[18F]FDG-PET/CT-based risk stratification in women with locally advanced uterine cervical cancer.

BACKGROUND: [18F]FDG-PET/CT is used for staging and treatment planning in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC). We studied if a PET-based prediction model could provide additional risk stratification beyond International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging in our population with LACC to aid treatment decision making. METHODS: In total, 183 patients with LACC treated with chemoradiation between 2013 and 2018 were included. Patients were treated according to FIGO 2009 and retrospectively reclassified according to FIGO 2018 staging system. After validation of an existing PET-based prediction model, the predicted recurrent free survival (RFS), disease specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) at 1, 3, and 5 years, based on metabolic tumor volume (MTV), maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and highest level of [18F]FDG-positive node was calculated. Then the observed survival was compared to the predicted survival. An area under the curve (AUC) close to or higher than 0.7 was considered adequate for accurate prediction. The Youden (J) index defined survival chance cutoff values for low and high risk groups. RESULTS: All AUC values for the comparison between predicted and observed outcomes were > 0.7 except for 5-year RFS and for 5-year OS which were close to 0.7 (0.684 and 0.650 respectively). Cutoff values for low and high risk survival chance were 0.44 for the 3-year RFS and 0.47 for the 5-year OS. The FIGO 2009 system could not differentiate between the risk profiles. After reclassification according to FIGO 2018, all patients with stage IIIC2 and IVB fell in the high risk and almost all patients with stages IB2-IIIB and IVA in the low risk group. In patients with stage IIIC1 disease the FIGO stage cannot discriminate between the risk profiles. CONCLUSIONS: Low and high risk patients with LACC can be identified with the PET-based prediction model. In particular patients with stage IIIC1 need additional risk stratification besides the FIGO 2018 staging. The Kidd model could be a useful tool to aid treatment decision making in these patients. Our results also support the choice of [18F]FDG-PET/CT imaging in patients with LACC.

Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging for detection of skeletal metastases in children and young people with primary solid tumors - systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Many solid neoplasms have a propensity for osteomedullary metastases of which detection is important for staging and subsequent treatment. Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) has been shown to accurately detect osteomedullary metastases in adults, but these findings cannot be unconditionally extrapolated to staging of children with malignant solid tumors. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a literature review on the sensitivity of WB-MRI for detecting skeletal metastases in children with solid tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Searches in MEDLINE and EMBASE databases up to 15 May 2017 were performed to identify studies on the diagnostic value of WB-MRI. Inclusion criteria were children and adolescents (age <21 years) with a primary solid tumor who were evaluated for skeletal metastases by WB-MRI and compared to any type of reference standard. The number of included patients had to be at least five and data on true positives, true negatives, false-positives and false-negatives had to be extractable. RESULTS: Five studies including 132 patients (96 patients with solid tumors) were eligible. Patient groups and used reference tests were heterogeneous, producing unclear or high risk of bias. Sensitivity of WB-MRI ranged between 82% and 100%. The positive predictive value of WB-MRI was variable among the studies and influenced by the used reference standard. CONCLUSION: Although WB-MRI may seem a promising radiation-free technique for the detection of skeletal metastases in children with solid tumors, published studies are small and too heterogeneous to provide conclusive evidence that WB-MRI can be an alternative to currently used imaging techniques.

Diagnostic performance of imaging modalities in chronic pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Obtain summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity for imaging modalities for chronic pancreatitis (CP) assessment. METHODS: A systematic search was performed in Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL databases for studies evaluating imaging modalities for the diagnosis of CP up to September 2016. A bivariate random-effects modeling was used to obtain summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: We included 43 studies evaluating 3460 patients. Sensitivity of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (82%; 95%CI: 76%-87%) was significant higher than that of abdominal ultrasonography (US) (67%; 95%CI: 53%-78%; P=0.018). The sensitivity estimates of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT) were 81% (95%CI: 70%-89%), 78% (95%CI: 69%-85%), and 75% (95%CI: 66%-83%), respectively, and did not differ significantly from each other. Estimates of specificity were comparable for EUS (90%; 95%CI: 82%-95%), ERCP (94%; 95%CI: 87%-98%), CT (91%; 95% CI: 81%-96%), MRI (96%; 95%CI: 90%-98%), and US (98%; 95%CI: 89%-100%). CONCLUSIONS: EUS, ERCP, MRI and CT all have comparable high diagnostic accuracy in the initial diagnosis of CP. EUS and ERCP are outperformers and US has the lowest accuracy. The choice of imaging modality can therefore be made based on invasiveness, local availability, experience and costs. KEY POINTS: • EUS, ERCP, MRI and CT have high diagnostic sensitivity for chronic pancreatitis • Diagnostic specificity is comparable for all imaging modalities • EUS and ERCP are outperformers and US has the lowest accuracy • The choice of imaging can be made based on clinical considerations.

