Impact of Parenteral Maternal Supplementation with Trace Minerals and Vitamins on Neonatal Calf Antioxidant System and Growth in a Dairy Herd.

Oxidative stress may affect new born calves due to high stress suffered around birth. We hypothesized that maternal supplementation with micronutrients and vitamins in late gestation enhance the neonatal calf's antioxidant system, decreasing the occurrence and duration of diarrhea, and improving growth from birth through weaning. To test this hypothesis, 80 multiparous cows were cluster-assigned to treatment groups. Treated group (TG) cows received mineral and vitamin supplementation while control group (CG) cows received saline solution. Feed intake and fecal score were measured daily until the ninth week. Weight and body measurements were registered weekly, and blood samples were collected from postpartum cows and calves after birth and at 7, 14, and 63 days of life. Although CG calves had greater fecal scores (p = 0.01), diarrhea characteristics did not differ. Calves in the TG showed greater starter intake (p = 0.04). Feed efficiency showed a trend with treatment-age interaction (p = 0.06). Calves in the CG had wider hips in the first week (p = 0.03), but not by the ninth week. Total antioxidant status, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and haptoglobin did not differ between treatment groups. Serum metabolites showed no differences. Supplementation did not impact calf antioxidant system or growth in the first two months.

Effect of an equine chorionic gonadotrophin-like recombinant glycoprotein treatment on fertility in Angus cattle.

This study determined the effects of administering a glycoprotein with equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG)-like activity (eCG-like) on corpus luteum (CL) area, serum progesterone concentrations, incidence of multiple ovulations (MOV), estrus expression rate (EER), and pregnancy to timed AI (P/TAI) in Angus cattle synchronized with a 5-d Co-Synch protocol. On Day -8, cattle were body condition scored (BCS), and received a 1.0 g progesterone intravaginal device (IVD) and 100 µg GnRH. On Day -3, the IVDs were removed and 500 µg cloprostenol was administered intramuscularly (i.m.). Cattle were randomly assigned into one of two groups: eCG-like (heifers, n = 232, primiparous, n = 148, and multiparous cows = 485; 300 IU (heifers) and 400 IU (cows) eCG-like i.m. on Day -3), or Control (heifers, n = 240, primiparous, n = 151, and multiparous cows, n = 478; no eCG-like). On Day -2, cattle received a second dose of 500 µg cloprostenol, and on Day 0, 100 µg GnRH was given concurrently with TAI. Estrus expression rate was assessed by observing the tail paint rubbed off in a subset of heifers (n = 372) and all cows on Day 0. Transrectal ultrasonography was used to evaluate the presence of CL on Day -8 and to diagnose P/TAI on Day 30-35. In a subset of cattle (heifers = 194 and multiparous cows = 87), CL area, serum progesterone concentrations, and incidence of MOV were evaluated on Day 7. Heifers, primiparous, and multiparous cows were analyzed separately. Treatment with eCG-like did not affect (P > 0.1) EER in heifers. Estrus expression rate was increased (P ≤ 0.03) in primiparous (68.9 % vs 45.0 %) and multiparous (75.5 % vs. 68.8 %) cows treated with eCG-like compared with Controls. Pregnancy/TAI was increased (P < 0.01) in heifers (65.2 % vs 48.3 %) and primiparous cows (48.3 % vs. 35.1 %) treated with eCG-like than Controls. In multiparous cows with a BCS ≤4 P/TAI was increased (P = 0.03) in the eCG-like group (47.7 %) than the Control group (34.8 %) but was similar (P > 0.1) between treatment groups in multiparous cows with a BCS ≥4.5. The eCG-like treatment increased (P < 0.05) CL area in heifers and multiparous cows and tended (P = 0.10) to elevate serum progesterone concentrations only in heifers. However, it did not affect (P > 0.1) the incidence of MOV in heifers and multiparous cows. Glycoprotein eCG-like administration increased fertility in heifers and primiparous cows, but in multiparous the effect of eCG-like on fertility was associated with BCS.

Immunogenicity, safety and dual DIVA-like character of a recombinant candidate vaccine against neosporosis in cattle.

Neosporosis is the major infectious cause of abortion and reproductive losses in cattle worldwide; however, there are no available vaccines or drugs to control this disease. Recently, a dual (positive and negative) DIVA-like (Differentiation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals) vaccine was evaluated in a pregnant mouse model of neosporosis, showing promising immunogenic and protective results. The current report aimed to study the safety, the dose-dependent immunogenicity and the dual DIVA-like character of a recombinant subunit vaccine composed of the major surface antigen from Neospora caninum (rNcSAG1) and the carrier/adjuvant Heat shock protein 81.2 from Arabidopsis thaliana (rAtHsp81.2) in cattle. Healthy heifers were separated and assigned to experimental groups A-F and subcutaneously immunized with 2 doses of vaccine formulations 30 days apart as follows: A (n = 4): 50 µg rNcSAG1 + 150 µg rAtHsp81.2; B (n = 4): 200 µg rNcSAG1 + 600 µg rAtHsp81.2; C (n = 4): 500 µg rNcSAG1 + 1,500 µg rAtHsp81.2; D (n = 3): 150 µg rAtHsp81.2; E (n = 3):1,500 µg rAtHsp81.2, and F (n = 3) 2 ml of sterile PBS. The immunization of heifers with the different vaccine or adjuvant doses (groups A-E) was demonstrated to be safe and did not modify the mean value of the evaluated serum biomarkers of metabolic function (GOT/ASP, GPT/ALT, UREA, Glucose and total proteins). The kinetics and magnitude of the immune responses were dose-dependent. The higher dose of the vaccine formulation (group C) stimulated a broad and potent humoral and cellular immune response, characterized by an IgG1/IgG2 isotype profile and IFN-γ secretion. In addition, this was the first time that dual DIVA-like character of a vaccine against neosporosis was demonstrated, allowing us to differentiate vaccinated from infected heifers by two different DIVA compliant test approaches. These results encourage us to evaluate its protective efficacy in infected pregnant cattle in the future.

