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1.
Arch Gerontol Geriatr ; 117: 105203, 2024 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37741135

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of digitally delivered exercise classes to promote physical activity has become widespread amongst various populations as an alternative to in-person activities. OBJECTIVES: To examine the feasibility, acceptability, and participant engagement variables to delivering Qi Gong and Tai Chi programs through telehealth interventions. METHODS: Ten databases (Seven English databases; three Chinese databases) were searched between October and November 2021. Studies published in English or Chinese, or having translations in English or Chinese, were included. Titles and abstracts of identified articles were screened, relevant studies were then retrieved for full-text screening. Study selection, assessment of methodological quality, data extraction, data transformation, and data synthesis were completed following a convergent integrated approach to mixed method systematic reviews. RESULTS: Seven articles were included in review. Digital literacy of both participants and providers was found to be a significant hurdle towards digital program implementation. There were no notable issues pertaining to access to an internet connection, participant safety, program costs, or connectivity. A major theme for sustaining program engagement was found to be individual perceived relevance for intervention involvement. Online social involvement was noted to be both a facilitator for participant acceptability and engagement. Overall, participants expressed satisfaction with the use of telehealth, while providers expressed acceptability concerns regarding quality of care. CONCLUSION: It is recommended that planned measures be taken prior to program commencement to decrease digital literacy requirements while also including a participatory approach to encourage uptake. During the program, provision of technical support alongside appropriate social-environmental engagement facilitators would promote sustained adherence.


Assuntos
Qigong , Tai Chi Chuan , Telemedicina , Humanos , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Estudos de Viabilidade
2.
Disabil Rehabil ; 45(26): 4517-4526, 2023 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36476254

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The results of rehabilitation trials are often not fully attained when the intervention is implemented beyond the initial trial. One of the key reasons is that a patients' ability and/or capacity to take part in their own healthcare is not considered in the trial design yet has significant impact on the outcomes during the implementation phase. BODY OF TEXT: We propose a shift from a therapist-focus to patient-focus in trial design, through addressing patient engagement as a core consideration in trials. We argue that engaging patients in any rehabilitation program is a process of behavioural change. Exercise prescription is used as an example to illustrate how the Behaviour Change Wheel can be applied to analyse barriers and facilitators associated with patients' capabilities, opportunities and motivations in integrating trial interventions into their daily life. We propose a framework to assist in this shift. CONCLUSION: A core part of implementing rehabilitation interventions at the primary care level requires patient engagement. Related aspects of interventions should be identified and assessed using the COM-B model at the outset of trial design to ensure that the results are realistic, meaningful and transferable, so as to enable real impact.


Rehabilitation programs tested in clinical trials often focus on the therapists' effort and the program itself.Engaging patients in any rehabilitation program is a process of behaviour change of patients.Our proposed framework based on the COM-B model, including the Behaviour Change Wheel, enriches rehabilitation trial design through considering core aspects of patient engagement to ensure the real impact of any rehabilitation program can be achieved.


Assuntos
Terapia por Exercício , Participação do Paciente , Humanos , Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Motivação
3.
BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil ; 14(1): 18, 2022 Feb 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35130940

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Despite the proven benefits of exercise rehabilitation for numerous health conditions, musculoskeletal injuries and recovery from surgery, patient adherence to such programs is reported to often be less than 35%. Increasing patient engagement therefore has the potential to improve patient health outcomes, benefiting the patient, their carers and the services that support them. The aims of this review were to identify the factors that contribute to 'patient' engagement in prescribed exercise rehabilitation using the COM-B (capability, opportunity, motivation-behaviour) framework of behavioural analysis. METHODS: Five electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov) were searched. 'COM-B' was the key word searched for specifically within titles and abstracts, combined with either 'physical activity' OR 'exercise' included using the 'AND' operation. Records were then filtered and excluded following full-text screening based on the predetermined eligibility criteria. RESULTS: Twenty studies were included in the review. The main COM-B themes highlighted for improving patient engagement were: capability-improving patient knowledge and cognitive skills for behavioural regulation, such as 'action planning' and 'action control', which could also benefit time-management; opportunity-a balanced life situation that enabled time to be devoted to the exercise program, social support, easily accessible and affordable resources and services; and motivation-increasing patient levels of self-efficacy and autonomous motivation, which were noted to be influenced by levels of perceived 'capability', additionally 'motivation' was noted to be influenced by patients perceiving the benefits of the exercise, and adherence to the program was promoted by 'goal-setting'. Other issues in the 'capability' domain included a fear and/or dislike of exercise. CONCLUSION: Patient engagement behavior has been shown to be influenced by both external (opportunity) and intrapersonal variables (capability and motivation). Those prescribing exercises within a rehabilitation program need to discuss these factors with their patients and co-design the exercise rehabilitation program in partnership with the patient, since this is likely to improve patient engagement, and thereby result in superior health outcomes. Furthermore, these factors need to be a consideration in clinical trials, if the findings from such trials are to translate into mainstream healthcare settings.

