Crocodile defensin (CpoBD13) antifungal activity via pH-dependent phospholipid targeting and membrane disruption.

Crocodilians are an order of ancient reptiles that thrive in pathogen-rich environments. The ability to inhabit these harsh environments is indicative of a resilient innate immune system. Defensins, a family of cysteine-rich cationic host defence peptides, are a major component of the innate immune systems of all plant and animal species, however crocodilian defensins are poorly characterised. We now show that the saltwater crocodile defensin CpoBD13 harbors potent antifungal activity that is mediated by a pH-dependent membrane-targeting action. CpoBD13 binds the phospholipid phosphatidic acid (PA) to form a large helical oligomeric complex, with specific histidine residues mediating PA binding. The utilisation of histidine residues for PA engagement allows CpoBD13 to exhibit differential activity at a range of environmental pH values, where CpoBD13 is optimally active in an acidic environment.

Neurotoxic amyloidogenic peptides in the proteome of SARS-COV2: potential implications for neurological symptoms in COVID-19.

COVID-19 is primarily known as a respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. However, neurological symptoms such as memory loss, sensory confusion, severe headaches, and even stroke are reported in up to 30% of cases and can persist even after the infection is over (long COVID). These neurological symptoms are thought to be produced by the virus infecting the central nervous system, however we don't understand the molecular mechanisms triggering them. The neurological effects of COVID-19 share similarities to neurodegenerative diseases in which the presence of cytotoxic aggregated amyloid protein or peptides is a common feature. Following the hypothesis that some neurological symptoms of COVID-19 may also follow an amyloid etiology we identified two peptides from the SARS-CoV-2 proteome that self-assemble into amyloid assemblies. Furthermore, these amyloids were shown to be highly toxic to neuronal cells. We suggest that cytotoxic aggregates of SARS-CoV-2 proteins may trigger neurological symptoms in COVID-19.

Cytotoxic properties of rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes of N-heterocyclic carbene ligands.

A family of eight rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes bearing pyridyl-imidazolylidene or bis-imidazolylidene ligands in combination with a series of N-acetyl amino acids ligands (glycine, isoleucine, and proline) and an acetate have been synthesised and characterised. These complexes are of interest as potential anticancer agents, where the oxygen bound carboxylate ligand can exchange with water giving rise to cytotoxic cationic complexes. The pseudo-first-order aquation rate constants for the complexes were evaluated using 1H NMR time-course experiments and for the complexes of the bis-imidazolylidene ligand the average k1 value was 6.22 × 10-5 s-1 while for the pyridyl-imidazolylidene ligand the aquation rate was slower with the average k1 value being 3.00 × 10-5 s-1. Cytotoxicity studies in three cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, PC3 and HEPG2) showed that the Re(I) complexes of the bis-imidazolylidene ligand were significantly more toxic than those of the pyridyl-imidazolylidene ligand.

Human ß-Defensin 2 (HBD-2) Displays Oncolytic Activity but Does Not Affect Tumour Cell Migration.

Defensins form an integral part of the cationic host defence peptide (HDP) family, a key component of innate immunity. Apart from their antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities, many HDPs exert multifaceted effects on tumour cells, notably direct oncolysis and/or inhibition of tumour cell migration. Therefore, HDPs have been explored as promising anticancer therapeutics. Human ß-defensin 2 (HBD-2) represents a prominent member of human HDPs, being well-characterised for its potent pathogen-killing, wound-healing, cytokine-inducing and leukocyte-chemoattracting functions. However, its anticancer effects remain largely unknown. Recently, we demonstrated that HBD-2 binds strongly to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2), a key mediator of defensin-induced cell death and an instructional messenger during cell migration. Hence, in this study, we sought to investigate the lytic and anti-migratory effects of HBD-2 on tumour cells. Using various cell biological assays and confocal microscopy, we showed that HBD-2 killed tumour cells via acute lytic cell death rather than apoptosis. In addition, our data suggested that, despite the reported PI(4,5)P2 interaction, HBD-2 does not affect cytoskeletal-dependent tumour cell migration. Together, our findings provide further insights into defensin biology and informs future defensin-based drug development.

Normal Aging Affects the Short-Term Temporal Stability of Implicit, But Not Explicit, Motor Learning following Visuomotor Adaptation.

Normal aging is associated with a decline in memory and motor learning ability. However, the exact form of these impairments (e.g., the short-term temporal stability and affected learning mechanisms) is largely unknown. Here, we used a sensorimotor adaptation task to examine changes in the temporal stability of two forms of learning (explicit and implicit) because of normal aging. Healthy young subjects (age range, 19-28 years; 20 individuals) and older human subjects (age range, 63-85 years; 19 individuals) made reaching movements in response to altered visual feedback. On each trial, subjects turned a rotation dial to select an explicit aiming direction. Once selected, the display was removed and subjects moved the cursor from the start position to the target. After initial training with the rotational feedback perturbation, subjects completed a series of probe trials at different delay periods to systematically assess the short-term retention of learning. For both groups, the explicit aiming showed no significant decrease over 1.5 min. However, this was not the case for implicit learning; the decay pattern was markedly different between groups. Older subjects showed a linear decrease of the implicit component of adaptation over time, while young subjects showed an exponential decay over the same period (time constant, 25.61 s). Although older subjects adapted at a similar rate, these results suggest natural aging selectively impacts the short-term (seconds to minutes) temporal stability of implicit motor learning mechanisms. This understanding may provide a means to dissociate natural aging memory impairments from deficits caused by brain disorders that progress with aging.

Combating Human Pathogens and Cancer by Targeting Phosphoinositides and Their Metabolism.

Pathogens and tumor cells have adopted various adept strategies to evade immunosurveillance and promote their growth and survival. There has been substantial evidence demonstrating phosphoinositide lipids and their modifying enzymes as essential host targets that are often hijacked by pathogens and tumor cells. The common dependence of pathogen virulence and tumor progression on phosphoinositides presents an exciting disease-combating potential, particularly combinatorial therapeutics. While traditional approaches to pharmacologically inhibit phosphoinositide-metabolizing enzymes has shown some promise, the direct targeting of phosphoinositides has recently emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy. Our review provides a current picture of the role of phosphoinositides during pathogen virulence and tumorigenesis as well as a thorough discussion on promises, challenges, and new perspectives of phosphoinositide-targeting drug development.

Phosphoinositides: multipurpose cellular lipids with emerging roles in cell death.

Phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol lipids, or phosphoinositides, critically regulate diverse cellular processes, including signalling transduction, cytoskeletal reorganisation, membrane dynamics and cellular trafficking. However, phosphoinositides have been inadequately investigated in the context of cell death, where they are mainly regarded as signalling secondary messengers. However, recent studies have begun to highlight the importance of phosphoinositides in facilitating cell death execution. Here, we cover the latest phosphoinositide research with a particular focus on phosphoinositides in the mechanisms of cell death. This progress article also raises key questions regarding the poorly defined role of phosphoinositides, particularly during membrane-associated events in cell death such as apoptosis and secondary necrosis. The review then further discusses important future directions for the phosphoinositide field, including therapeutically targeting phosphoinositides to modulate cell death.