Comparison of the 7-day CO-Synch and 8-day estradiol-based protocols for estrus synchronization and timed artificial insemination in suckled Bos taurus cows.

Two experiments were conducted to compare, follicle diameter (FD) on Day -1, corpus luteum (CL) area on Day 7, progesterone (P4) concentration on Day 7 and 18, pregnancy per timed artificial insemination (TAI) on Day 30, and pregnancy loss (PL) between Days 30 and 60 after TAI (TAI, Day 0) using two different synchronization protocols. In Experiment 1, Angus cows (n = 1148) were randomly assigned to either 7-d progesterone CO-Synch (7-d CO-Synch) or 8-d progesterone + estradiol (8-d P + ES) synchronization protocols for TAI. On Day -10, cows in the 7-d CO-Synch treatment group (n = 574) received a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PIVD; 0.5 g P4) and GnRH (0.105 mg), on Day -3 the PIVD was removed and cows received cloprostenol (0.150 mg), then, on Day 0 (64 h after PIVD removal), cows received GnRH (0.105 mg) and were TAI. On Day -10, cows in the 8-d P + ES treatment group (n = 574) received a PIVD (0.5 g P4) and estradiol benzoate (2.0 mg), on Day -2 the PIVD was removed, and cows received cloprostenol (0.150 mg) and estradiol cypionate (0.5 mg), then, on Day 0 (48 h after PIVD removal), cows were TAI. Pregnancy per TAI was determined on Days 30 and 60. In a subset of cows (7-d CO-Synch, n = 41; 8-d P + ES, n = 40), serum P4 concentration was evaluated on Day 18. In Experiment 2, anestrus (n = 34) and cyclic (n = 34) suckled beef cows were selected and submitted at random on Day -10, to either 7-d CO-Synch or 8-d P + ES treatment groups. Follicle diameter on Day -1, CL area, and serum P4 concentration on Day 7 were determined. In Experiment 1, pregnancy per TAI on Day 30 did not differ (7-d CO-Synch = 48.9%; 8-d P + ES = 45.6%) between treatments but it was greater for cows with BCS ≥5 (P < 0.01). Pregnancy loss between Days 30 and 60 did not differ between treatment groups but tended to be greater in cows with BCS <5.0 (P < 0.1). In a subset of cows, serum P4 concentration on Day 18 did not differ between treatment groups but tended to be lower (P < 0.1) in cows that had PL between Days 30 and 60 compared to cows that had no PL. In Experiment 2, FD tended to be greater (P < 0.1) and CL area was greater (P = 0.05) in anestrus cows from 7-d CO-Synch treatment. In cyclic cows, the treatment did not affect the FD or CL area. In conclusion, there was no difference in pregnancy per TAI on Day 30 and PL between Days 30 and 60 between cows using 7-d CO-Synch + PIVD or 8-d estradiol-based + PIVD protocols for estrus synchronization and TAI.

Chemically Tuning Resveratrol for the Effective Killing of Gram-Positive Pathogens.

In the era of antimicrobial resistance, the identification of new compounds with strong antimicrobial activity and the development of alternative therapies to fight drug-resistant bacteria are urgently needed. Here, we have used resveratrol, a safe and well-known plant-derived stilbene with poor antimicrobial properties, as a scaffold to design several new families of antimicrobials by adding different chemical entities at specific positions. We have characterized the mode of action of the most active compounds prepared and have examined their synergistic antibacterial activity in combination with traditional antibiotics. Some alkyl- and silyl-resveratrol derivatives show bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria in the same low micromolar range of traditional antibiotics, with an original mechanism of action that combines membrane permeability activity with ionophore-related activities. No cross-resistance or antagonistic effect was observed with traditional antibiotics. Synergism was observed for some specific general-use antibiotics, such as aminoglycosides and cationic antimicrobial peptide antibiotics. No hemolytic activity was observed at the active concentrations or above, although some low toxicity against an MRC-5 cell line was noted.

Prosomeric Hypothalamic Distribution of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Positive Cells in Adolescent Rats.