4.
BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil ; 14(1): 2, 2022 Jan 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34980226

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Success at the elite level in sport is often attributed to physical prowess, technical skill, and mental attitude. However, underpinning these factors are various lifestyle, support and social factors that may contribute to successful performance, but which may be absent from athlete development programs. METHODS: An online survey was used to investigate athlete perceptions of lifestyle practices and support services amongst 135 Australian Olympic, Paralympic, National, and state-level athletes across 25 Olympic sports. RESULTS: International athletes perceived psychological skills and attributes, along with strong interpersonal relationships as vital to their success, and they also rated 'Recovery practices' as very important and made extensive use of available support services. These athletes also indicated that they would have liked access to these services earlier in their careers, a wish that was reiterated by the sub-elite athletes. Furthermore, athletes wanted greater knowledge, mentoring, and autonomy earlier in their careers, and the importance of 'athlete wellbeing' as well as 'athletic performance' was evident in a number of contexts. CONCLUSIONS: An athlete development system into which these are included may assist in generating an environment that facilitates athlete success, repeated podium performances, retain athletes in high-performance sport for longer, encourage human-flourishing, wellbeing and smooth transitions for retiring athletes.

5.
J Strength Cond Res ; 34(3): 866-877, 2020 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30741856

RESUMO

Hunter, JR, Gordon, BA, Bird, SR, and Benson, AC. Exercise supervision is important for cardiometabolic health improvements: a 16-week randomized controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 34(3): 866-877, 2020-Exercise supervision enhances health and fitness improvements in clinical populations compared with unsupervised or home-based exercise, but effects of supervision type are unknown in healthy employees. Eighty-five Australian university employees (62 females; mean ± SD 43.2 ± 9.8 years) were randomized to personal (1:1; SUP, n = 28), nonpersonal (typical gym-based; NPS, n = 28) supervision or unsupervised control (CON, n = 29) exercise groups. Subjects received a 16-week individually tailored, moderate-to-high intensity aerobic and resistance exercise program completed at an onsite exercise facility (SUP and NPS) or without access to a specific exercise facility (CON). Repeated-measures ANOVA analyzed changes to cardiometabolic outcomes. Mean ± SD increases to V[Combining Dot Above]O2 peak were greater (p < 0.01) with SUP (+10.4 ± 11.1%) vs. CON (+3.8 ± 8.9%) but not different to NPS (+8.6 ± 8.2%). Compared to CON (+1.7 ± 7.7%), upper-body strength increases were greater with SUP (+12.8 ± 8.4%; p < 0.001) and NPS (+8.4 ± 7.3%; p < 0.05). Lower-body strength increases were greater with SUP (+26.3 ± 12.7%) vs. NPS (+15.0 ± 14.6%; p < 0.05) and CON (+4.1 ± 12.4%; p < 0.001), and NPS vs. CON (p < 0.01). Body fat reductions were greater with SUP (-2.2 ± 2.2%) vs. NPS (-0.6 ± 1.9%; p < 0.05) and CON (-0.7 ± 1.9%; p < 0.05). Access to an onsite exercise facility with personal or nonpersonal exercise supervision was important for improving several cardiometabolic outcomes, with greater improvements to lower-body strength and body composition from personal 1:1 exercise supervision.


