Efficacy of amodiaquine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Harper, Liberia.

In the face of spreading chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance, amodiaquine remains a cheap and efficacious alternative for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in many settings. In Harper, south-eastern Liberia, a previous study we conducted showed very high levels of resistance to both chloroquine and SP. In 2001, in an effort to look for possible alternatives, we measured in the same setting the efficacy of amodiaquine in a 28-d study in vivo, with results corrected by polymerase chain reaction genotyping to distinguish recrudescences from reinfections. In total, 107 children were included in the study and received a 3-d supervised course of 25 mg/kg amodiaquine. Of these, 81 were analysable at day 28. The overall failure rate was 19.8% (95% CI 11.7-30.1%) considering both parasitological and clinical outcomes. These results provide hitherto missing data on amodiaquine in Liberia, and confirm that the drug may still be efficacious in settings where chloroquine and SP are failing. We recommend the introduction of amodiaquine in association with artesunate as a first-line antimalarial in Harper.

High Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in Harper, Liberia: results in vivo and analysis of point mutations.

In Liberia, little information is available on the efficacy of antimalarials against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. We measured parasitological resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) in Harper, south-west Liberia in a 28-d study in vivo. A total of 50 patients completed follow-up in the chloroquine group, and 66 in the SP group. The chloroquine failure rate was 74.0% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 59.7-85.4%) after 14 d of follow-up and 84.0% (95% CI 70.9-92.8%) after 28 d (no polymerase chain reaction [PCR] analysis was performed to detect reinfections in this group). In the SP group, the failure rate was 48.5% (95% CI 36.2-61.0%) after 14 d and 69.7% (95% CI 57.1-80.4%) after 28 d, readjusted to 51.5% (95% CI 38.9-64.0%) after taking into account reinfections detected by PCR. Genomic analysis of parasite isolates was also performed to look for point mutations associated with resistance. Genotyping of parasite isolates revealed that all carried chloroquine-resistant K-76T mutations at gene pfcrt, whereas the triple mutation (S108N, N511, C59R) at dhfr and the A437G mutation at dhps, both associated with resistance to SP, were present in 84% and 79% of pretreatment isolates respectively. These results seriously question the continued use of chloroquine and SP in Harper and highlight the urgency of making alternative antimalarial therapies available. Our study confirms that resistance to chloroquine may be high in Liberia and yields hitherto missing information on SP.

[Education of health personnel in the design of humanitarian actions; the experiences of a non-governmental organization]. / Formation des personnels de santé dans le cadre des actions humanitaires; expérience d'une organisation non gouvernementale.

The aim of this study is to ascertain the importance that a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) such as the French section of Doctors Without Borders, (MSF Médecins Sans Frontières), gives to the education of health staff within for humanitarian aid interventions. The study was carried out at the headquarters of this NGO and consisted in classifying educational activities, analyzing assignment reports and conducting interviews with the staff at the headquarters of the organization. Accordingly, an educational activity can be identified in 85% of the 41 assignments listed in 1998. Nearly half of these were carried out in geographical areas that are classified as stable. The qualitative study of educational activities underlines the importance of the stages preceding the implementation of the actual educational program (needs analysis, feasibility study). During interviews with staff at the MSF headquarters, the majority of the 22 interviewees stated that educational activities contribute to the quality of aid activities in situ. Nearly a third of the interviewees, however, felt that educational methods used were too useless. It would seem, therefore, that the degree of importance attached to education and the actual educational methods practiced differ totally for each of the association's standard forms humanitarian interventions (urgency, post-urgency, development for technical assistance).

Malaria surveillance among the displaced Karen population in Thailand April 1984 to February 1989, Mae Sot, Thailand.

Right from the arrival of the displaced Karen people in Thailand, Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) identified malaria as the top priority problem. A program of patient care based on the coupled laboratory/dispensary was set up in April 1984. Immediately a system of surveillance of morbidity and mortality from malaria was set up. This study consisted of analysing data gathered over a period of five years. During this time, the displaced population increased from 9,000 to 20,000. Analysis of the trends shows a hyperendemic situation with an annual incidence rate of 1,067 per thousand in 1984. This figure was 600 per thousand in 1988. 1,500 blood smears were checked each month and the positive predictive value of clinical suspicion was 45% on average. Plasmodium falciparum represented 80% of infections. The malaria case fatality ratio over the course of the last two years of surveillance was 0.3%. Five years observation show that the fight against malaria in this region can be based on the development of curative services and laboratories.