Most of the studies on neurochemical mapping, connectivity, and physiology in the hypothalamic region were carried out in rats and under the columnar morphologic paradigm. According to the columnar model, the entire hypothalamic region lies ventrally within the diencephalon, which includes preoptic, anterior, tuberal, and mamillary anteroposterior regions, and sometimes identifying dorsal, intermediate, and ventral hypothalamic partitions. This model is weak in providing little or no experimentally corroborated causal explanation of such subdivisions. In contrast, the modern prosomeric model uses different axial assumptions based on the parallel courses of the brain floor, alar-basal boundary, and brain roof (all causally explained). This model also postulates that the hypothalamus and telencephalon jointly form the secondary prosencephalon, separately from and rostral to the diencephalon proper. The hypothalamus is divided into two neuromeric (transverse) parts called peduncular and terminal hypothalamus (PHy and THy). The classic anteroposterior (AP) divisions of the columnar hypothalamus are rather seen as dorsoventral subdivisions of the hypothalamic alar and basal plates. In this study, we offered a prosomeric immunohistochemical mapping in the rat of hypothalamic cells expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine to levodopa (L-DOPA) and a precursor of dopamine. This mapping was also combined with markers for diverse hypothalamic nuclei [agouti-related peptide (Agrp), arginine vasopressin (Avp), cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (Cart), corticotropin releasing Hormone (Crh), melanin concentrating hormone (Mch), neuropeptide Y (Npy), oxytocin/neurophysin I (Oxt), proopiomelanocortin (Pomc), somatostatin (Sst), tyrosine hidroxilase (Th), and thyrotropin releasing hormone (Trh)]. TH-positive cells are particularly abundant within the periventricular stratum of the paraventricular and subparaventricular alar domains. In the tuberal region, most labeled cells are found in the acroterminal arcuate nucleus and in the terminal periventricular stratum. The dorsal retrotuberal region (PHy) contains the A13 cell group of TH-positive cells. In addition, some TH cells appear in the perimamillary and retromamillary regions. The prosomeric model proved useful for determining the precise location of TH-positive cells relative to possible origins of morphogenetic signals, thus aiding potential causal explanation of position-related specification of this hypothalamic cell type.

Hormone Concentrations and Semen Parameters in Criollo Breed Stallions Under Training.

The stress associated with training may reduce reproductive efficiency in Criollo stallions. The objective of this study was to compare semen quality and hormone concentrations in Criollo stallions under training or under regular field conditions. Criollo breed stallions (n = 18) were evaluated during the spring. The exercise group (n = 9) performed 1 hour of exercise per day and participated in competitions during the experimental period. The control group (n = 9) neither performed exercise nor participated in competitions. Serum and semen samples were obtained every 15 days (two separate ejaculates an hour apart). Sperm motility, velocity, and morphology were evaluated with a phase-contrast microscope and concentration by a hemocytometer. Diff-Quik stain was used to identify polymorphonuclear cells, and the degree of chromatin condensation was evaluated with the toluidine blue stain. The sperm survival test was performed at a room temperature of 22°C. Semen evaluation was performed in raw samples and in samples diluted in a skim milk and glucose-based extender. Cortisol, testosterone, and estradiol were measured using radioimmunoassay. There was no effect of exercise on testosterone and estradiol concentrations (P = .28 and P = .97, respectively). However, in the exercise group, cortisol concentration was higher after exercise (P = .004). There was an effect of exercise on the following semen parameters: gel-free volume (P < .001), sperm motility (P < .0001), total number of sperm (P = .0001), normal sperm morphology (P < .0001), and total number of morphologically normal and motile sperm (P < .001). No effect of exercise was found in the following semen parameters: color, pH, and sperm concentration. This study showed that exercise had a negative impact on seminal quality; nevertheless, semen parameters were within the normal ranges established for the equine species.

Rice Bran By-Product: From Valorization Strategies to Nutritional Perspectives.

The aim of this study is to review the innovative techniques based on bioprocessing, thermal or physical treatments which have been proposed during the last few decades to convert rice bran into a valuable food ingredient. Rice bran (Oryza sativa) is the main by-product of rice grain processing. It is produced in large quantities worldwide and it contains a high amount of valuable nutrients and bioactive compounds with significant health-related properties. Despite that, its application in food industry is still scarce because of its sensitivity to oxidation processes, instability and poor technological suitability. Furthermore, the health-related effects of pretreated rice bran are also presented in this review, considering the up-to-date literature focused on both in vivo and in vitro studies. Moreover, in relation to this aspect, a brief description of rice bran arabinoxylans is provided. Finally, the application of rice bran in the food industry and the main technology aspects are concisely summarized.

Genomic Multiple Sclerosis Risk Variants Modulate the Expression of the ANKRD55-IL6ST Gene Region in Immature Dendritic Cells.

Intronic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ANKRD55 gene are associated with the risk for multiple sclerosis (MS) and rheumatoid arthritis by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The risk alleles have been linked to higher expression levels of ANKRD55 and the neighboring IL6ST (gp130) gene in CD4+ T lymphocytes of healthy controls. The biological function of ANKRD55, its role in the immune system, and cellular sources of expression other than lymphocytes remain uncharacterized. Here, we show that monocytes gain capacity to express ANKRD55 during differentiation in immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) in the presence of interleukin (IL)-4/granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). ANKRD55 expression levels are further enhanced by retinoic acid agonist AM580 but downregulated following maturation with interferon (IFN)-γ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). ANKRD55 was detected in the nucleus of moDC in nuclear speckles. We also analyzed the adjacent IL6ST, IL31RA, and SLC38A9 genes. Of note, in healthy controls, MS risk SNP genotype influenced ANKRD55 and IL6ST expression in immature moDC in opposite directions to that in CD4+ T cells. This effect was stronger for a partially correlated SNP, rs13186299, that is located, similar to the main MS risk SNPs, in an ANKRD55 intron. Upon analysis in MS patients, the main GWAS MS risk SNP rs7731626 was associated with ANKRD55 expression levels in CD4+ T cells. MoDC-specific ANKRD55 and IL6ST mRNA levels showed significant differences according to the clinical form of the disease, but, in contrast to healthy controls, were not influenced by genotype. We also measured serum sgp130 levels, which were found to be higher in homozygotes of the protective allele of rs7731626. Our study characterizes ANKRD55 expression in moDC and indicates monocyte-to-dendritic cell (Mo-DC) differentiation as a process potentially influenced by MS risk SNPs.