Assuntos
Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Doenças Metabólicas/prevenção & controle , Adulto , Austrália , Doenças Cardiovasculares/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Doenças Metabólicas/fisiopatologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Força Muscular/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia
6.
Health Promot J Austr ; 29(1): 84-92, 2018 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29700944

RESUMO

ISSUE ADDRESSED: Physical activity and exercise participation is limited by a perceived lack of time, poor access to facilities and low motivation. The aim was to assess whether providing an exercise program to be completed at the workplace with or without direct supervision was effective for promoting health-related physical fitness and exercise participation. METHODS: Fifty university employees aged (Mean ± SD) 42.5 ± 11.1 years were prescribed a moderate- to vigorous-intensity aerobic and resistance exercise program to be completed at an onsite facility for 8 weeks. Participants were randomly allocated to receive direct exercise supervision or not. Cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇O2max ) and maximal muscular strength were assessed at baseline and 8 weeks. Self-report physical activity was assessed at baseline, 8 weeks and 15 months post-intervention. RESULTS: Attendance or exercise session volume were not different between groups. Cardiorespiratory fitness (Mean ± 95% CI); +1.9 ± 0.7 mL·kg·min-1 ; P < .001), relative knee flexion (+7.4 ± 3.5 Nm·kg-1 %; P < .001) and extension (+7.4 ± 4.6 Nm·kg-1 %; P < .01) strength increased, irrespective of intervention group. Self-reported vigorous-intensity physical activity increased over the intervention (mean ± 95% CI; +450 ± 222 MET·minutes per week; P < .001), but did not remain elevated at 15 months (+192 ± 276 MET·minutes per week). CONCLUSION: Providing a workplace exercise facility to complete an individually-prescribed 8-week exercise program is sufficient to improve health-related physical fitness in the short-term independent to the level of supervision provided, but does not influence long-term participation. SO WHAT?: Lower cost onsite exercise facility supervision is as effective at improving physical health and fitness as directly supervised exercise, however ongoing support may be required for sustained physical activity behaviour change.


Assuntos
Exercício Físico , Aptidão Física , Local de Trabalho , Adulto , Seguimentos , Promoção da Saúde , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Atividade Motora , Autorrelato
7.
Ultrasound Med Biol ; 43(3): 586-594, 2017 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28063610

RESUMO

The goal of this study was to determine whether ultrasound measures of muscle architecture can be used to infer strength and functional capacity in older adults. Thirty-six healthy older adults (aged 68.2 ± 5.3 y) undertook isokinetic dynamometry for isometric and isokinetic concentric knee extensor strength, the 6-m fast walk, timed up and go, stair climb and descent and vertical jump tests. Longitudinal brightness-mode ultrasound scans (probe frequency, 10 MHz) of the vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, rectus femoris and gastrocnemius medialis were obtained, and muscle architecture measures (thickness, fascicle pennation angle and fascicle length) were correlated with the aforementioned strength and functional measures. Quadriceps thickness was a significant (p < 0.05) independent predictor of isometric and isokinetic knee extensor strength (R2 ≥ 0.630). Gastrocnemius medialis thickness was a significant independent predictor of 6-m fast walk test (R2 = 0.216, p < 0.05), timed up and go test (R2 = 0.455, p < 0.01), stair climb power (R2 = 0.591, p < 0.01), stair descent power (R2 = 0.608, p < 0.01) and vertical jump height (R2 = 0.579, p < 0.01). Ultrasound is a safe, non-invasive and efficient tool for inferring the strength and functional capacity of older adults.


Assuntos
Avaliação Geriátrica/métodos , Articulação do Joelho/anatomia & histologia , Articulação do Joelho/fisiologia , Força Muscular/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Ultrassonografia/métodos , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Articulação do Joelho/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/anatomia & histologia , Músculo Esquelético/diagnóstico por imagem , Caminhada
8.
J Aging Phys Act ; 25(1): 94-98, 2017 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27404733

RESUMO

Reliable measures of muscle strength and functional capacity in older adults are essential. The aim of this study was to determine whether coefficients of variation (CVs) of individuals obtained at the first session can infer repeatability of performance in a subsequent session. Forty-eight healthy older adults (mean age 68.6 ± 6.1 years; age range 60-80 years) completed two assessment sessions, and on each occasion undertook: dynamometry for isometric and isokinetic quadriceps strength, 6 meter fast walk (6MFWT), timed up and go (TUG), stair climb and descent, and vertical jump. Significant linear relationships were observed between CVs in session 1 and the percentage difference between sessions 1 and 2 for torque at 60, 120, 240 and 360°/s, 6MFWT, TUG, stair climb, and stair descent. The results of this study could be used to establish criteria for determining an acceptably reliable performance in strength and functional tests.


