Preparation of protein-stabilized Litsea cubeba essential oil nano-emulsion by ultrasonication: Bioactivity, stability, in vitro digestion, and safety evaluation.

Litsea cubeba essential oil (LCEO) has garnered widespread attention due to its robust biological activity. However, challenges such as high volatility, limited water solubility, and low bioavailability impede its application. Nano-emulsion encapsulation technology offers an effective solution to these issues. In this study, we prepared litsea cubeba essential oil nano-emulsion (LCEO-NE) for the first time using whey protein (WP) as the emulsifier through an ultrasonic-assisted method, achieving high efficiency with minimal energy consumption. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering analyses revealed that the nanoparticles were uniformly spherical, with a particle size of 183.5 ± 1.19 nm and a zeta potential of -35.5 ± 0.95 mV. Stability studies revealed that LCEO-NE exhibited excellent thermal and salt stability, maintaining its integrity for up to four weeks when stored at 4 °C and 25 °C. In vitro digestion assays confirmed the digestibility of LCEO-NE. Furthermore, evaluation of the DPPH, ABTS, and antimicrobial activities revealed that LCEO-NE displayed superior bacteriostatic and antioxidant properties compared to LCEO. Scanning electron microscopy elucidated that its bacteriostatic effect involved the disruption of bacterial microstructure. Hemocompatibility and cytotoxicity assays demonstrated the safety of LCEO-NE within the effective concentration range. This research supports the utilization of nanoparticles for encapsulating LCEO, thereby enhancing its stability and bioactivity, and consequently expanding its applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Extraction of Pithecellobium clypearia Benth polysaccharides by dual-frequency ultrasound-assisted extraction: Structural characterization, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic activities.

In this research, the extraction process of polysaccharides from Pithecellobium clypearia Benth (PCBPs) was optimized using dual-frequency ultrasound-assisted extraction (DUAE). The biological activities of PCBPs were investigated by in vitro antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and anti-hyperlipidemic assay. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography, high-performance gel permeation chromatography, SEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and FT-IR spectra were used to analyze the monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, microscopic morphology, and characteristic structure of PCBPs. The results showed that the maximum extraction rate of PCBPs was 9.90 ± 0.16% when the ultrasonic time was 8 min, the liquid-to-material ratio was 32 mL/g, and the ultrasonic power was 510 W. The PCBPs also possessed excellent in vitro antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and anti-hyperlipidemic activities. In addition, the average molecular weight of PCBPs was 15.07 kDa. PCBPs consisted of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, and glucuronic acid, with the molar ratios of 11.07%, 18.54%, 48.17%, 10.44%, 4.62%, 4.96%, and 2.20%, respectively. Moreover, the results of SEM showed that PCBPs mainly showed a fine spherical mesh structure. The above studies provided a valuable theoretical basis for the subsequent in-depth study of PCBPs.

Synthesis, characterization, biological activity, and in vitro digestion of selenium nanoparticles stabilized by Antarctic ice microalgae polypeptide.

A new type of uniformly dispersed selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) was prepared using Antarctic ice microalgae polypeptides (AIMP) as the stabilizer and dispersant. Different characterization techniques and tests show that the SeNPs are effectively combined with AIMP through physical adsorption and hydrogen bonding to form a more stable structure. Orange-red, zero-valence, amorphous, and spherical AIMP-SeNPs with a diameter of 52.07 ± 1.011 nm and a zeta potential of -41.41 ± 0.882 mV were successfully prepared under the optimal conditions. The AIMP-SeNPs had significantly higher DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radicals scavenging abilities compared with AIMP and Na2SeO3, and prevented the growth of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria by disrupting the integrity of cell walls, cell membranes and mitochondrial membranes. The AIMP-SeNPs had higher gastrointestinal stability compared with SeNPs. Thus, this research highlights the crucial role of AIMP as a biopolymer framework in the dispersion, stabilization, and size management of SeNPs and concludes that AIMP-SeNPs can be exploited as a potent antioxidant supplement and antibacterial substance in foods and medicine.

Bio-based Carbon dots Loaded with 5-Fu: A Multifunctional drug Delivery System.