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of community-acquired and nosocomial influenza cases and risk factors associated with complications: A four season analysis of all adult patients admitted in a tertiary hospital.

BACKGROUND: Information on the characteristics of patients with nosocomial influenza and associated complications is scarce. This study compared epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients admitted with hospital-acquired influenza (HAI) to those with community-acquired influenza (CAI) and analyzed risk factors associated with complications. METHODS: This retrospective, observational study included all adult patients with confirmed influenza virus infection admitted to Son Espases University Hospital during the influenza season in Spain (October to May) from 2012-2013 to 2015-2016. Symptom onset before admission was included as CAI, and 2 days after admission or within 48 hours after previous discharge were considered as HAI. RESULTS: Overall, 666 patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza were included; 590 (88.6%) and 76 (11.4%) had CAI and HAI, respectively. Baseline characteristics and vaccination rates were similar in both groups. Patients with HAI had significantly fewer symptoms, less radiological alterations, and earlier microbiological diagnosis than those with CAI. Eighty-five (14.4%) and 20 (27.6%) CAI and HAI patients, respectively, experienced at least one complication, including septic shock, admission to the intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation or evolution to death (any one, P = .003). Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression was performed to assess independent risk factors associated with the occurrence of complications: nosocomial infection, diabetes, oseltamivir treatment, having received no vaccination, microbiological delay, dyspnea, and the state of confusion were the most important significant factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows the need to implement microbiological diagnostic measures in the first 48 hours to reduce HAI frequency and associated complications.

XII Reunión Post-ECTRIMS: revisión de las novedades presentadas en el Congreso ECTRIMS 2019 (II) / 12th Post-ECTRIMS Meeting: review of the novelties from the 2019 ECTRIMS Congress (II)

INTRODUCCIÓN: Como cada año, tras la celebración del Congreso del ECTRIMS, reconocidos neurólogos españoles expertos en esclerosis múltiple expusieron en la Reunión Post-ECTRIMS las principales novedades en investigación en este ámbito. OBJETIVO: Sintetizar el contenido presentado en la XII edición de la Reunión Post-ECTRIMS, que tuvo lugar en septiembre de 2019 en Sevilla y que se presenta en dos partes. DESARROLLO: En esta segunda parte, se exponen las evidencias más recientes sobre el uso de tratamientos modificadores de la enfermedad durante el embarazo. Se detallan los resultados de ensayos clínicos en fase 3 en los que se ha evaluado la eficacia y la seguridad de dos potenciales tratamientos modificadores de la enfermedad para la esclerosis múltiple remitente recurrente: ponesimod y ofatumumab. Para las formas progresivas, se revisan los tratamientos modificadores de la enfermedad disponibles y en investigación. En el ámbito de las terapias con células madre, se incluyen los resultados del único ensayo clínico hasta la fecha que compara a pacientes con esclerosis múltiple remitente recurrente tratados con trasplante autólogo de células madre hematopoyéticas y a los tratados con tratamientos modificadores de la enfermedad. No hay grandes novedades sobre tratamientos sintomáticos, aunque la Academia Europea de Neurología ha publicado una guía sobre cuidados paliativos. Se revisan las distintas fuentes de información que recogen datos de farmacovigilancia en el entorno poscomercialización. CONCLUSIONES: Los pacientes diagnosticados en los últimos años tienden a tener una menor gravedad de la esclerosis múltiple, probablemente debido al diagnóstico desde sus estadios más leves y al continuo aumento de tratamientos disponibles

INTRODUCTION: Like every year, after the ECTRIMS Congress, renowned Spanish neurologists who are experts in multiple sclerosis presented the main novelties in research in this field at the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting. AIM: To summarise the content presented at the 12th edition of the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting, which took place in September 2019 in Sevilla and is presented in two parts. DEVELOPMENT. In this second part, the most recent evidence on the use of disease-modifying treatments during pregnancy is presented. Details are provided concerning the results of phase 3 clinical trials conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two potential disease-modifying treatments for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: ponesimod and ofatumumab. For the progressive forms, both available disease modifying treatments and others still in the research phase are reviewed. In the field of stem cell therapies, the article includes the results of the only clinical trial carried out to date comparing patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and those treated with disease-modifying therapies. There are no important developments as regards symptomatic treatments, although the European Academy of Neurology has published a guide on palliative care. The various sources of information that collect pharmacovigilance data in the post-marketing setting are reviewed. CONCLUSIONS:l Patients diagnosed in recent years tend to have less severe multiple sclerosis, probably due to the fact that it is diagnosed in its milder stages together with the steady increase in the number of treatments available