Assuntos
Avaliação Geriátrica , Força Muscular/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Aptidão Física/fisiologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes
9.
J Med Eng Technol ; 41(3): 208-215, 2017 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27919170

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To determine the validity of energy expenditure estimation made by the Fitbit One, Garmin Vivofit and Jawbone UP activity trackers during treadmill walking and running. Determining validity of such trackers will inform the interpretation of the data they generate. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHOD: Fourteen adults walked at 0.70, 1.25, 1.80 ms-1 and ran at 2.22, 2.78, 3.33 ms-1 on a treadmill wearing a Fitbit One, Garmin Vivofit and Jawbone UP. Estimation of energy expenditure from each tracker was compared to measurement from indirect calorimetry (criterion). Paired t-tests, correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots assessed agreement and proportional bias. Mean percentage difference assessed magnitude of difference between estimated and criterion energy expenditure for each speed. RESULTS: Energy expenditure estimates from the Fitbit One and Garmin Vivofit correlated significantly (p< 0.01; r= 0.702; 0.854) with criterion across all gait speeds (0.70-3.33 ms-1). Fitbit One, Garmin Vivofit and Jawbone UP correlated significantly (p < 0.05; r = 0.729; 0.711; 0.591) with criterion across all walking speeds (0.70-1.80 ms-1). However, only the Garmin Vivofit correlated significantly (p< 0.05; r = 0.346) with energy expenditure estimations from criterion across running speeds (2.22-3.33 ms-1). Bland-Altman plots showed proportional bias for the Fitbit One and Garmin Vivofit. Energy expenditure estimations of single speeds were overestimated by the Fitbit One and underestimated by the Garmin Vivofit. CONCLUSIONS: Energy expenditure reported by the devices distinguished between walking and running, with a general increase as exercise intensity increased. However, the reported energy expenditure from these devices should be interpreted with caution, given their potential bias and error. Practical implications Although devices report the same outcome of EE estimation, they are not equivalent to each other and differ from criterion measurements during walking and running. These devices are not suitable as research measurement tools for recording precise and accurate EE estimates but may be suitable for use in interventions of behaviour change as they provide feedback to user on trends in energy expenditure. If intending to use these devices in studies where precise measurements of energy expenditure are required, researchers need to undertake specific validation and reliability studies prior to interventions and the collection of cross-sectional data.


Assuntos
Acelerometria/métodos , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Monitorização Ambulatorial/métodos , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Corrida/fisiologia , Caminhada/fisiologia , Adulto Jovem
10.
J Sci Med Sport ; 19(10): 795-9, 2016 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26906164

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Regular exercise is advocated for individuals with type 2 diabetes, without fully understanding the acute (0-72h post-exercise) glycaemic response. This study assessed post-exercise glycaemic profiles of non-exercising individuals with insulin treated type 2 diabetes, following resistance and aerobic exercise. DESIGN: Randomised cross-over trial. METHODS: Fourteen individuals with insulin treated type 2 diabetes (9 males, 5 females) aged 58.1±7.1 years (HbA1c: 8.0±0.6%) were allocated to single sessions of resistance (six whole-body exercises, three sets, 8-10 repetitions, 70% 1RM) and aerobic (30min cycling, 60% VO2peak) exercise, 7-days apart, with the day prior to the first exercise day of each intervention being the control condition. Immediately prior to exercise, insulin dosage was halved and breakfast consumed. Continuous glucose monitoring was undertaken to determine area under the curve and glucose excursions. RESULTS: Blood glucose initially increased (0-2h) following both resistance and aerobic exercise (p<0.001), peaking at 12.3±3.4mmolL(-1) and 12.3±3.3mmolL(-1), respectively. Area under the glucose curve was not statistically different over any of the 24h periods (p=0.12), or different in response to resistance (222±41mmolL(-1)24h(-1)) or aerobic (211±40 mmolL(-1)24h(-1)) exercise (p=0.56). Incidence of hyperglycaemia did not differ between exercise modes (p=0.68). Hypoglycaemic events were identified in three and four participants following resistance and aerobic exercise respectively: these did not require treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Glycaemic response is not different between exercise modes, although 50% insulin dose reduction prior to exercise impairs the expected improvement. A common clinical recommendation of 50% insulin dose reduction does not appear to cause adverse glycaemic events.