In the present work, a simple and efficient stirring method was used to successfully synthesize a novel multifunctional carbon dots-drug delivery system AMP-CDs@5-Fu in the form of intertwined filaments. The results showed that AMP-CDs@5-Fu had the highest final release in the medium mimicking the physiological environment of the human small intestine compared to that of 5-Fu and that the drug release behaviors followed a zero-grade drug release within the first 3 h. The results also showed that AMP-CDs@5-Fu could be used to reduce the toxicity of 5-Fu while significantly improving the anticancer ability. In vitro hemolysis and anticancer assays showed that AMP-CDs@5-Fu could significantly improve the anticancer ability while decreasing the toxicity of 5-Fu, and the hemolysis rate of AMP-CDs@5-Fu was significantly lower than that of 5-Fu; their IC50 against 4T1 cancer cells were 201.63 ± 8.94 µg 5-Fu/mL and 241.24 ± 11.05 µg 5- Fu/mL. In addition, AMP-CDs@5-Fu allowed clear cell imaging. Therefore, AMP-CDs@5-Fu is expected to improve the bioavailability of 5-Fu as a novel oral agent with fluorescent properties and very promising as a novel fluorescence tracking drug loading system, which is expected to be used in the field of anticancer targeted therapy and fluorescence tracking to monitor the distribution of drugs.

Effect of Ultrasonic Treatment on Structure, Antibacterial Activity of Sugarcane Leaf Polysaccharides.

This study investigated the impact of ultrasonic extraction (UE) on the structure and in vitro antibacterial activity of polysaccharides from sugarcane leaves (SLW). Native sugarcane leaf polysaccharides were treated with ultrasound (480 W) for 3 h to yield sugarcane leaf polysaccharides (SLU). Compared to SLW (33.59 kDa), the molecular weight of SLU (13.08 kDa) was significantly decreased, while the monosaccharide composition of SLU was unchanged. The results of SEM and XRD indicated that UE significantly changed the surface morphology of SLW and destroyed its inner crystalline structure. In vitro experiments showed that SLU had stronger antibacterial activity. These findings revealed that UE treatment could alter the tertiary structure of SLW but had no impact on its primary structure. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of SLW could be greatly enhanced after UE treatment. As a bioactive additive, SLU has great application potential in functional foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

Pickering emulsions prepared using zein-sugarcane leaves polyphenol covalent crosslinking nanoparticles via ultrasonication: Capacities in storage stability, lipid oxidation, in vitro digestion and safety evaluation.

This study firstly used sugarcane leaf polyphenols (SGLp) to modify zein to form covalent nanoparticles (SGLpZ) and used SGLpZ as an emulsifier to stabilize pickering emulsions (SZP) via ultrasonic method. The results showed that the addition of SGLp could alter the physicochemical properties of zein, including improving increasing the hydrophilicity of zein and the antioxidant properties of zein (three basic antioxidant activities test in vitro). SGLpZ could be able to form a dense film on the surface of the pickering emulsions which inhibited lipid oxidation as the concentration of SGLp increased at 4 ℃ for 20 days, thus stabilizing pickering emulsions (SZP). Further assessment of storage stability of pickering emulsions stabilized by SGLp was evaluated via measuring the free fatty acids (FFA) release in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The results showed that the FFA release of SZP decreased from 20.61 ± 0.10% to 16.14 ± 0.69%. In addition, SGLp gave SZP a yellow color, which inspired that SZP could be used in the food industry to make yellow-colored functional foods. Finally, the safety of SZP initially assessed by in-vitro hemocompatibility and cytotoxicity (MTT) assays. In conclusion, our fingdings were beneficial for the further design and development of SGLp in food fields and enabled the development a new type in functional protein-plant polyphenols food pickering emulsions.

Sugarcane molasses essential oils: mesoporous silica nanoparticles as carriers to improve their slow-release activity and the study on their anti-inflammatory activities in vivo.

In this study, sugarcane molasses essential oils (SMEOs) were extracted by microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD); the components of SMEOs were identified and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). SMEOs were loaded into mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) and their sustained-release activity was evaluated. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity assays pertained to inhibiting the auricle swelling caused by xylene in mice, the peritoneal permeability increased inflammation in mice induced by acetic acid and the inflammation caused by granuloma hyperplasia in mice. We demonstrated that the main components of SMEOs were isoamylol, ethyl acetate, isobutanol, isovaleraldehyde, 2-methyl-butanal, furfural and 2-acetylpyrrole. The SMEOs loaded into MSNPs formed MSNP-SMEOs, which enhanced the stability and slow-release performance compared with SMEOs. The main components of SMEOs can inhibit inflammation, and the development and application of SMEOs in the fields of food and medicine have certain potential.