XII Reunión Post-ECTRIMS: revisión de las novedades presentadas en el Congreso ECTRIMS 2019 (I) / 12th Post-ECTRIMS Meeting: review of the novelties from the 2019 ECTRIMS Congress (I)

INTRODUCCIÓN: Como cada año, tras la celebración del Congreso ECTRIMS, reconocidos neurólogos españoles expertos en esclerosis múltiple expusieron en la Reunión Post-ECTRIMS las principales novedades en investigación en este ámbito. OBJETIVO: Sintetizar el contenido presentado en la XII edición de la Reunión Post-ECTRIMS, que tuvo lugar en septiembre de 2019 en Sevilla y que se presenta en dos partes. DESARROLLO: Esta primera parte aborda los últimos estudios sobre el déficit de vitamina D y las discrepancias existentes acerca de su tratamiento. Los avances en epigenética realizados permiten presentar esta aproximación como un posible biomarcador de la esclerosis múltiple. Se explica el creciente protagonismo de las técnicas de imagen para detectar la atrofia y otros fenómenos que acontecen durante la enfermedad, como los cambios en la concentración de hierro o los procesos de remielinización, que nos permiten ganar comprensión sobre los mecanismos de la patología cortical, y sobre la dimensionalidad de la neurodegeneración durante su evolución. Se discuten los hallazgos relacionados con los mecanismos inmunológicos y los avances realizados en las potenciales terapias específicas del antígeno. Se presentan los últimos estudios sobre la evaluación del deterioro cognitivo y su rehabilitación, que cobran cada vez más importancia por la alta prevalencia de estas alteraciones y por la ausencia de su evaluación sistemática en la práctica clínica. Por último, se exponen las necesidades sociosanitarias no cubiertas de los pacientes de esclerosis múltiple en nuestro país, poniendo el acento en los déficits actuales del sistema de protección social

INTRODUCTION. Like every year, after the ECTRIMS Congress, renowned Spanish neurologists who are experts in multiple sclerosis presented the main novelties in research in this field at the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting. AIM. To summarise the content presented at the 12th edition of the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting, which took place in September 2019 in Sevilla and is presented in two parts. DEVELOPMENT. This first part addresses the latest studies on vitamin D deficiency and the discrepancies that currently exist regarding its treatment. The advances made in epigenetics allow us to present this approach as a possible biomarker of multiple sclerosis. An account is provided to explain the growing importance of imaging techniques to detect atrophy and other phenomena that occur during the disease, such as changes in iron concentration or remyelination processes, which allow us to further our understanding of the mechanisms of cortical pathology, and the dimensionality of neurodegeneration during its course. Findings related to immunological mechanisms and advances in potential antigen-specific therapies are discussed. The contribution presents the latest studies on the assessment of cognitive impairment and its rehabilitation, which are becoming increasingly important due to the high prevalence of these disorders and the absence of their systematic assessment in clinical practice. Finally, the unmet social and health needs of multiple sclerosis patients in our country are presented, with emphasis on the current deficits in the system of social protection

Spent coffee (Coffea arabica L.) grounds promote satiety and attenuate energy intake: A pilot study.

We evaluated the effects of acute intake of biscuits (B) containing either spent coffee grounds (SCG), (added with fructooligosaccharides; SC-FOS) or SCG antioxidant dietary fiber (SCF), on satiety, energy intake as well as gastrointestinal tolerance of healthy overweight volunteers. The addition of SCG and SCF to the biscuits (SC-FOS-B and SCF-B) increased their protein (11.4% and 12.2%), and total dietary fiber (8.4% and 11.8%) contents. The SCF-B significantly increased satiety perception, impacting ad libitum energy intake compared to the traditional biscuits recipe (TB; no added fiber). Moreover, SC-FOS-B and SCF-B decreased (no-observed-adverse effect) the most frequently reported symptoms by the participants, demonstrating that doses up to 5 g of SCF (per biscuit portion; 45 g) are well tolerated. The use of SCF and SCG as functional ingredients represents a sustainable strategy for the coffee industry and also potentiates the reduction of overweight, one of the leading health problems among the population. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The addition of SCF or SCG as food ingredients increases protein and the dietary fiber content of traditional biscuits. SCF can slow gastric emptying, modulate appetite and thus body weight. SCF attenuates carbohydrate digestion blunting post-prandial blood glucose spikes reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes. SCF can be used as a functional ingredient to formulate foods with health benefits.

La discriminación percibida, la empleabilidad y el bienestar psicológico en los inmigrantes latinoamericanos en Chile / Perceived discrimination, employability, and psychological well-being among Latin American immigrants in Chile

Los estudios que indagan en el funcionamiento psicológico de los inmigrantes ponen de relevancia el impacto negativo de la discriminación sobre el bienestar psicológico. Así también existe consenso respecto de la importancia del trabajo en su ajuste en países receptores; no obstante, escasamente se ha estudiado el efecto de la empleabilidad en su bienestar. Este trabajo indaga en las relaciones entre la discriminación percibida, la empleabilidad y el bienestar psicológico de 100 inmigrantes latinoamericanos asentados en Chile. Se buscó determinar la contribución de la discriminación y la empleabilidad en la explicación del bienestar y establecer la incidencia de la empleabilidad en la relación entre discriminación y bienestar psicológico. La discriminación percibida y la empleabilidad explicaron el 31.5% de la variabilidad del bienestar y la empleabilidad medió la relación entre discriminación y bienestar. Se discute acerca de la empleabilidad como recurso psicosocial en el contexto de la inmigración

