented Mn-oxide NPs were fed in M. rosenbergii for a period of 90 days. The experimental study demonstrated that prawns fed with diet supplemented with 3-18 mg Mn-oxide NPs/kg shows enhanced (P<0.05) growth performance, including final weight and weight gain (WG). Significant differences (P<0.05) in feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in prawn fed with different diets. Additionally, prawns fed with 3.0-18 mg/kg Mn-oxide NPs supplemented diets achieved significant (P<0.05) improvement in growth performance, digestive enzyme activities and muscle biochemical compositions, while, the prawns fed with 16 mg/kg of Mn-oxide NPs showed enhanced performance. Prawns fed on diet supplemented with 16 mg/kg Mn-oxide NPs showed significantly (P<0.05) higher total protein level. The antioxidants enzymatic activity (SOD and CAT) metabolic enzymes status in muscle and hepatopancreas showed no significant (P>0.05) alterations in prawns fed with 3.0-18 mg/kg of Mn-oxide NPs supplemented diets. Consequently, the present work proposed that 16 mg/kg of Mn-oxide NPs could be supplemented for flexible enhanced survival, growth and production of M. rosenbergii. Therefore, the data of the present study recommend the addition of 16 mg/kg of Mn-oxide NPs diet to developed prawn growth and antioxidant defense system.

Dietary supplementation of zinc nanoparticles and its influence on biology, physiology and immune responses of the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii.

The present study was conducted to assess the influence of dietary zinc nanoparticles (size 50 nm) on the growth, biochemical constituents, enzymatic antioxidant levels and the nonspecific immune response of the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii post larvae (PL). The concentrations of dietary supplement zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) were 0, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg kg(-1) with the basal diet, and the level of Zn in ZnNP-supplemented diets were 0.71, 10.61, 20.73, 40.73, 60.61 and 80.60 mg kg(-1), respectively. ZnNP-incorporated diets were fed to M. rosenbergii PL (initial body weight, 0.18 ± 0.02 g) in a triplicate experimental setup for a period of 90 days. ZnNP supplemented feed fed PL up to 60 mg kg(-1) showed significantly (P < 0.05) improved performance in survival, growth and activities of digestive enzymes (protease, amylase and lipase). The concentrations of biochemical constituents (total protein, total amino acid, total carbohydrate and total lipid), total haemocyte count and differential haemocyte count were elevated in 10-60 mg kg(-1) ZnNP supplemented feed fed PL. However, the PL fed with 80 mg ZnNPs kg(-1) showed negative results. Activities of enzymatic antioxidants [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)], metabolic enzymes [glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT)] and the process of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the hepatopancreas and muscle showed no significant alterations in 10-60 mg kg(-1) ZnNP supplemented feed fed PL. Whereas, 80 mg ZnNPs kg(-1) supplemented feed fed PL showed significant elevations in SOD, CAT, LPO, GOT and GPT. Therefore, 80 mg ZnNPs kg(-1) was found to be toxic to M. rosenbergii PL. Thus, the study suggests that up to 60 mg ZnNPs kg(-1) can be supplemented for regulating survival, growth and immunity of M. rosenbergii.