Clinimetric Evaluation of the Vascular Quality of Life Questionnaire in Patients with Lower Limb Ischaemia.

OBJECTIVES: Although commonly used to measure health related quality of life in patients with lower limb ischaemia, the measurement properties of the VascuQol and its assumed underlying health dimensions have not been studied in depth. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate aspects of reliability and validity of the Dutch version of the VascuQol in patients with intermittent claudication (IC) and critical limb ischaemia (CLI). METHODS: Two datasets containing 195 patients with IC and 150 patients with CLI were used. Face validity of the VascuQol was examined in interviews with patients and a survey among health professionals. Homogeneity and structural validity of the VascuQol were assessed using Cronbach's α coefficients and explanatory factor analysis. Furthermore, convergent validity and known group validity were assessed. RESULTS: During the face validity interviews, three items were indicated as less relevant. Homogeneity analysis showed that the α coefficient of the VascuQol was .93, while the symptoms and social domains had α coefficients below the threshold of .70. The original five domains of the VascuQol could not be reproduced. Instead, factor analysis yielded a three factor solution. Moderate correlations were found for the activities, social and emotional VascuQol domains and matching health domains of other patient reported outcome measures (PROMs). Lower convergent correlations were observed for the pain domain and the sumscore of the VascuQol. The VascuQol was able to distinguish between patients' level of HRQL in relation to their disease severity (IC versus CLI patients). CONCLUSIONS: There is room for improvement of the VascuQol questionnaire. Further clinimetric studies should be performed to strengthen clinically relevant findings based on this instrument.

Determining the Minimally Important Difference for the VascuQol Sumscore and Its Domains in Patients with Intermittent Claudication.

OBJECTIVES: The VascuQol is a questionnaire for health related quality of life (HRQL) in patients with intermittent claudication (IC), and is frequently used to evaluate treatment effects. Yet, the interpretation of change in score on a questionnaire is not always obvious. The minimally important difference (MID) represents the smallest change in score on a questionnaire that is considered relevant by patients. This study aims to determine the MID for the VascuQol sumscore and its different domains for patients with IC. METHODS: A total of 118 participants were recruited from the SUPER study, a multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing angioplasty with supervised exercise therapy for alleviation of IC due to an iliac artery stenosis or occlusion. All patients completed the VascuQol and the Short Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaires at baseline and after 12 months of follow up. Two anchor based methods for MID calculation were applied. Two anchors were used: six global rating of change questions aimed at the VascuQol sumscore and subscales and the health transition item of the SF-36, both recorded at 12 months of follow up. RESULTS: The MID for the VascuQol sumscore ranged between 1.19 and 1.66 for improvement and 0.08 and 0.41 for deterioration. For the pain domain, MID values ranged from 1.48 to 1.91 for improvement and 0.19 to 0.34 for deterioration. Finally, for the activities domain MID values ranging from 1.55 to 2.2 and from 0.12 to 0.26 for improvement and deterioration were found, respectively. Since the correlations between the anchors and the symptom, social and emotional subscales were below the threshold of 0.3, the MID was not calculated for these subscales. CONCLUSIONS: The range of MID values found in this study is an indication of the smallest change score on the VascuQol questionnaire score that is considered relevant by patients with IC. They may help to better interpret trial results and set treatment goals.

Test-retest Reliability and Measurement Error Are Excellent for the Dutch Version of the VascuQol Questionnaire in Patients with Intermittent Claudication.