Research about immigrants' psychological functioning emphasizes the negative impact of discrimination on psychological well-being. Although there is agreement about the relevance of job access to immigrants' adjustment to host countries, employability's effects on immigrants' well-being have been scarcely studied. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between perceived discrimination, employability, and psychological well-being in a sample of 100 Latin-American immigrants settled in Chile. We aimed to determine the contribution of discrimination and employability on well-being's explanation, and to establish the incidence of employability on the relation between discrimination and well-being. Perceived discrimination and employability explained the 31.5% of well-being's variability, and employability mediated the relation between discrimination and well-being. Employability's role as a psychosocial resource in a migratory context is discussed

Revisión de las novedades presentadas en el Congreso ECTRIMS 2018: XI Reunión Post-ECTRIMS (II) / Review of the novelties presented at the 2018 ECTRIMS Congress: 11th Post-ECTRIMS Meeting (II)

La reunión Post-ECTRIMS se celebró por undécimo año consecutivo el pasado octubre de 2018 en Madrid, con el objetivo de analizar los avances en esclerosis múltiple destacados en el último congreso anual ECTRIMS. Fruto de esta reunión, formada por los líderes de opinión en esclerosis múltiple de ámbito nacional, se presentan dos artículos de revisión. En esta segunda parte, se incluye el creciente número de evidencias que confirman la seguridad de la exposición a los tratamientos modificadores de la enfermedad en mujeres que planifican un embarazo, y el efecto beneficioso de la lactancia, siempre y cuando la enfermedad no esté muy activa. Se abordan los datos que muestran cómo la aplicación de los criterios de McDonald de 2017 en población pediátrica ha mejorado considerablemente el diagnóstico en comparación con los criterios anteriores. En cuanto a la esclerosis múltiple progresiva, los resultados de los fármacos neuroprotectores son poco concluyentes, pero se proponen biomarcadores para mejorar la evaluación de la respuesta terapéutica. Los estudios sobre tratamientos de reparación de la mielina sugieren que la remielinización en la esclerosis múltiple es posible. De igual manera, se exponen indicios favorables sobre el trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticas, siempre que se seleccione adecuadamente a los pacientes. Por otro lado, se revisan las similitudes y diferencias de las recomendaciones de las nuevas guías de práctica clínica publicadas. Por último, los resultados positivos de la rehabilitación cognitiva y motora con el uso de las nuevas tecnologías vaticinan la incorporación sistemática de estas herramientas en el tratamiento de la enfermedad en un futuro próximo

The Post-ECTRIMS Meeting was held for the eleventh consecutive year in October 2018 in Madrid, with the aim of analysing the advances made in multiple sclerosis that were highlighted at the latest ECTRIMS annual congress. Based on the issues discussed at this meeting, attended by the nation’s foremost opinion leaders on multiple sclerosis, two review articles are presented. This second part includes the growing body of evidence confirming the safety of exposure to disease-modifying treatments in women planning a pregnancy, and the beneficial effect of breastfeeding, provided that the disease is not very active. It addresses data showing how the application of the 2017 McDonald criteria in the paediatric population has significantly improved diagnosis compared to the previous criteria. With regard to progressive multiple sclerosis, the results of neuroprotective drugs are inconclusive, but biomarkers are proposed to improve the evaluation of the therapeutic response. Studies on myelin repair treatments suggest that remyelination in multiple sclerosis is possible. Likewise, there are favourable indications for haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, provided that patients are selected appropriately. On the other hand, we also conduct a review of the similarities and differences of the recommendations in the new clinical practice guidelines. Finally, the positive results of cognitive and motor rehabilitation with the use of new technologies point to the systematic incorporation of these tools in the treatment of the disease in the near future

Revisión de las novedades presentadas en el congreso ECTRIMS 2018: XI Reunión Post-ECTRIMS (I) / Review of the novelties presented at the 2018 ECTRIMS Congress: 11th Post-ECTRIMS Meeting (I)

La reunión Post-ECTRIMS es un encuentro emblemático en España que persigue revisar y difundir los principales avances en esclerosis múltiple presentados en el congreso anual ECTRIMS. En octubre de 2018, la reunión Post-ECTRIMS celebró en Madrid su undécima edición, contando con los mayores expertos de ámbito nacional en esclerosis múltiple. Como resultado de esta reunión, se presentan dos artículos donde se recogen las novedades más destacadas en la misma. En esta primera parte se incluyen los últimos resultados sobre la influencia de los factores de riesgo modificables y no modificables en la esclerosis múltiple, destacando los progresos realizados en el ámbito genético, donde el descubrimiento de genes asociados a la esclerosis múltiple ha aumentado exponencialmente. Se aborda la complejidad del sistema inmune y se realizan algunas aportaciones sobre los mecanismos de autoinmunidad, en los que se observan relaciones bidireccionales entre las células inmunes y las células residentes del sistema nervioso central, como la microglía y los astrocitos. Los biomarcadores, tanto en suero y líquido cefalorraquídeo como de imagen, ganan cada vez más atención por su papel actual, y sobre todo potencial, en el diagnóstico y pronóstico de la enfermedad y en la evaluación de la eficacia de los tratamientos. Por último, se presentan las observaciones realizadas respecto a los cambios en la conectividad estructural y funcional en los pacientes y su relación con las alteraciones clínicas

