Perceptions of stigma and its correlates among patients with major depressive disorder: A multicenter survey from China.

BACKGROUND: The stigma of major depressive disorder (MDD) is an important public health problem. This study evaluated stigma in MDD patients in China using explanatory model interview catalogue (EMIC) questionnaire and the demographic and clinical symptom factors associated with the stigma of these patients. METHODS: A total of 158 MDD patients from domestic 3 mental health centers were surveyed. We used the EMIC questionnaire to assess stigma of these patients, Montgomery and Asberg depression rating scale (MADRS) to assess depressive severity, self-reporting inventory (SCL-90) to assess mental health level, Sheehan disability scale (SDS) to assess social function, and fatigue severity scale (FSS) to assess degree of fatigue. RESULTS: The stigma scores were significantly higher in the 18- to 30-year-old (z = 2.875, P = .024) and 31- to 40-year-old (z = 3.204, P = .008) groups than the 51- to 65-year-old group; in the full-time employment group than the retired group (z = 3.163, P = .016). The stigma scores exhibited significant negative correlation with age (r = -0.169, P = .034) but positive correlations with the scores of MADRS (r = .212, P = .007), total scores (r = .273, P = .001) and subscales of interpersonal sensitivity (r = .233, P = .003), depression (r = .336, P < .001), and anxiety (r = .228, P = .004) of SCL-90, scores of FSS (r = .230, P = .004), and SDS (r = .254, P = .001). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that depression subscale of SCL-90 and FSS were independently correlated with stigma. CONCLUSION: The age, employment status, fatigue, and depressive severity are closely associated with the perceived stigma of MDD patients and may be important factors considered for stigma interventions of MDD in China.

Acupoints selection pattern in acupuncture-moxibustion treatment of perimenopausal syndrome from 2007 to 2016 / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

Objective: To discuss the acupoints selection pattern in acupuncture-moxibustion treatment of perimenopausal syndrome (PMS) from 2007 to 2016. Methods: Clinical literatures related to PMS treated with acupuncture-moxibustion published from 2007 to 2016 were collected from Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), Chongqing VIP Database (CQVIP), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang Academic Journal Full-text Database (Wanfang). The retrieved data underwent descriptive analysis, cluster analysis and association pattern analysis to determine the acupoints selection principle in acupuncture-moxibustion treatment of PMS. Results: The top five acupoints used in acupuncture-moxibustion treatment of PMS were Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Shenshu (BL 23), Guanyuan (CV 4), Baihui (GV 20), and Shenmen (HT 7). The leading 4 meridians were Bladder Meridian, Conception Vessel, Spleen Meridian, and Governor Vessel. The clustering analysis showed that the 5 core acupoint groups were: ① Sanyinjiao (SP 6); ② Shenshu (BL 23) and Guanyuan (CV 4); ③ Baihui (GV 20), Shenmen (HT 7), Zusanli (ST 36), Ganshu (BL 18) and Taichong (LR 3); ④ Taixi (KI 3), Pishu (BL 20), Xinshu (BL 15), Qihai (CV 6) and Neiguan (PC 6); ⑤ Sishencong (EX-HN 1), Zhongwan (CV 12), Hegu (LI 4), Yintang (GV 29), Fengchi (GB 20), Zhongji (CV 3) and Feishu (BL 13). The three most significant acupoints were Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Shenshu (BL 23) and Guanyuan (CV 4). Acupoint groups based on syndrome differentiation included: ① Hegu (LI 4), Zhongwan (CV 12) and Sishencong (EX-HN 1); ② Feishu (BL 13), Zhongji (CV 3), Fengchi (GB 20) and Yintang (GV 29); ③ Xinshu (BL 15), Pishu (BL 20), Qihai (CV 6), Neiguan (PC 6) and Taixi (KI 3);④ Ganshu (BL 18), Zusanli (ST 36), Shenmen (HT 7), Taichong (LR 3) and Baihui (GV 20). The analysis of association pattern elaborated that Shenshu (BL 23) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6) won the highest support rate in the paired groups; Ganshu (BL 18), Shenshu (BL 23) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6) had the highest support rate among the acupoint groups. Conclusion: The data mining results of acupuncture-moxibustion treatment of PMS substantially conform to the general principle in traditional acupuncture-moxibustion theories, able to reflect the acupoints selection and grouping pattern and provide references for acupuncture-moxibustion treatment of PMS.