OBJECTIVES: Although the Vascular Quality of Life Questionnaire (VascuQol) is a widely used instrument to assess quality of life in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD), data on its reliability are scarce and its measurement error is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine test-retest reliability and measurement error of the Dutch version of the VascuQol in patients with intermittent claudication (IC). METHODS: Patients with intermittent claudication due to PAD presenting between October 2013 and April 2014 completed the VascuQol twice, with a 1 week interval. Test-retest reliability was expressed as the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with 95% confidence interval (CI), and measurement error as a standard error of measurement (SEM). RESULTS: Sixty-one patients completed two VascuQol questionnaires sufficiently. The ICC for the VascuQol sumscore was 0.91 (95% CI 0.86-0.95). The ICC for the different VascuQol domains ranged between 0.77 (95% CI 0.64-0.86) and 0.87 (95% CI 0.79-0.92). The SEM of the sumscore was 0.34 and ranged between 0.44 and 0.76 for the different VascuQol domains. CONCLUSIONS: The test-retest reliability of the Dutch version of the VascuQol is excellent, both for the sumscore and for its different domains. The VascuQol has a measurement error that is sufficiently small to allow detection of clinically relevant changes.

Grading of Crohn's disease activity using CT, MRI, US and scintigraphy: a meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To assess the grading of Crohn's disease activity using CT, MRI, US and scintigraphy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched (January 1983-March 2014) for studies evaluating CT, MRI, US and scintigraphy in grading Crohn's disease activity compared to endoscopy, biopsies or intraoperative findings. Two independent reviewers assessed the data. Three-by-three tables (none, mild, frank disease) were constructed for all studies, and estimates of accurate, over- and under-grading were calculated/summarized by fixed or random effects models. RESULTS: Our search yielded 9356 articles, 19 of which were included. Per-patient data showed accurate grading values for CT, MRI, US and scintigraphy of 86% (95% CI: 75-93%), 84% (95% CI: 67-93%), 44% (95% CI: 28-61%) and 40% (95% CI: 16-70%), respectively. In the per-patient analysis, CT and MRI showed similar accurate grading estimates (P = 0.8). Per-segment data showed accurate grading values for CT and scintigraphy of 87% (95% CI: 77-93%) and 86% (95% CI: 80-91%), respectively. MRI and US showed grading accuracies of 67-82% and 56-75%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: CT and MRI showed comparable high accurate grading estimates in the per-patient analysis. Results for US and scintigraphy were inconsistent, and limited data were available. KEY POINTS: • CT and MRI have comparable high accuracy in grading Crohn's disease. • Data on US and scintigraphy is inconsistent and limited. • MRI is preferable over CT as it lacks ionizing radiation exposure.

Magnetic resonance colonography with a limited bowel preparation and automated carbon dioxide insufflation in comparison to conventional colonoscopy: patient burden and preferences.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate patient burden and preferences for MR colonography with a limited bowel preparation and automated carbon dioxide insufflation in comparison to conventional colonoscopy. METHODS: Symptomatic patients were consecutively recruited to undergo MR colonography with automated carbon dioxide insufflation and a limited bowel preparation followed within four weeks by colonoscopy with a standard bowel cleansing preparation. Four questionnaires regarding burden (on a five-point scale) and preferences (on a seven-point scale) were addressed after MR colonography and colonoscopy and five weeks after colonoscopy. RESULTS: Ninety-nine patients (47 men, 52 women; mean age 62.3, SD 8.7) were included. None of the patients experienced severe or extreme burden from the MR colonography bowel preparation compared to 31.5% of the patients for the colonoscopy bowel preparation. Colonoscopy was rated more burdensome (25.6% severe or extreme burden) compared to MR colonography (5.2% severe or extreme burden) (P<0.0001). When discarding the bowel preparations, the examinations were rated equally burdensome (P=0.35). The majority of patients (61.4%) preferred MR colonography compared to colonoscopy (29.5%) immediately after the examinations and five weeks later (57.0% versus 39.5%). CONCLUSION: MR colonography with a limited bowel preparation and automated carbon dioxide insufflation demonstrated less burden compared to colonoscopy. The majority of patients preferred MR colonography over colonoscopy.