The Post-ECTRIMS Meeting is an emblematic event in Spain which seeks to review and disseminate the main advances in multiple sclerosis presented at the ECTRIMS annual congress. In October 2018, the eleventh Post-ECTRIMS meeting was held in Madrid and was attended by the country’s leading experts in multiple sclerosis. As a result of this meeting, we present two articles which outline the most interesting novelties discussed there. This first part includes the latest results obtained regarding the influence of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in multiple sclerosis, with emphasis on the progress made in the field of genetics, where the discovery of genes associated with multiple sclerosis has increased exponentially. The complexity of the immune system is addressed and some contributions are made on autoimmunity mechanisms, in which bidirectional relations are observed between immune cells and cells residing in the central nervous system, such as microglial cells and astrocytes. Biomarkers, both in serum and cerebrospinal fluid as well as in imaging, are gaining more and more attention due to their current and, above all, potential role in the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease and in the evaluation of the efficacy of treatments. Finally, the observations made regarding changes in structural and functional connectivity in patients and their relationship with clinical alterations are presented

Dependencia emocional en el noviazgo: papel mediador entre la autoestima y la violencia psicológica en jóvenes / Emotional dependence in courtship: the mediating role between self-esteem and psychological violence in young people

La dependencia emocional se define como la necesidad afectiva extrema que una persona siente hacia su pareja y que en ocasiones puede estar relacionada con la violencia. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre la autoestima, la dependencia emocional y la violencia psicológica recibida y ejercida, así como, estudiar el papel mediador de la dependencia emocional entre la autoestima y la violencia psicológica. Asimismo, se evaluarán las diferencias en dependencia emocional en función del género y la orientación sexual. La muestra está integrada por 550 jóvenes españoles (462 mujeres y 88 hombres; 498 heterosexuales y 52 homosexuales) con un rango de edad de entre 18 y 29 años (M = 21.16; DT = 2.41). Los resultados indican que no hay diferencias en dependencia emocional entre mujeres y hombres ni entre heterosexuales y homosexuales. Se ha hallado que la dependencia emocional media totalmente la relación ente la autoestima y la violencia psicológica-humillación recibida y ejercida y la violencia psicológica-control recibida y ejercida, y media parcialmente la relación entre la autoestima y la violencia psicológica-social ejercida. Estos resultados podrían resultar de interés para incluir la dependencia emocional en el trabajo con violencia psicológica en la pareja

Emotional dependence is defined as an excessive need for affection by the couple. The aim of this study was to analyze the relation between self-esteem, emotional dependence and psychological abuse, to analyze the mediating role of emotional dependence between self-esteem and psychological abuse, as well as differences in emotional dependence as a function of gender and sexual orientation. The sample comprised 550 young Spanish participants (462 women and 88 men; 498 heterosexual and 52 homosexual) aged between 18 and 29 years old (M = 21.16, SD = 2.41). Results showed no difference in emotional dependence between women and men, and heterosexuals and homosexuals. Emotional dependence was found to totally mediate the relationship between self-esteem and received psychological abuse (humiliation and control), between self-esteem and exercised psychological abuse (humiliation and control), and to partially mediate the relationship between self-esteem and exercised psychological abuse (social isolation). These results may provide new keys to the incorporation of emotional dependence in psychological abuse prevention programs

Revisión de las novedades del Congreso ECTRIMS 2017, presentadas en la X Reunión Post-ECTRIMS (II) / Review of the novelties from the 2017 ECTRIMS Congress, presented at the 10th Post-ECTRIMS Meeting (II)

La reunión Post-ECTRIMS es una reunión emblemática en el ámbito de la esclerosis múltiple en España, con el claro objetivo de analizar, de la mano de reconocidos neurólogos especialistas nacionales, los principales avances en esclerosis múltiple y revisar los temas más importantes del congreso ECTRIMS. En noviembre de 2017, la reunión Post-ECTRIMS celebro su décima edición, y se ha consolidado como un importante foro de encuentro de expertos en nuestro país para favorecer la comunicación, establecer sinergias, y promover y potenciar la investigación para mejorar, en última instancia, el pronóstico y la calidad de vida de los pacientes con esclerosis múltiple. En esta segunda parte se abordan las diferentes estrategias para el manejo de los pacientes con enfermedad avanzada y la seguridad de la terapia en esclerosis múltiple, y se resaltan las áreas que requieren una mayor evidencia científica y clínica. La esclerosis múltiple en la población pediátrica y el envejecimiento en la enfermedad cobran especial importancia en esta edición, remarcando la necesidad del desarrollo de estudios colaborativos y de una mayor concienciación de los especialistas en la detección y el manejo de las comorbilidades en la esclerosis múltiple