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro digestion of folate conjugated chitosan-loaded proanthocyanidins nanoparticles.

Proanthocyanidins have significant biological activity and pharmacological effects and are widely used in food, medicine, and cosmetics. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with proanthocyanidins have been proven to improve their biological activity. Given some deficiencies of chitosan (CS), the modification of chitosan by folic acid (FA) can obtain new variants with different functions. For this objective, the folic acid conjugated chitosan was designed, and in vitro properties of proanthocyanidins loaded nanoparticles were studied systemically. Firstly, folic acid-chitosan conjugate (FA-CS) was synthesized and characterized. Folate-coupled chitosan-loaded proanthocyanidin nanoparticles (PC-CS/FA-NPs) were prepared by ionic gelation technique using FA-CS as a carrier. The successful nanoparticle synthesis was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited a spherical shape and smooth and uniform distribution features with a size range of less than 300 nm, as observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Meanwhile, PC-CS/FA-NPs had good thermal and gastrointestinal digestive stability and had a protective effect on AAPH-induced erythrocyte oxidative hemolysis. In conclusion, folic acid decorated chitosan nanoparticles improved the stability and bioavailability of proanthocyanidins in gastrointestinal digestion.

Preparation, characterization, and biological activity of Cinnamomum cassia essential oil nano-emulsion.

To solve the problems of low bioavailability and unstable properties of Cinnamomum cassia Essential oil (CCEO), encapsulation technology was introduced as an effective means to improve its shortcomings. In this study, Cinnamomum cassia Essential oil nano-emulsion (CCEO-NE) was successfully synthesized by the oil-in-water method and characterized by standard analytical methods, including dynamic light scattering (DLS), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the synthesized CCEO is spherical, smooth in surface, and uniform in shape, with an average particle size of 221.8 ± 1.95 nm, which is amorphous. In this experiment, by simulating the digestion of CCEO-NE in the gastrointestinal tract, it was found that CCEO-NE was undigested in the oral cavity, mainly in the stomach, followed by the small intestine. By understanding the digestion of CCEO-NE, we can improve the potential of CCEO bioavailability in food and drug applications. In addition, through the study of ABTS and DPPH free radicals by CCEO and CCEO-NE, it was found that the antioxidant activity of CCEO-NE was more potent than that of CCEO. When the concentration of CCEO-NE and CCEO is 400 µg/mL, the DPPH free radical scavenging rate is 92.03 ± 0.548% and 80.46 ± 5.811%, respectively. In comparison, ABTS free radical scavenging rate is 90.35 ± 0.480% and 98.44 ± 0.170% when the concentration of CCEO- NE, and CCEO is 75 µg/mL, respectively. The antibacterial test shows that CCEO-NE can inhibit both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Among them, CCEO-NE has a stronger antibacterial ability than CCEO, and the maximum inhibition zone diameter of CCEO can reach 15 mm, while that of CCEO-NE can reach 18 mm. Meanwhile, SEM and TEM showed that CCEO-NE treatment destroyed the ultrastructure of bacteria. Generally speaking, we know the situation of CCEO in the gastrointestinal tract. CCEO-NE has more potent antioxidant and antibacterial ability than CCEO. Our research results show that whey protein is an effective packaging strategy that can improve the effectiveness, stability, and even bioavailability of CCEO in various applications, including food and health care industries.

Synthesis, characterization, in vitro antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of selenium nanoparticles decorated with polysaccharides of Gracilaria lemaneiformis.

Under a simple redox system of selenite and ascorbic acid, we used Gracilaria lemaneiformis polysaccharides (GLPs) as a stabilizer and dispersing agent to generate well-dispersed and stable selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). The size, stability, morphology and physicochemical properties of GLPs-SeNPs were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Thermogravimetric (TG). The results showed that orange-red, amorphous, zero-valent and spherical GLPs-SeNPs with mean diameter of approximately 92.5 nm were successfully prepared, which exhibited good storage stability at 4 °C and remaining highly stable at different ion strengths and pH. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) and superoxide anion radical (O2•-) radical scavenging ability of GLPs-SeNPs were higher than those of bare SeNPs, GLPs and sodium selenite (Na2SeO3), and could reach 103.41%, 94.23%, 86% at a concentration of 1.5 mg/mL, respectively. Besides, GLPs-SeNPs also showed higher inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase. In vitro cytotoxicity assay and hemolysis activity examinations indicated that GLPs-SeNPs have excellent biocompatibility. Therefore, the GLPs-SeNPs might be used as a potential antioxidant agent and antidiabetic agent for food and medical applications.