Assuntos
Glicemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Exercício Físico , Hipoglicemiantes/administração & dosagem , Insulina/administração & dosagem , Treinamento Resistido , Idoso , Estudos Cross-Over , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Índice Glicêmico , Humanos , Insulina/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade
11.
Ann Clin Biochem ; 53(Pt 2): 196-221, 2016 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26384361

RESUMO

The use of doping agents is evident within competitive sport in senior and junior age groups, where they are taken by non-elite as well as elite participants. They are also taken in non-sporting contexts by individuals seeking to 'improve' their physique through an increase in muscle and/or decrease in fat mass. While attaining accurate data on the prevalence of their use has limitations, studies suggest the illicit use of doping agents by athletes and non-athletes may be 1-5% in the population and greater than 50% in some groups; with the prevalence being higher in males. There is conclusive evidence that some doping agents are anabolic and ergogenic. There is also evidence that the use of doping agents such as anabolic androgenic steroids, growth hormone and other anabolic agents, erythropoietin and stimulants conveys considerable health risks that include, but are not limited to: cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, mental health issues, virilisation in females and the suppression of naturally produced androgens in males. This review will outline the anabolic, ergogenic and health impacts of selected doping agents and methods that may be used in both the sporting and physique development contexts. It also provides a brief tabulated overview of the history of doping and how doping agents may impact upon the analyses of clinical samples.


Assuntos
Anabolizantes/análise , Dopagem Esportivo , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino
12.
BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med ; 2(1): e000143, 2016.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28879026

RESUMO

PURPOSE AND METHODS: This review presents established knowledge on the effects of physical activity (PA) on whole-body insulin sensitivity (SI) and summarises the findings of recent (2013-2016) studies. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Recent studies provide further evidence to support the notion that regular PA reduces the risk of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, and SI improves when individuals comply with exercise and/or PA guidelines. Many studies indicate a dose response, with higher energy expenditures and higher exercise intensities, including high intensity interval training (HIIT), producing greater benefits on whole-body SI, although these findings are not unanimous. Aerobic exercise interventions can improve SI without an associated increase in cardiorespiratory fitness as measured by maximal or peak oxygen consumption. Both aerobic and resistance exercise can induce improvements in glycaemic regulation, with some suggestions that exercise regimens including both may be more efficacious than either exercise mode alone. Some studies report exercise-induced benefits to SI that are independent of habitual diet and weight loss, while others indicate an association with fat reduction, hence the debate over the relative importance of PA and weight loss continues. During exercise, muscle contraction stimulated improvements in SI are associated with increases in AMPK activity, which deactivates TCB1D1, promoting GLUT4 translocation to the cell membrane and thereby increasing glucose uptake. Postexercise, increases in Akt deactivate TCB1D4 and thereby increase GLUT4 translocation to the cell membrane. The reduction in intramuscular saturated fatty acids and concomitant reductions in ceramides, but not diacylglycerols, provide a potential link between intramuscular lipid content and SI. Increased skeletal muscle capillarisation provides another independent adaptation through which SI is improved, as does enhanced ß cell activity. Recent studies are combining exercise interventions with dietary and feeding manipulations to investigate the potential for augmenting the exercise-induced improvements in SI and glycaemic control.