Patients at risk for contrast-induced nephropathy and mid-term effects after contrast administration: a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: Determine the incidence of patients at risk for contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), the incidence of CIN and mid-term effects (renal replacement therapy/death < one month) to measure the impact of CIN in a general patient population undergoing intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT). METHODS: We conducted a prospective study in consecutive patients undergoing intravenous CECT from October 2012 to May 2013. Data were obtained through scripted interviews and the electronic patient records. Presence of risk factors and kidney function before and after CECT and the follow-up for one month were evaluated. RESULTS: We included 998 patients (mean age: 60 years). Estimated GFR was ≥ 60 ml/mg/1.72 m2 in 886 (88.8%) patients, 30-59 ml/mg/1.72 m2 in 108 (10.8%) patients and < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 in 4 (0.4%) patients. We found diabetes mellitus in 137 (13.7%), anaemia in 70 (7.0%) congestive heart failure in 92 (9.2%), peripheral arterial disease in 34 (3.4%), age > 75 years in 126 (12.6%) patients and 301 (30.2%) used nephrotoxic medication. Fifty-eight (5.8%) patients were at risk for CIN; 35 (60.3%) risk patients received intravenous prophylactic hydration. Of the hydrated patients, 11 underwent follow-up within one week; of the non-hydrated patients seven underwent follow-up within one week. Two (2/58: 3.4%) patients developed CIN (increased serum creatinine ≥ 44 µmol/l or ≥ 25%); there was no difference between hydrated and non-hydrated patients (1/35:1/23). The incidence of renal replacement therapy and death within one month was zero for both. CONCLUSION: The number of patients at risk is low. CIN incidence is low, even in patients not receiving prophylactic hydration. No patients received renal replacement therapy or died. The impact of CIN is low. Extensive CIN prevention guidelines seem superfluous.

The role of prostatic arterial embolization in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to summarize the evidence on clinical outcomes and complications of prostatic arterial embolization (PAE) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS: We searched Medline and Embase for PAE trials of patients with BPH upto November 2013. Two reviewers independently checked the inclusion and exclusion criteria and performed data extraction of study characteristics, quantitative and qualitative outcomes, and complications. RESULTS: The search yielded 562 studies, of which 9 articles with 706 patients were included. In these 9 articles, there was a possible overlap of data and the quality of 8 studies was assessed as poor. All patients had moderate-to-severe, lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). The mean age ranged from 63.4-74.1 years. After embolization, a decrease of the prostate volume (PV) and post void residual (PVR) was seen mainly in the first month with a further decrease up to 12 months, increasing afterwards. The prostate specific antigen (PSA) decreased up to 3 months after PAE, increasing afterwards. The peak urinary flow (Qmax) increased mainly the first month and decreased after 30 months. The international prostate symptom score (IPSS) and quality of life-related symptoms (QOL) improved mainly during the first month, with a further improvement up to 30 months. No deterioration of the international index of erectile function (IIEF) was seen after PAE. The PAE procedure seems safe. CONCLUSIONS: Although the number of studies was small, qualitatively poor, and with overlap of patients, the initial clinical outcomes as reported up to 12 months seem positive and the procedure seems safe.

Cost of screening strategies for kidney disease before intravenous contrast administration.

PURPOSE: To assess whether selective use of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with risk factors for kidney disease is more cost-effective than measuring eGFR in all patients undergoing contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT). METHODS: Risk factors and costs were assessed in consecutive patients. eGFR was evaluated in all patients, considering a tenability of 12 months. For the three-month tenability and the pre-selection strategy based on risk factors for kidney disease, we extrapolated data by assuming equal distribution of patient characteristics. RESULTS: We included 1001 patients, mean age 59.9 ± 13.6 years. Strategy with eGFR in all patients: eGFR measurements specifically performed for CECT in 645/1001 (in 356 patients the eGFR was already known). The total cost including costs of an extra visit to the hospital (49 patients) and absence from work (11 patients) were € 6037.20. Considering a tenability of 3 months, eGFR had to be measured in 786 patients, 60 would have paid an extra visit and 14 would have been absent from work: total cost € 7443.54. Pre-selection strategy: 807 patients had risk factors, necessitating eGFR measurement and an extra visit would be paid by 61. Fourteen patients would have been absent from work: total cost € 7585.16. Of the patients with an eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2), 94.8% were identified including all with an eGFR <45 ml/min/1.73 m(2). CONCLUSION: Determining eGFR based on risk factors for kidney disease is not more cost-effective than eGFR testing in all patients if the eGFR is tenable for 12 months or for 3 months.