The Post-ECTRIMS Meeting is an emblematic event in the field of multiple sclerosis in Spain. Its chief aim is bring together the country’s leading specialist neurologists to analyse the main advances made in multiple sclerosis and to review the most important topics addressed at the ECTRIMS Congress. The tenth Post-ECTRIMS Meeting was held in November 2017. Over the years this event has firmly established itself as an important meeting point where experts from all over the country get together to foster communication, establish synergies and promote and enhance research ultimately aimed at improving the prognosis and quality of life of patients with multiple sclerosis. This second part addresses the different strategies for the management of patients in advanced stages of the disease and the safety of therapy in multiple sclerosis. Likewise, attention is also drawn to the areas that require further scientific and clinical evidence. In this edition, particular importance is given to multiple sclerosis in the paediatric population and ageing in the disease. At the same time emphasis is placed on the need to conduct collaborative studies and to foster greater awareness among specialists regarding the detection and management of the comorbidities in multiple sclerosis

Revisión de las novedades del Congreso ECTRIMS 2017, presentadas en la X Reunión Post-ECTRIMS (I) / Review of the novelties from the 2017 ECTRIMS Congress, presented at the 10th Post-ECTRIMS Meeting (I)

La reunión Post-ECTRIMS es una reunión emblemática en el ámbito de la esclerosis múltiple en España, con el claro objetivo de analizar, de la mano de reconocidos neurólogos especialistas nacionales, los principales avances en esclerosis múltiple y revisar los temas más importantes del congreso ECTRIMS. En noviembre de 2017, la reunión Post-ECTRIMS celebró su décima edición, y se ha consolidado como un importante foro de encuentro de expertos en nuestro país para favorecer la comunicación, establecer sinergias, y promover y potenciar la investigación para mejorar, en última instancia, el pronóstico y la calidad de vida de los pacientes con esclerosis múltiple. En esta primera parte se avanza la publicación de las nuevas guías clínicas europea y americana para el uso de los tratamientos modificadores de la enfermedad, y los nuevos criterios diagnósticos. Se discuten las estrategias para el seguimiento de los pacientes tratados con terapias modificadoras de la enfermedad, se revisan la atrofia cerebral y los biomarcadores de neurodegeneración y neuroinflamación, y se analiza el papel de la neuroglía en la patogenia y el tratamiento. Se hace un recorrido por la historia natural de la enfermedad, con la evidencia que aportan los registros, y nos adelantamos al futuro gracias a los avances en genética e inmunología

The Post-ECTRIMS Meeting is an emblematic event in the field of multiple sclerosis in Spain. Its chief aim is bring together the country’s leading specialist neurologists to analyse the main advances made in multiple sclerosis and to review the most important topics addressed at the ECTRIMS Congress. The tenth Post-ECTRIMS Meeting was held in November 2017. Over the years this event has firmly established itself as an important meeting point where experts from all over the country get together to foster communication, establish synergies and promote and enhance research ultimately aimed at improving the prognosis and quality of life of patients with multiple sclerosis. This first part reports on the publication of the new European and American clinical guidelines on the use of disease-modifying treatments and the new diagnostic criteria. It also discusses the strategies for following up patients treated with disease-modifying therapies, reviews cerebral atrophy and biomarkers of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, and analyses the role of neuroglia in pathogenesis and treatment. The study examines the natural history of the disease, with the evidence provided by registers, and we anticipate the future thanks to the progress being made in genetics and immunology

Efecto de los compuestos fenólicos en el metabolismo de los carbohidratos / Effect of phenolic compounds on carbohydrate metabolism

Fundamentos: Una dieta basada en alimentos y bebidas con alto contenido en azúcar y almidón digestible se considera un factor de riesgo de padecer enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles tales como obesidad y diabetes tipo 2. El objetivo es resumir las evidencias disponibles sobre la efectividad de los compuestos fenólicos en el metabolismo de carbohidratos y en la reducción del riesgo y el tratamiento de estas patologías. Métodos: Revisión bibliográfica mediante los sistemas de búsqueda PubMed y WOS para la identificación de compuestos fenólicos con efecto en el metabolismo de carbohidratos y las patologías metabólicas relacionadas. Resultados: Los compuestos fenólicos actúan a diferentes niveles: vía formación de complejos compuesto fenólico-carbohidrato, vía inhibición enzimática, modulación del transporte y regulación de la liberación de hormonas relacionadas con el metabolismo de los carbohidratos. Su efectividad puede ser igual o superior a la de fármacos utilizados comúnmente en el tratamiento de la diabetes, sin los efectos secundarios que se asocian a estos últimos. Conclusiones: Los flavonoides son los compuestos fenólicos de la dieta que podrían ser más efectivos en la regulación del metabolismo de carbohidratos. Estos pueden inhibir enzimas, modular transportadores; así como, estimular la secreción de hormonas de saciedad

Background: A diet based on foods and beverages with high sugar content and digestible starch is considered a risk factor of non-communicable chronic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The aim is to summarize the evidence available on the effect of phenolic compounds in the metabolism of carbohydrates and in the reduction of risk and treatment of these pathologies. Methods: Literature search using PubMed and WOS as search systems for the identification of phenolic compounds with an effect on carbohydrate metabolism and related metabolic pathologies. Results: Phenolic compounds act at different levels: via complex formation of phenolic-carbohydrate compounds, via enzymatic inhibition, modulation of transporters and regulation of the release of hormones related to carbohydrate metabolism. Their effectiveness may be equal or superior to that of drugs commonly used in the treatment of diabetes, but without the side effects that are associated with the latter. Conclusions: Flavonoids are the phenolic compounds found in diet that are effective in regulating carbohydrate metabolism. They can inhibit enzymes, modulate transporters; as well as, stimulate the secretion of satiety hormones