13.
J Appl Physiol (1985) ; 119(6): 643-55, 2015 Sep 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26112242

RESUMO

We determined the effects of "periodized nutrition" on skeletal muscle and whole body responses to a bout of prolonged exercise the following morning. Seven cyclists completed two trials receiving isoenergetic diets differing in the timing of ingestion: they consumed either 8 g/kg body mass (BM) of carbohydrate (CHO) before undertaking an evening session of high-intensity training (HIT) and slept without eating (FASTED), or consumed 4 g/kg BM of CHO before HIT, then 4 g/kg BM of CHO before sleeping (FED). The next morning subjects completed 2 h of cycling (120SS) while overnight fasted. Muscle biopsies were taken on day 1 (D1) before and 2 h after HIT and on day 2 (D2) pre-, post-, and 4 h after 120SS. Muscle [glycogen] was higher in FED at all times post-HIT (P < 0.001). The cycling bouts increased PGC1α mRNA and PDK4 mRNA (P < 0.01) in both trials, with PDK4 mRNA being elevated to a greater extent in FASTED (P < 0.05). Resting phosphorylation of AMPK(Thr172), p38MAPK(Thr180/Tyr182), and p-ACC(Ser79) (D2) was greater in FASTED (P < 0.05). Fat oxidation during 120SS was higher in FASTED (P = 0.01), coinciding with increases in ACC(Ser79) and CPT1 as well as mRNA expression of CD36 and FABP3 (P < 0.05). Methylation on the gene promoter for COX4I1 and FABP3 increased 4 h after 120SS in both trials, whereas methylation of the PPARδ promoter increased only in FASTED. We provide evidence for shifts in DNA methylation that correspond with inverse changes in transcription for metabolically adaptive genes, although delaying postexercise feeding failed to augment markers of mitochondrial biogenesis.


Assuntos
Carboidratos da Dieta/metabolismo , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Resistência Física/fisiologia , Sono/fisiologia , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Adaptação Fisiológica/fisiologia , Adulto , Metilação de DNA/fisiologia , Glicogênio/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Fosforilação/fisiologia , Proteínas Quinases/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo
14.
J Strength Cond Res ; 29(3): 826-34, 2015 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25226309

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to compare the anthropometry, upper-body strength, and lower-body power characteristics in elite junior, sub-elite senior, and elite senior Australian Football (AF) players. Nineteen experienced elite senior (≥4 years Australian Football League [AFL] experience), 27 inexperienced elite senior (<4 years AFL experience), 22 sub-elite senior, and 21 elite junior AF players were assessed for anthropometric profile (fat-free soft tissue mass [FFSTM], fat mass, and bone mineral content) with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, upper-body strength (bench press and bench pull), and lower-body power (countermovement jump [CMJ] and squat jump with 20 kg). A 1-way analysis of variance assessed differences between the playing levels in these measures, whereas relationships between anthropometry and performance were assessed with Pearson's correlation. The elite senior and sub-elite senior players were older and heavier than the elite junior players (p ≤ 0.05). Both elite playing groups had greater total FFSTM than both the sub-elite and junior elite players; however, there were only appendicular FFSTM differences between the junior elite and elite senior players (p < 0.001). The elite senior playing groups were stronger and had greater CMJ performance than the lower level players. Both whole-body and regional FFSTM were correlated with bench press (r = 0.43-0.64), bench pull (r = 0.58-0.73), and jump squat performance measures (r = 0.33-0.55). Australian Football players' FFSTM are different between playing levels, which are likely because of training and partly explain the observed differences in performance between playing levels highlighting the importance of optimizing FFSTM in young players.


Assuntos
Atletas , Futebol Americano/fisiologia , Extremidade Inferior/fisiologia , Força Muscular/fisiologia , Extremidade Superior/fisiologia , Absorciometria de Fóton , Adolescente , Austrália , Distribuição da Gordura Corporal , Densidade Óssea/fisiologia , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem
15.
Ann Clin Biochem ; 51(Pt 2): 137-50, 2014 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24000373