Randomized trials for endovascular treatment of infrainguinal arterial disease: systematic review and meta-analysis (Part 2: Below the knee).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate 1 to 48 month follow-up outcomes of different endovascular treatment strategies in below-the-knee (BTK) arterial segments in critical limb ischemia (CLI) patients. METHODS: Medline and Embase were searched (last searched on 5 November 2013) for studies of randomized controlled trials comparing either balloon angioplasty (PTA) or drug-eluting balloon (DEB) with optional bailout stenting, or primary stenting using a bare stent (BS) or drug-eluting stent (DES) to one another. Methodological quality of each trial was assessed using a Cochrane Collaboration's tool, and quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE system. Outcomes assessed were wound healing, quality of life, change in Rutherford classification, amputation, death, target lesion revascularization (TLR), bypass, binary restenosis, late lumen loss, stenosis grade, and event-free survival with follow-up periods of at least 1 month. RESULTS: Twelve trials including 1145 patients were identified, with 90% of patients having CLI. Six BS versus PTA and two DES versus PTA trials showed low-quality evidence of equal efficacy. One trial, comparing DEB with PTA, showed moderate-quality evidence of improved wound healing (RR 1.28; 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.56; p=.01), improvement in Rutherford classification (RR 1.32; 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.60; p=.008), and lower TLR (RR 0.41; 95% CI 0.23 to 0.74; p=.002) and binary restenosis (RR 0.36; 95% CI 0.24 to 0.54; p<.0001) in diabetic patients after 12 months. Amputation and death rate did not differ significantly. For DES versus BS, most trials showed equal efficacy between strategies. CONCLUSION: Based on low- to moderate-quality evidence, PTA with optional bailout stenting using BS should remain the preferred strategy in treating CLI patients with BTK arterial lesions. Before other strategies can be implemented, larger and high-quality RCTs assessing clinically relevant outcomes are needed.

Randomized trials for endovascular treatment of infrainguinal arterial disease: systematic review and meta-analysis (Part 1: Above the knee).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate 1 to 36 month follow-up outcomes of different endovascular treatment strategies in above-the-knee (ATK) arterial segments in patients with intermittent claudication (IC) and critical limb ischemia (CLI). METHODS: Studies indexed in Medline and Embase from 1980 to November 2013 of randomized controlled trials comparing balloon angioplasty (PTA) or drug-eluting balloon (DEB) with optional bailout stenting, or primary stenting using a bare stent (BS) or drug-eluting stent (DES) to one another were included. Methodological quality of each trial was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration tool, and quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE system. Outcomes assessed were quality of life, walking capacity evaluated by treadmill or questionnaire, change in Rutherford classification, target lesion revascularization (TLR), bypass, binary restenosis, late lumen loss, stenosis grade, amputation, death, major adverse cardiac events, or event-free survival with follow-up periods of at least 1 month. RESULTS: Twenty-three trials including 3314 patients in total were identified. Eighty-five per cent patients had IC and 15% CLI. Fifteen trials showed no systematic benefit of BS over PTA. One trial comparing DES and PTA reported no significant differences in walking capacity or Rutherford classification. Four trials showed a beneficial effect on TLR rate, but not on Rutherford classification of DEB compared with PTA. In four trials DES did not systematically perform better than BS. CONCLUSION: In general, performing PTA with optional bailout stenting for ATK lesions is the preferred strategy in patients with IC. For CLI, more studies are needed for recommending an optimal treatment strategy.