Synthesis and evaluation of Grateloupia Livida polysaccharides-functionalized selenium nanoparticles.

Grateloupia Livida polysaccharides-functionalized selenium nanoparticles (GLP-SeNPs) have been successfully prepared in a simple redox system of sodium selenite and ascorbic acid. The size, morphology, structure, stability and thermal behavior were analyzed by various characterization methods. These results showed that, GLP-SeNPs (particle size of 115.54 nm) prepared in optimal synthesis conditions (temperature of 45 °C, reaction time of 3 h, GLP concentration of 1.0 mg/mL and ascorbic acid concentration of 0.04 M) obtained by orthogonal experiments were uniform spherical and could be stable for 30 days at 4 °C. GLP-SeNPs exhibited significant scavenging ability on DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion radical when compared to GLP and Na2SeO3. GLP-SeNPs showed selective cytotoxicity toward various human cancer cells, but not normal cells. Besides, GLP-SeNPs exhibited low oral acute toxicity. Taken together, GLP-SeNPs might be used as potential diet nutritional supplement or anticancer agent.

Preparation, characterization and biological activity of proanthocyanidin-chitosan nanoparticles.

In this study, proanthocyanidin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (PC-CS-NPs) were produced using ionotropic gelation and characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The synthesized nanoparticles were smaller than 300 nm and had a spherical shape, smooth topography and homogenous morphology as observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In vitro release study showed that proanthocyanidins (PC) had a sustainable release from PC-CS-NPs in different buffer media. PC-CS-NPs had higher or comparable potency in scavenging DPPH and ABTS free radicals as compared to native drugs. Furthermore, PC-CS-NPs also inhibited the growth of four bacteria species, whose degree of inhibition depended on the bacterial strain. The results of SEM confirmed the changes in the microstructure of bacteria. Our findings support the use of chitosan nanoparticles to encapsulate PC and improve its bioactivity in food products.

Preparation and antioxidant activity of selenium nanoparticles decorated by polysaccharides from Sargassum fusiforme.

In this study, the response surface method was employed to optimize the extraction conditions of the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharides (SFPS). The effects of four independent variables (hot water extraction time, ultrasonic time, ultrasonic power, and material-to-liquid ratio) on the extraction rate of SFPS were tested. In addition, the SFPS functionalized nanoselenium (SFPS-SeNPs) was prepared by chemical reduction method, whose characterization and in vitro antioxidant activity were investigated. The results showed that the yield of the crude SFPS was 25.8% at the optimal conditions of material-to-liquid ratio 1:50 (w/v), ultrasonic power 200 W, ultrasonic time 15 min, and water bath time 130 min. A series of characterization experiments showed that the SFPS-SeNPs performed higher dispersion and stability than naked SeNPs. Furthermore, the in vitro antioxidant activity assay indicated that SFPS functioned as a modifier improved the free radical scavenging activity of SeNPs significantly. In conclusion, this study provided a method to extract SFPS as a carrier for SeNPs, and SFPS-SeNPs could not only improve the stability of SeNPs, but also exerted the biological activities of SFPS. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research provided new ideas for the application of SFPS and the development of nanoselenium preparation carriers.

Optimization of extraction flavonoids from Exocarpium Citri Grandis and evaluation its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Exocarpium Citri Grandis (ECG; Huajuhong in Chinese) is a precious traditional Chinese medicine with a history of hundreds of years in China. It has been demonstrated to possess numerous pharmacological properties, including antitussive, expectorant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic. However, no in-depth report exists on the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of ECG. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of ECG flavonoids extract in vitro and in vivo so as to lay the foundation for further researches in this field. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total flavonoids (TF) and naringin were separately extracted from ECG, and the components of TF were identified by HPLC-MS. The antioxidant capacities of TF and naringin were determined by 2,2,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-free radical scavenging tests, and digestive enzymes activity inhibition assays in vitro in order to evaluate their hypoglycemic properties. Furthermore, diabetic mice experiments were performed to assess the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of TF and naringin in vivo. RESULTS: Five compounds were identified from TF, including naringin, rhoifolin, poncirin, bergaptol, and naringenin. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of TF and naringin to DPPH-free radicals were 0.269 and 1.946 mg/mL, respectively. TF and naringin demonstrated a certain inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase and a weaker inhibitory effect on α-amylase. The results of animal experiments showed that TF and naringin had no significant effect on the blood glucose levels, but they could lead to significant (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) increase in the serum insulin level and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels with concomitant reduction in the total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in diabetic mice. In addition, TF and naringin could reduce the liver index of diabetic mice (p < 0.01) and reduce the kidney index at low doses (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed that the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of TF is mainly derived from naringin, and other active ingredients in TF also have the effects of alleviating oxidative stress, inhibiting digestive enzyme activity and reducing blood lipids. Our results thus provide a scientific basis for the application of ECG in antidiabetic treatment.