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: A single bout of strenuous running exercise results in perturbations to numerous biomarkers. An understanding of these is important when analysing samples from individuals who have recently performed such exercise. METHODS: A literature search was undertaken using the search terms, exercise, marathon and delayed onset of muscle soreness. The search was then refined using the terms for key biomarkers known to be altered by exercise. RESULTS: The magnitude of changes to biomarkers is proportional to the severity of the running bout. Familiar, moderate intensity running exercise produces brief transient changes in common biomarkers such as lactate, whereas more severe bouts of running exercise, such as marathons and ultra-marathon events can produce changes to biomarkers that are normally associated with pathology of the muscles, liver and heart. Examples being changes to concentrations and/or activity of myoglobin, leucocytes, creatine kinase, bilirubin, cardiac troponins, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. While persisting for longer, these changes are also transient and full recovery occurs within days, without any apparent long-term adverse consequences. Additionally, unfamiliar exercise involving forceful eccentric muscle contractions, such as running downhill, can cause increases in creatine kinase and delayed onset of muscle soreness that peaks 36-72 h after the exercise bout. CONCLUSIONS: Strenuous running exercise can produce changes to biomarkers that are normally associated with disease and injury, but these do not necessarily reflect chronic pathology.


Assuntos
Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Corrida/fisiologia , Traumatismos em Atletas/sangue , Traumatismos em Atletas/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , Humanos , Risco , Fatores de Tempo
16.
Appl Physiol Nutr Metab ; 38(8): 900-4, 2013 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23855279

RESUMO

The glycemic response to aerobic exercise is well understood; however, the response to resistance exercise is not. Eight inactive males (61.0 ± 7.2 years) with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes randomly completed single sessions of whole-body resistance exercise or cycling, 7 days apart. There were different 24-h glucose responses (p < 0.001) between the resistance exercise and the aerobic exercise, with short-term (24-h) impairment of glycemic control following the resistance exercise (p = 0.004). Cycling did not reduce glucose concentrations (p > 0.05), which contrasts with previous findings.


Assuntos
Glicemia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Exercício Físico , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Humanos , Resistência à Insulina , Masculino
17.
Med Sci Sports Exerc ; 45(8): 1577-84, 2013 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23439421

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Commencing selected workouts with low muscle glycogen availability augments several markers of training adaptation compared with undertaking the same sessions with normal glycogen content. However, low glycogen availability reduces the capacity to perform high-intensity (>85% of peak aerobic power (VO2 peak)) endurance exercise. We determined whether a low dose of caffeine could partially rescue the reduction in maximal self-selected power output observed when individuals commenced high-intensity interval training with low (LOW) compared with normal (NORM) glycogen availability. METHODS: Twelve endurance-trained cyclists/triathletes performed four experimental trials using a double-blind Latin square design. Muscle glycogen content was manipulated via exercise-diet interventions so that two experimental trials were commenced with LOW and two with NORM muscle glycogen availability. Sixty minutes before an experimental trial, subjects ingested a capsule containing anhydrous caffeine (CAFF, 3 mg · kg(-1) body mass) or placebo (PLBO). Instantaneous power output was measured throughout high-intensity interval training (8 × 5-min bouts at maximum self-selected intensity with 1-min recovery). RESULTS: There were significant main effects for both preexercise glycogen content and caffeine ingestion on power output. LOW reduced power output by approximately 8% compared with NORM (P < 0.01), whereas caffeine increased power output by 2.8% and 3.5% for NORM and LOW, respectively, (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: We conclude that caffeine enhanced power output independently of muscle glycogen concentration but could not fully restore power output to levels commensurate with that when subjects commenced exercise with normal glycogen availability. However, the reported increase in power output does provide a likely performance benefit and may provide a means to further enhance the already augmented training response observed when selected sessions are commenced with reduced muscle glycogen availability.


