The effectiveness of workplace interventions for the prevention of alcohol use: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Previous research has pointed to the potential of workplace interventions addressing alcohol consumption. However, there is still no systematic overview of the effects of these interventions. Therefore, we aimed to quantify the effectiveness of workplace interventions addressing alcohol use by conducting a meta-analysis. METHODS: A systematic literature search for randomized controlled trials of workplace alcohol interventions published between 1995 and 2020 was conducted in five databases. Studies were included if they were performed in the workplace and reported universal or selective interventions aiming for alcohol use reduction. Primary outcomes were any measures of alcohol use. Standardized mean effect sizes were used to calculate the meta-analytic random-effects-model. Additional analyses were carried out to identify potential moderators and to examine the amount of heterogeneity and publication bias. RESULTS: Twenty studies with 4484 participants were integrated into the meta-analysis. Results revealed a significant overall mean effect indicating a reduction of alcohol use in favor of the treatment group (d = -0.16, 95% CI = [-0.2715; -0.0511]). Heterogeneity within the data structure was found to be moderate to substantial (I2 = 75.9%, Q-test P < 0.001, τ2 = 0.0375). Additional moderator analyses only showed a significant effect for length of measurement period (P = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol-related prevention programs conducted in the workplace have a statistically significant and favorable effect on alcohol consumption. Although the overall mean effect is considered to be small, it underlines the effectiveness of workplace interventions targeting a reduction in alcohol use.

Molecular Properties of Human Guanylate Cyclase-Activating Protein 3 (GCAP3) and Its Possible Association with Retinitis Pigmentosa.

The cone-specific guanylate cyclase-activating protein 3 (GCAP3), encoded by the GUCA1C gene, has been shown to regulate the enzymatic activity of membrane-bound guanylate cyclases (GCs) in bovine and teleost fish photoreceptors, to an extent comparable to that of the paralog protein GCAP1. To date, the molecular mechanisms underlying GCAP3 function remain largely unexplored. In this work, we report a thorough characterization of the biochemical and biophysical properties of human GCAP3, moreover, we identified an isolated case of retinitis pigmentosa, in which a patient carried the c.301G>C mutation in GUCA1C, resulting in the substitution of a highly conserved aspartate residue by a histidine (p.(D101H)). We found that myristoylated GCAP3 can activate GC1 with a similar Ca2+-dependent profile, but significantly less efficiently than GCAP1. The non-myristoylated form did not induce appreciable regulation of GC1, nor did the p.D101H variant. GCAP3 forms dimers under physiological conditions, but at odds with its paralogs, it tends to form temperature-dependent aggregates driven by hydrophobic interactions. The peculiar properties of GCAP3 were confirmed by 2 ms molecular dynamics simulations, which for the p.D101H variant highlighted a very high structural flexibility and a clear tendency to lose the binding of a Ca2+ ion to EF3. Overall, our data show that GCAP3 has unusual biochemical properties, which make the protein significantly different from GCAP1 and GCAP2. Moreover, the newly identified point mutation resulting in a substantially unfunctional protein could trigger retinitis pigmentosa through a currently unknown mechanism.

Constitutive Activation of Guanylate Cyclase by the G86R GCAP1 Variant Is Due to "Locking" Cation-π Interactions that Impair the Activator-to-Inhibitor Structural Transition.

Guanylate Cyclase activating protein 1 (GCAP1) mediates the Ca2+-dependent regulation of the retinal Guanylate Cyclase (GC) in photoreceptors, acting as a target inhibitor at high [Ca2+] and as an activator at low [Ca2+]. Recently, a novel missense mutation (G86R) was found in GUCA1A, the gene encoding for GCAP1, in patients diagnosed with cone-rod dystrophy. The G86R substitution was found to affect the flexibility of the hinge region connecting the N- and C-domains of GCAP1, resulting in decreased Ca2+-sensitivity and abnormally enhanced affinity for GC. Based on a structural model of GCAP1, here, we tested the hypothesis of a cation-π interaction between the positively charged R86 and the aromatic W94 as the main mechanism underlying the impaired activator-to-inhibitor conformational change. W94 was mutated to F or L, thus, resulting in the double mutants G86R+W94L/F. The double mutants showed minor structural and stability changes with respect to the single G86R mutant, as well as lower affinity for both Mg2+ and Ca2+, moreover, substitutions of W94 abolished "phase II" in Ca2+-titrations followed by intrinsic fluorescence. Interestingly, the presence of an aromatic residue in position 94 significantly increased the aggregation propensity of Ca2+-loaded GCAP1 variants. Finally, atomistic simulations of all GCAP1 variants in the presence of Ca2+ supported the presence of two cation-π interactions involving R86, which was found to act as a bridge between W94 and W21, thus, locking the hinge region in an activator-like conformation and resulting in the constitutive activation of the target under physiological conditions.