Improved cathodic oxygen reduction and bioelectricity generation of electrochemical reactor based on reduced graphene oxide decorated with titanium-based composites.

A kind of reduced graphene oxide decorated with titanium-based (RGO/TiO2) composites are successfully synthesized and employed in this current study as a novel nonprecious metal catalyst for enhancing bioelectricity generation and cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in single chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Compared with commercial Pt/C, RGO/TiO2 shows obviously enhanced oxygen reduction reaction activity due to the appropriately-permeated, large electrochemical active area, enough exposure of electrocatalytic active sites of RGO/TiO2. The air-cathode MFC with RGO/TiO2-1 cathode achieves 1786.7 mW m-3 of power density, 86.7% ±â€¯1.2% of COD removal and 31.6% ±â€¯1.1% of CE, which are higher than commercial Pt/C. Moreover, RGO/TiO2-1 cathode exhibits high-effective electrocatalytic activity, and the power density of RGO/TiO2-1 can keep a stable level and only has a minor decline (5.35%) during 30-cycles operation. These results indicate that RGO/TiO2-1 is a potential cathode catalyst, markedly enhancing cathode ORR, wastewater treatment efficiency, and bioelectricity generation of MFC.

Inclusion Complex of Exocarpium Citri Grandis Essential Oil with ß-Cyclodextrin: Characterization, Stability, and Antioxidant Activity.

The purpose of this study was to produce and characterize an inclusion complex between ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) and Exocarpium Citri Grandis essential oil (EEO), and to evaluate its antioxidant properties. The volatile compounds of EEO were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. A comparison of the ß-CD, EEO, and the physical mixture with the inclusion complex revealed differences in their thermal stabilities and morphologies, which confirmed the formation of the ß-CD-EEO inclusion complex. Complexed with ß-CD, the ß-CD-EEO inclusion complex showed a higher stability and antioxidant activity when compared with physical mixture and EEO. Therefore, ß-CD can be used to form inclusion complexes with EEO to expand its potential applications in the food and drug industries. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Exocarpium Citri Grandis is rich in essential oil and other ingredients. The optimized extraction, constituent composition, and encapsulation of EEO in ß-CD were investigated in this study. The results showed that the encapsulation process increased the antioxidant activity and stability of EEO, which provides both fundamental and practical knowledge for the application of EEO in the food and drug industries.

Fabrication and characterization of hydroxyapatite/sodium alginate/chitosan composite microspheres for drug delivery and bone tissue engineering.

Hydroxyapatite/sodium alginate/chitosan (HA/SA/CS) composite microspheres, which possess good biocompatibility for specific biomedical application, were prepared using an emulsion crosslink technique; calcium ions were used as a cross-linking agent. The effect of the concentration of sodium alginate (SA), the volume ratio of water to oil, the content of hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles, as well as rotation speed, on the morphology and dispersion of composite microspheres were investigated. Also investigated were the drug loading, release behaviors, in vitro hemolysis activity, cytotoxicity, cell adhesion and proliferation capacity of the materials. The results demonstrate that the HA/SA/CS composite microspheres were successfully prepared; their drug loading and encapsulation efficiency are much higher than that of HA nanoparticles. Dox-loaded HA/SA/CS composite microspheres show good pH-sensitive drug-release capability. The hemolysis and cytotoxicity tests suggest that the microspheres have good blood and cell compatibility. Furthermore, the prepared composite microspheres display better cell adhesion and proliferation capacity than HA nanoparticles and HA/SA composite microspheres. Therefore, the HA/SA/CS composite microspheres might have potential as drug carriers in a pH-responsive controlled-release drug delivery system and as candidates for application in bone tissue engineering.

Antidiabetic and Lipid-Lowering Effects of the Polyphenol Extracts from the Leaves of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels on Streptozotocin-Induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats.

Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels (Wampee) is widely grown in China and considered as a healthy fruit. Its leaves are also considered as traditional herbs. This study analyzed polyphenol compounds in polyphenol extracts of the leaves C. lansium (lour.) Skeels (PEL) and investigated the protective effect of PEL against hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in T2DM rats. The result showed that PEL is composed mainly of gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, coffee acid, ferulic acid, and rutin. PEL could obviously relieve some symptoms of T2DM rats, including emaciation, hyperhidrosis, polyphagia, diuresis, liver swelling, kidney, and pancreas hypertrophy, as well as reduce fasting blood glucose. Moreover, the supplementation of PEL significantly ameliorated lipids disorder and protected liver in T2DM rats, including fat accumulation, improvement of lipid distribution and hepatocyte protection. These results indicate that the Oral of PEL have potential effects of against hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in diabetic disorders. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The leaves Clausena lansium (lour.) Skeels is rich in polyphenol and other ingredients. In this research, the preliminary study shows that PEL can reduce fasting blood glucose and improve lipids disorder in rats, which will bring to diabetic patients a way to improve the disease and enhance the quality of life. The PEL therefore can be used for the production of pharmaceutical raw materials and the design of novel functional foods by simple conversion.

Optimization of Process Parameters and Kinetic Model of Enzymatic Extraction of Polyphenols from Lonicerae Flos.

OBJECTIVE: To optimize and verify the cellulase extraction of polyphenols from honeysuckle and provide a reference for enzymatic extracting polyphenols from honeysuckle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The uniform design was used According to Fick's first law and kinetic model, fitting analysis of the dynamic process of enzymatic extracting polyphenols was conducted. RESULTS: The optimum enzymatic extraction parameters for polyphenols from honeysuckle are found to be 80% (v/v) of alcohol, 35:1 (mL/g) of liquid-solid ratio, 80°C of extraction temperature, 8.5 of pH, 6.0 mg of enzyme levels, and 130 min of extraction time. Under the optimal conditions, the extraction rate of polyphenols was 3.03%. The kinetic experiments indicated kinetic equation had a good linear relationship with t even under the conditions of different levels of enzyme and temperature, which means fitting curve tallies well with the experimental values. CONCLUSION: The results of quantification showed that the results provide a reference for enzymatic extracting polyphenols from honeysuckle. SUMMARY: Lonicerae flos (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) is a material of traditional Chinese medicine and healthy drinks, of which active compounds mainly is polyphenols. At present, plant polyphenols are the hotspots centents of food, cosmetic and medicine, because it has strong bioactivity. Several traditional methods are available for the extraction of plant polyphenols including impregnation, solvent extraction, ultrasonic extraction, hot-water extraction, alkaline dilute alcohol or alkaline water extraction, microwave extraction and Supercritical CO2 extraction. But now, an increasing number of research on using cellulase to extract active ingredients from plants. Enzymatic method is widely used for enzyme have excellent properties of high reaction efficiency and specificity, moderate reaction conditions, shorter extraction time and easier to control, less damage to the active ingredient. At present, the enzymatic extraction of polyphenols from honeysuckle and dynamic had not been reported. In this study, using cellulase to extract polyphenols from honeysuckle is first applied. Moreover, uniform design was used to optimize process and kinetic model of extraction was established to analyze the characteristics of enzymatic extraction, in order to improve the yield of polyphenols from honeysuckle and make maximum use of Lonicerae flos, which provide references for industrial production.

[Mathematical kinetic model of dual-frequency ultrasound assisted extraction of effective components traditional Chinese medicine].

OBJECTIVE: To establish the mathematical kinetic model of the components extracted from the Salvia miltiorrhiza. METHOD: In the conditions of ultrasound extracting the course of traditional Chinese medicine, the role of ultrasound intensity is large enough, the proliferation of boundary layer can be infinitesimal, as well as the solute upon the surface of medicine quickly into the main solution, we can assume that the whole process of extraction from the control of proliferation. A mathematical model of dual-frequency ultrasound extraction kinetics based on Fick's second diffusion law was established for traditional Chinese medicine. Based on material size and solid/liquid ratio significant factors. RESULT: We adopt Origin software to carry out a mathematics simulation, the result showed: simulation graphics and experiment value are very fitting. CONCLUSION: This proves that S. miltiorrhiza extraction course accords with ordinary extraction dynamics equation at the dual-frequency ultrasound.