Patient, family caregiver, and economic outcomes of an integrated screening and novel stepped collaborative care intervention in the oncology setting in the USA (CARES): a randomised, parallel, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: The current standard of care of screening and referring patients for treatment for symptoms, such as depression, pain, and fatigue, is not effective. This trial aimed to test the efficacy of an integrated screening and novel stepped collaborative care intervention versus standard of care for patients with cancer and at least one of the following symptoms: depression, pain, or fatigue. METHODS: This randomised, parallel, phase 3 trial was conducted in 29 oncology outpatient clinics associated with the UPMC Hillman Cancer Center in the USA. Patients (aged ≥21 years) with any cancer type and clinical levels of depression, pain, or fatigue (or all of these) were eligible. Eligible family caregivers were aged 21 years or older and providing care to a patient diagnosed with cancer who consented for this study. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to stepped collaborative care or standard of care using a central, permuted block design (sizes of 2, 4, and 6) stratified by sex and prognostic status. The biostatistician, oncologists, and outcome assessors were masked to treatment assignment. Stepped collaborative care was once-weekly cognitive behavioural therapy for 50-60 min from a care coordinator via telemedicine (eg, telephone or videoconferencing). Pharmacotherapy for symptoms might be initiated or changed if recommended by the treatment team or preferred by the patient. Standard of care was screening and referral to a health-care provider for treatment of symptoms. The primary outcome was health-related quality of life in patients at 6 months. Maintenance of the treatment benefits was assessed at 12 months. Participants included in the primary analysis were per intention to treat, which included patients missing one or both follow-up assessments. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02939755). FINDINGS: Between Dec 5, 2016, and April 8, 2021, 459 patients and 190 family caregivers were enrolled. 222 patients were assigned to standard of care and 237 to stepped collaborative care. Of 459 patients, 201 (44%) were male and 258 (56%) were female. Patients in the stepped collaborative care group had a greater 0-6-month improvement in health-related quality of life than patients in the standard-of-care group (p=0·013, effect size 0·09). Health-related quality of life was maintained for the stepped collaborative care group (p=0·74, effect size 0·01). Patients in the stepped collaborative care group had greater 0-6-month improvements than the standard-of-care group in emotional (p=0·012), functional (p=0·042), and physical (p=0·033) wellbeing. No adverse events were reported by patients in either group and deaths were considered unrelated to the study. INTERPRETATION: An integrated screening and novel stepped collaborative care intervention, compared with the current standard of care, is recommended to improve health-related quality of life. The findings of this study will advance the implementation of guideline concordant care (screening and treatment) and has the potential to shift the practice of screening and treatment paradigm nationwide, improving outcomes for patients diagnosed with cancer. FUNDING: US National Cancer Institute.

"A Tale of 2 Demons"-Concomitant Presence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Primary Neuroendocrine Tumor of Liver: A Case Report and Review of Literatures.

Neuroendocrine tumors usually originate from the neuroendocrine cells of gastrointestinal tract and their presence in the liver is mostly in the form of metastases. A primary neuroendocrine tumor in the liver concomitantly with hepatocellular carcinoma is an infrequent phenomenon. We present a 66-year-old woman with a remote history of breast cancer coming with postprandial fullness, later found to have multiple liver masses. After a thorough investigation, she was found to have a combined type of hepatocellular and primary neuroendocrine tumor of liver with pulmonary metastases. She was not a surgical candidate due to distant metastases. She was treated with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies but continued to deteriorate clinically, and finally succumbed to her illness. The presence of this combined type of tumor in our patient is unique in many different ways: It is extremely rare, she did not have any risk factors for liver cancer, no genetic mutation till date could tie all these cancers (breast cancer, neuroendocrine tumor, and hepatocellular carcinoma) together, and not a lot of literatures/studies performed on this illness.

Tertiary center referral patterns for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome are indicative of age and race disparities: a single-institution experience.

Little is known about disparities in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with MDS (n = 252) evaluated at the University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center between 2000 and 2010. The median age at diagnosis was 65 years, which was lower than the median age of 76 years for patients with MDS in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database. Black males were younger than white males (62 vs. 68 years; p = 0.03) and had longer time to referral (9 vs. 1.5 months; p = 0.03), but black and white females did not differ in age or in time to referral. A difference in World Health Organization subtype classification was noted in black and white patients at diagnosis, but not at referral. There was no difference between all other pretreatment characteristics, treatment and survival by race. Our data suggest barriers to tertiary care referral for older patients and for black males.

Patient and physician characteristics associated with erythropoiesis-stimulating agent use in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes.

Patient and physician characteristics associated with use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in myelodysplastic syndrome patients have not yet been described. Myelodysplastic syndrome patients diagnosed from 2001 to 2005 were identified from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare database. Multivariate regressions examined the association between patient and physician characteristics and the probability of receiving any erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, and of receiving therapeutic-length (≥ 8 week) treatment episodes. Among the 6,588 myelodysplastic syndrome patients studied, 65% received erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents was lower for blacks compared to whites (OR 0.78; 95% CI:0.61-0.99), single persons compared to married (OR 0.77; 95% CI:0.62-0.97), Medicaid recipients (OR 0.66; 95% CI:0.55-0.79), and those living in census tracts with lower educational attainment. Patients who did not consult a hematology-oncology specialist were less likely to receive erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Specialist access, financial resources and mobility are key determinants of receipt of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents among myelodysplastic syndrome patients.

Racial differences in presentation, referral and treatment patterns and survival in adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia: a single-institution experience.

BACKGROUND: Disease presentation and outcomes differ by race in a number of malignancies, but data in adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are limited. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of pretreatment characteristics, referral and treatment patterns, and outcomes in 548 AML patients evaluated at the University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, a tertiary care referral center in Baltimore, MD, from 2000 through 2009. Cases were analyzed for time from diagnosis to referral, age, race, gender, socioeconomic status, antecedent hematologic disorder, cytotoxic or radiation therapy for prior malignancy, karyotype, fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor-3 (FLT3) mutations, intensive chemotherapy, clinical trial participation, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Black patients (n=105) were younger than white patients (n=396) (54 vs. 61 years, p<0.001), were more commonly female (55% vs. 45%, p<0.001), and had a lower estimated median household income ($42,677 vs. $53,534 per year, p<0.001). Black patients more frequently had complex karyotypes (26% vs. 12%, p=0.002) and less frequently normal karyotypes (27% vs. 42%, p=0.02). FLT3 mutation frequency was similar. Time to referral and proportion of patients receiving intensive chemotherapy did not differ, but both clinical trial participation (43% vs. 54%, p=0.04) and HSCT (17% vs. 35% for patients ≤70 years old, p=0.001) were less frequent in blacks than whites. Nevertheless, OS was similar in all black and white patients (median 15 vs. 14 months, p=0.23), and when stratified by age, gender and karyotype risk classification. CONCLUSION: AML presentation and treatment differed in black and white patients, but OS was similar. Black patients appear to have barriers to clinical trial participation and HSCT, and there may be barriers to tertiary care referral for black males.