The Efficacy of External Cooling and Vibration on Decreasing the Pain of Local Anesthesia Injections During Dental Treatment in Children: A Randomized Controlled Study.

PURPOSE: This study was performed to assess the efficacy of external cooling and vibration devices on the pain of injections applied to the site of local anesthesia in children during dental treatment. DESIGN: This study is a randomized controlled trial. METHODS: This study was conducted with 60 children requiring mandibular baby teeth extraction. The children in the experimental group were anesthetized after cold application, and a vibration device was administered on the application site 2 minutes before and during the anesthesia process, whereas those in the control group were only given local mandibular anesthesia without any other procedure. FINDINGS: It was found that the mean pain score was lower in the experimental group with a significant difference between the groups (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: This study found that the application of external cooling and vibration on the site of local anesthesia had a significant effect on the injection pain experienced by children during dental treatment.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Two Different Methods of Decreasing Pain During Phlebotomy in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the applications of external cold and vibration and blowing soap bubbles during phlebotomy in children aged between 3 and 6 years. DESIGN: This study is a randomized controlled trial. METHODS: The sample was obtained using block randomization. Children were divided into three groups: "external cold and vibration group," "blowing soap bubbles group," and "control group." Children, their parents, the nurse, and the researcher rated the children's pain during phlebotomy. FINDINGS: A statistically significant difference between groups was found on pain scores. Pain scores were lower in the groups of external cold and vibration, and blowing soap bubbles than the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The methods of external cold and vibration and blowing soap bubbles had a pain relieving effect in children aged between 3 and 6 years during phlebotomy.

Cultural adaptation of the Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool in Turkish children with cancer.

PURPOSE: Pain is very common among pediatric cancers. This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool (APPT). METHODS: In this methodological study, language validity and content validity of the words in the third section of the scale, which was administered to children with cancer, were tested using the Q-sort method. The APPT was used to measure test-retest reliability once for each of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks of the chemotherapy protocols for 30 children. A reliability test was conducted using the APPT for 96 children with cancer. RESULTS: The number of words included in the third section of the APPT was reduced to 56 following the completion of the language and content validity using the Q-sort method. In the test-retest method, results from the three measures taken showed that the intra-class correlation coefficient was good. The internal consistency of the scale was also good (α = .78) in terms of the total number of body areas marked on body outline diagram, pain severity, pain intensity ratings, total number of word descriptors, and total number of sensory, affective, evaluative and temporal word descriptors. Correlations were found between the total number of body areas marked on the body outline diagram and the total number of word descriptors (r = .53), the pain severity and pain intensity ratings (r = .95), and the total number of word descriptors (r = .38). CONCLUSIONS: The Turkish version of the APPT was determined to be valid, reliable and easy to use for pediatric cancer patients.

Infiltration and extravasation in pediatric patients: A prevalence study in a children's hospital.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of infiltration and extravasation among children staying in a children's hospital and the interventions carried out when infiltration or extravasation occurred. METHODS: A prospective and descriptive research design was used in the study, conducted between September 2015 and February 2016, and determined the prevalence of infiltration and extravasation and their characteristics. The study sample consisted of 297 peripheral catheters in 173 pediatric patients. RESULTS: Of 297 peripheral catheters, 50.8% were located on the right and 30.6% were inserted in the dorsal metacarpal vein. Infiltration and extravasation occurred in 2.9% and 2.3% of the patients, respectively. The prevalence of infiltration and extravasation was 5.5 and 4.4 per 1000 patient-days, respectively. The applied interventions after infiltration or extravasation included covering with a gauze dressing or alcohol-soaked cotton, cold application, irrigation with physiological saline, and elevation. CONCLUSION: The infiltration and extravasation prevalence were found to be high, but the interventions to address them were inadequate. Training and implementation strategies should be planned for pediatric nurses to prevent infiltration and extravasation.

Effects of Virtual Reality and External Cold and Vibration on Pain in 7- to 12-Year-Old Children During Phlebotomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the virtual reality (VR) and external cold and vibration methods on pain scores in children aged 7 to 12 years during phlebotomy. DESIGN: A randomized controlled study. METHODS: The sample of children (n = 121) was allocated to the groups (group 1, VR; group 2, external cold and vibration; group 3, control) by blocked randomization. Pain scores were assessed after the phlebotomy using self-report, parent's reports, report from the nurse who attempted the phlebotomy, and researchers' report with the Wong-Baker FACES scale. FINDINGS: Pain scores were determined to be lower in groups 1 and 2. Although there was no difference between the groups 1 and 2, a statistically significant difference was found between groups 1 or 2 and group 3 based on all pain scores. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that VR and external cold and vibration are effective in reducing the pain in 7- to 12-year-old children during phlebotomy. VR can be used safely for the pain management of children who are growing up in the age of technology.

Development and validation of the taste alteration scale for children receiving chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Taste alteration is one of the most common and frequently ignored side effects of chemotherapy. AIMS: Our aim was to develop the Taste Alteration Scale for Children with Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy (TAS-CrC). METHODS: This study is a descriptive and cross-sectional type. The study was conducted between May and September 2016 at the child haematology clinics and outpatient clinics of six hospitals. A total of 165 children with cancer who were followed in the clinics and outpatient clinics of the mentioned hospitals between May and September 2016 and received chemotherapy constituted the population of the study. Our sample comprised 95 children with cancer who were followed in the clinic and outpatient clinic between the dates specified and met the study criteria. RESULTS: It is observed that the correlation values of the item analysis of the TAS-CrC vary between 0.49 and 0.86. One sub-dimension of the scale was determined by explanatory factor analysis. The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of the scale was determined to be 0.88. It was determined that there was a statistically significant relationship between the test-retest (first and second application) of the scale (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: According to the data obtained from the study, it was determined that the TAS-CrC was a valid and reliable scale.

A review of the relationship between the needs of mothers who have hearing impairment children and their state-trait anxiety levels.

This descriptive research was carried out to identify the relationship between the needs of those mothers who have hearing impairment children and their state/trait anxiety levels. Significant positive relationships were found between the mothers' state anxiety level and the overall FNS score, the subscales of Need for Information, Help Explaining to Others, Community Services, Financial Assistance and Family Functioning and also significant positive relationship were found between the trait anxiety level and the overall FNS score, the subscales of Need for Information, Need for Support, Help Explaining to Others Community Services, Financial Assistance and Family Functioning.