Assuntos
Ciclismo/fisiologia , Cafeína/administração & dosagem , Glicogênio/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Atletas , Método Duplo-Cego , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Teste de Esforço , Humanos , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Adulto Jovem
18.
Appl Physiol Nutr Metab ; 38(2): 134-9, 2013 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23438223

RESUMO

It is presently unclear whether the reported ergogenic effect of a carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse on cycling time-trial performance is affected by the acute nutritional status of an individual. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a CHO mouth rinse on a 60-min simulated cycling time-trial performance commenced in a fed or fasted state. Twelve competitive male cyclists each completed 4 experimental trials using a double-blinded Latin square design. Two trials were commenced 2 h after a meal that contained 2.5 g·kg(-1) body mass of CHO (FED) and 2 after an overnight fast (FST). Prior to and after every 12.5% of total time during a performance ride, either a 10% maltodextrin (CHO) or a taste-matched placebo (PLB) solution was mouth rinsed for 10 s then immediately expectorated. There were significant main effects for both pre-ride nutritional status (FED vs. FST; p < 0.01) and CHO mouth rinse (CHO vs. PLB; p < 0.01) on power output with an interaction evident between the interventions (p < 0.05). The CHO mouth rinse improved mean power to a greater extent after an overnight fast (282 vs. 273 W, 3.4%; p < 0.01) compared with a fed state (286 vs. 281 W, 1.8%; p < 0.05). We concluded that a CHO mouth rinse improved performance to a greater extent in a fasted compared with a fed state; however, optimal performance was achieved in a fed state with the addition of a CHO mouth rinse.


Assuntos
Desempenho Atlético/fisiologia , Ciclismo/fisiologia , Carboidratos/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Glicemia , Estudos Cross-Over , Método Duplo-Cego , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Privação de Alimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Esportes , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto Jovem
19.
Maturitas ; 72(4): 311-6, 2012 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22748760

RESUMO

During the past 50 years, the prevalence of a cluster of chronic, inactivity-related diseases including obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), collectively referred to as 'metabolic syndrome' (MetS) has reached global epidemic proportions. Appropriate exercise training is a clinically proven, cost-effective, primary intervention that delays and in many cases prevents the health burdens associated with MetS. Indeed, there is no single intervention with greater efficacy than physical exercise to reduce the risk of virtually all chronic diseases simultaneously. However compliance to National guidelines for physical activity remains low, with "a lack of time" the most frequently cited barrier to exercise participation by adults, irrespective of age, sex and ethnic background. Part of the growing apathy to modify lifestyle habits is that current public health recommendations may be unrealistic and unattainable for the majority of the populace. Hence, there is an urgent need for innovations in exercise prescription that can be incorporated into daily living and induce clinically beneficial health outcomes. Here we focus attention on a novel form of exercise prescription, high-intensity interval training (HIT), and provide evidence that HIT is a time-efficient and well-tolerated therapeutic intervention to improve cardio-metabolic health in a number of pre-clinical and clinical populations.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia , Terapia por Exercício , Exercício Físico , Síndrome Metabólica/terapia , Cooperação do Paciente , Esforço Físico , Guias como Assunto , Hábitos , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Prescrições , Saúde Pública
20.
J Healthc Qual ; 34(3): 25-33, 2012.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22059691

RESUMO

This evaluation assessed a model of care for pediatric asthma patients that aimed to promote health and reduce their preventable and avoidable use of acute hospital services. Pediatric asthma patients (n=223) were allocated care facilitators who provided assistance in the promotion of carer/self-management, education and linkage to an integrated healthcare system, comprising of acute and community-based healthcare providers. Patients' use of acute hospital services (emergency department [ED] presentations, admissions, and bed-days) pre- and postrecruitment were compared using Wilcoxon signed rank tests. The pediatric asthma care givers quality of life questionnaire' was used to assess changes in health and quality of life. The patients displayed a 57% reduction in ED presentations, 74% in admissions, and a 71% reduction in bed-days. Whereas a comparator group displayed 27%, 32%, and 14% increases, respectively. Patients also reported significant improvements in quality of life domains of activity limitation (+5.6, p<.001) and emotional function (+9.1, p<.001). The reduction in the use of hospital services was attributed to the aversion of preventable presentations and admissions, via the enhancement of carer/self-management and access to community health services. These outcomes were supported by indicators of improved patient health and quality of life, and comments by the participant's carers.


Assuntos
Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Prestação Integrada de Cuidados de Saúde/organização & administração , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Modelos Organizacionais , Adolescente , Cuidadores , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Serviços de Saúde Comunitária , Redução de Custos , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Qualidade de Vida , Autocuidado , Inquéritos e Questionários , Vitória
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