Magnetic resonance colonography with automated carbon dioxide insufflation: Diagnostic accuracy and distension.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of MR colonography using automated carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation for colonic distension, with colonoscopy serving as the reference standard. METHODS: Ninety-eight symptomatic patients underwent MR colonography with faecal tagging and automated CO2 insufflation. Three readers (one expert (reader 1), and two less experienced (readers 2 and 3)) evaluated the images for the presence of colorectal lesions. Bowel distension was evaluated on a 4-point scale. Results were verified with colonoscopy and histopathological analysis. RESULTS: Per-patient sensitivity for lesions ≥10mm was 91.7% (11 of 12) (reader 1), 75.0% (9 of 12) (reader 2), and 75% (9 of 12) (reader 3). Specificity was 96.5% (82 of 85) (reader 1), 97.7% (83 of 85) (reader 2), 95.3% (81 of 85) (reader 3). Per-patient sensitivity for lesions ≥6mm was 85.7% (18 of 21) (reader 1), 57.1% (12 of 21) (reader 2), and 57.1% (12 of 21) (reader 3). Specificity was 86.8% (66 of 76), 98.7% (75 of 76), 90.8% (69 of 76), respectively. Per-patient sensitivity for advanced neoplasia of ≥10mm and ≥6mm was 88.9% (8 of 9) for all readers. Specificity for ≥10mm and ≥6mm was 98.9% (87 of 88) (reader 1), 97.7% (86 of 88) (reader 2), 96.6% (85 of 88) (reader 3). 94.4% of the colon segments were adequate to optimal distended with dual positioning. CONCLUSION: MR colonography can accurately detect lesions ≥10mm, and advanced neoplasia ≥6mm. Sufficient distension was achieved using automated CO2 insufflation for colonic distension in MR colonography.

Statistical or clinical improvement? Determining the minimally important difference for the vascular quality of life questionnaire in patients with critical limb ischemia.

OBJECTIVE: Interpreting whether changes in quality of life (Qol) in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are not only statistically significant but also clinically relevant, may be difficult. This study introduces the concept of the minimally important difference (MID) to vascular surgeons using Qol outcomes of patients treated for chronic critical limb ischemia (CLI). METHODS: The Vascular Quality of Life (VascuQol) questionnaire was recorded at baseline before treatment and after 6 months follow-up in consecutive patients with CLI treated between May 2007 and May 2010. Statistical significance of change in VascuQol score was tested with the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. The MID for the VascuQol score was determined using a clinical anchor-based method and a distribution-based method. RESULTS: A total of 127 patients with CLI completed the VascuQol after 6 months. The VascuQol sum scores improved from 3.0 (range 1.1-5.9) at baseline to 4.0 (range 1.2-6.7) at 6 months (p < .001). The MID on the VascuQol sumscore indicating a clinically important change determined with the anchor-based method was 0.36, and with the distribution-based method was 0.48. On an individual level, depending on the method of determining the MID, this resulted in 60% to 68% of the patients with an important benefit. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of changes in Qol by means of the MID provides better insight into clinically important changes than statistical significance.

Diagnostic performance of computed tomography angiography in peripheral arterial injury due to trauma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography angiography (CTA) in detecting arterial lesions in patients with suspected arterial injury of the upper or lower extremity due to trauma. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out. Medline and Embase were searched on August 13, 2012, for studies comparing CTA with surgery, digital subtraction angiography (DSA), or follow-up, which allowed extraction of data into two-by-two tables. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the QUADAS tool. Summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity of CTA in identifying or excluding arterial lesions were obtained using a bivariate model. RESULTS: This review included 11 studies making up a total of 891 trauma patients. The included studies were of moderate methodological quality and at risk of misclassification and verification bias. Some 4.2% of all CTA studies were non-diagnostic. The summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity of CTA were 96.2% (95% CI 93.5-97.8%) and 99.2% (95% CI 96.8-99.8%), respectively. CONCLUSION: Despite methodological flaws, the excellent estimates of sensitivity and specificity indicate that CTA is an accurate modality for evaluating arterial lesions in patients with extremity trauma and can replace DSA.

