Cardiovascular Pathologies Associated with Excessive Energy Drink Consumption: A Review.

Energy drink consumption has caused worldwide concern in the scientific community and the general public regarding the health effects of these products. Current studies offer data about consumption patterns in America and Europe, but more extensive research is needed to ascertain the potential effects of energy drink consumption, especially among young and healthy individuals. To examine the consequences and health risks of energy drink consumption, related studies were reviewed. Health issues, including elevated blood pressure, palpitations, insomnia, jitters, and nervousness, are primarily associated with high caffeine content. Although more studies examine the effects of highly carbonated and caffeinated products, research determining the health effects of energy drinks is also important. Currently, the evidence regarding the adverse health effects of energy drinks is growing. Unfortunately, the risks of high consumption of energy drinks have not been properly addressed. Thus, these adverse effects may pose a great public health dilemma in the years to come.

Presence of anti-mitochondrial antibodies and elevated serum immunoglobulin G levels: is this primary biliary cirrhosis-autoimmune hepatitis overlap syndrome?

Primary biliary cirrhosis in combination with autoimmune hepatitis has been termed "overlap syndrome", but its diagnosis is challenging. We report a case of a 43-year-old lady who presented with a six-month history of jaundice and pruritus. She subsequently developed gum bleeds. Laboratory investigations revealed hypochromic microcytic anemia, abnormal coagulation profiles, elevated serum alanine transferase and alkaline phosphatase levels, and raised serum IgG and IgM levels. Her serum was also positive for anti-nuclear and anti-mitochondrial antibodies. The findings from her abdominal CT scan were suggestive of early liver cirrhosis and the histopathological examination results of her liver biopsy were consistent with primary biliary cirrhosis. The patient was treated with ursodeoxycholic acid and her liver function test parameters normalized after six months.