Portal vein embolization before liver resection: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: This is a review of literature on the indications, technique, and outcome of portal vein embolization (PVE). METHODS: A systematic literature search on outcome of PVE from 1990 to 2011 was performed in Medline, Cochrane, and Embase databases. RESULTS: Forty-four articles were selected, including 1,791 patients with a mean age of 61 ± 4.1 years. Overall technical success rate was 99.3 %. The mean hypertrophy rate of the FRL after PVE was 37.9 ± 0.1 %. In 70 patients (3.9 %), surgery was not performed because of failure of PVE (clinical success rate 96.1 %). In 51 patients (2.8 %), the hypertrophy response was insufficient to perform liver resection. In the other 17 cases, 12 did not technically succeed (0.7 %) and 7 caused a complication leading to unresectability (0.4 %). In 6.1 %, resection was cancelled because of local tumor progression after PVE. Major complications were seen in 2.5 %, and the mortality rate was 0.1 %. A head-to-head comparison shows a negative effect of liver cirrhosis on hypertrophy response. The use of n-butyl cyanoacrylate seems to have a greater effect on hypertrophy, but the difference with other embolization materials did not reach statistical significance. No difference in regeneration is seen in patients with cholestasis or chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative PVE has a high technical and clinical success rate. Liver cirrhosis has a negative effect on regeneration, but cholestasis and chemotherapy do not seem to have an influence on the hypertrophy response. The use of n-butyl cyanoacrylate may result in a greater hypertrophy response compared with other embolization materials used.

Radiological staging in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To obtain diagnostic performance values of CT, MRI, ultrasound and 18-fludeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET)/CT for staging of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS: A comprehensive systematic search was performed for articles published up to March 2011 that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Study quality was assessed with the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies tool. RESULTS: 16 articles (448 patients) were included that evaluated CT (n=11), MRI (n=3), ultrasound (n=3), or PET/CT (n=1). Overall, their quality was moderate. The accuracy estimates for evaluation of CT for ductal extent of the tumour was 86%. The sensitivity and specificity estimates of CT were 89% and 92% for evaluation of portal vein involvement, 83% and 93% for hepatic artery involvement, and 61% and 88% for lymph node involvement, respectively. Data were too limited for adequate comparisons of the different techniques. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic accuracy studies of CT, MRI, ultrasound or PET/CT for staging of hilar cholangiocarcinoma are sparse and have moderate methodological quality. Data primarily concern CT, which has an acceptable accuracy for assessment of ductal extent, portal vein and hepatic artery involvement, but low sensitivity for nodal status.

The value of 3.0Tesla diffusion-weighted MRI for pelvic nodal staging in patients with early stage cervical cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of 3.0Tesla (3T) diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in addition to conventional MRI for the detection of lymphadenopathy in patients with early stage cervical cancer compared to histopathological evaluation of the systematically removed pelvic lymph nodes as reference standard. METHODS: 68 fédération internationale de gynécologie obstétrique (FIGO) stage Ia2 to IIb cervical cancer patients were included. Sensitivity and specificity rates for two experienced observers were computed for the detection of lymphatic metastasis. Reproducibility of conventional MRI was tested by kappa statistics. The variables included in the analysis were: size of the long axis, short axis, ratio short to long axis and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). RESULTS: Nine patients had 15 positive pelvic nodes at histopathological examination. The sensitivity and specificity of lymphatic metastasis detection by predefined conventional MRI characteristics was 33% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 3-64) and 83% (95% CI 74-93) on patient level, and 33% (95% CI 7-60) and 97% (95% CI 95-99) on regional level respectively for observer 1. For observer 2 the sensitivity was 33% (95% CI 3-64) and the specificity 93% (95% CI 87-100) on patient level, and 25% (95% CI 1-50) and 98% (95% CI 97-100) on regional level, respectively. The kappa-value for reproducibility of metastasis detection on regional level was 0.50. The short axis diameter showed the highest diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve (AUC)=0.81 95% CI 0.70-0.91); ADC did not improve diagnostic accuracy (AUC=0.83 95% CI 0.73-0.93). CONCLUSIONS: Diffusion-weighted MRI did not result in additional diagnostic value compared to conventional MRI.